Thromboelastography-guided vs. standard-of-care or on-demand platelet transfusion in patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia undergoing procedures: A randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of a thromboelastography (TEG)-guided platelet transfusion strategy to empirical or on-demand transfusions in patients with cirrhosis and severe thrombocytopenia (platelet counts <50 x109/L) undergoing high-risk invasive procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single-center, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Patients with cirrhosis and severe thrombocytopenia undergoing high-risk invasive procedures were randomized into three groups- TEG group: transfusions based on TEG parameters; SOC group: 3 units of random donor platelets pre-procedure; On-demand group: transfusions based on procedural adverse effects /clinician's discretion. The primary outcome was periprocedural platelet transfusion in each arm. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients were randomized (29 in each group) with no significant differences in demographics/coagulation profile/procedures. The median platelet count was 33 x109/L (IQR: 26-43). Percutaneous liver biopsy was the most common procedure (46, 52.9%). Significantly lower number of patients in the TEG group received platelets (4 cases, 13.8%; 95%CI: 3.9-31.7) compared to SOC (100%; 95%CI: 88.1-100) (p<0.001). Four patients in the on-demand group received platelets (13.8%; 95%CI: 3.9-31.7). Minor (WHO grade 2) procedure-related bleeding occurred in 3 (10%; 95%CI: 2.2-27.4) patients in the TEG-guided transfusion group, compared to 1 (3.4%; 95%CI: 0.1-17.8) each in SOC and on-demand groups, respectively (p=0.43) although our sample size was underpowered for comparison of outcomes such as post-procedural bleeding. No bleeding-related mortality was observed in any of the three groups. CONCLUSION: Thromboelastography-guided transfusion reduces prophylactic transfusions in patients with cirrhosis and severe thrombocytopenia undergoing high-risk invasive procedures. (CTRI/2021/05/033464).

An early detection and segmentation of Brain Tumor using Deep Neural Network.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance image (MRI) brain tumor segmentation is crucial and important in the medical field, which can help in diagnosis and prognosis, overall growth predictions, Tumor density measures, and care plans needed for patients. The difficulty in segmenting brain Tumors is primarily because of the wide range of structures, shapes, frequency, position, and visual appeal of Tumors, like intensity, contrast, and visual variation. With recent advancements in Deep Neural Networks (DNN) for image classification tasks, intelligent medical image segmentation is an exciting direction for Brain Tumor research. DNN requires a lot of time & processing capabilities to train because of only some gradient diffusion difficulty and its complication. METHODS: To overcome the gradient issue of DNN, this research work provides an efficient method for brain Tumor segmentation based on the Improved Residual Network (ResNet). Existing ResNet can be improved by maintaining the details of all the available connection links or by improving projection shortcuts. These details are fed to later phases, due to which improved ResNet achieves higher precision and can speed up the learning process. RESULTS: The proposed improved Resnet address all three main components of existing ResNet: the flow of information through the network layers, the residual building block, and the projection shortcut. This approach minimizes computational costs and speeds up the process. CONCLUSION: An experimental analysis of the BRATS 2020 MRI sample data reveals that the proposed methodology achieves competitive performance over the traditional methods like CNN and Fully Convolution Neural Network (FCN) in more than 10% improved accuracy, recall, and f-measure.

Shifting gears to differentiation agents in acute promyelocytic leukemia with resource constraints-a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia has emerged as a major success in hemato-oncology. While literature from the developed world boasts of outstanding outcomes, there is a paucity of data from the developing world. This study aimed to assess complications and outcomes of acute promyelocytic leukaemia in a resource-constrained setting. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data from patients diagnosed with APL from January 2016 to December 2020. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients were treated-32 in both the Sanz high and low-risk groups. In the Sanz low-risk group, 12.5% of patients received ATRA with daunorubicin and 81.25% received ATRA with ATO. In the Sanz high-risk group, 18.8% of patients received ATRA with daunorubicin, 34.3% received ATRA with daunorubicin and ATO while 40.6% received ATRA with ATO. 56.25% of patients developed differentiation syndrome. The incidence was higher in Sanz high-risk group as compared to Sanz low-risk group. 57.4% of patients had an infection at the time of presentation. 62.5% of patients developed neutropenic fever during treatment. 17.2% of patients developed pseudotumor cerebri. The 4-year EFS and OS were 71.25 and 73.13%, respectively. Sanz low-risk group had a better 4-year EFS and OS as compared to the Sanz high-risk group. Haemoglobin at presentation and Sanz high-risk group were associated with poorer outcomes with a hazard ratio of 0.8 and 3.1, respectively. Outcomes in high-risk patients were better with the use of ATRA + ATO + daunorubicin. CONCLUSION: In the Indian population, APL patients have a high incidence of differentiation syndrome, pseudotumor cerebri, and infections during induction. CR, EFS, and OS compared to the developed world can be achieved with optimal therapy. Low haemoglobin at presentation and Sanz high-risk group were associated with poorer outcomes. ATRA, ATO, and daunorubicin combination is the preferred protocol for treating high-risk patients.

COVID-19 infection in patients with haematological disease - A tertiary centre experience from north India.

This retrospective study was aimed to understand the clinical, laboratory, radiological parameters and the outcome of COVID-19 patients with underlying haematological disease. All patients with known haematological disease admitted with COVID-19-positive status from April to August 2020 in the COVID-19 facility of a tertiary care centre in north India, were included. Their medical records were analyzed for outcome and mortality risk factors. Fifty four patients, 37 males, were included in the study. Of these, 36 patients had haematological malignancy and 18 had benign disorder. Fever (95.5%), cough (59.2%) and dyspnoea (31.4%) were the most common symptoms. Nine patients had severe disease at diagnosis, mostly malignant disorders. Overall mortality rate was 37.0 per cent, with high mortality seen in patients with aplastic anaemia (50.0%), acute myeloid (46.7%) and lymphoblastic leukaemia (40.0%). On univariate analysis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status >2 [odd ratio (OR) 11.6], COVID-19 severity (OR 8.2), dyspnoea (OR 5.7) and blood product transfusion (OR 6.4) were the predictors of mortality. However, the presence of moderate or severe COVID-19 (OR 16.6, confidence interval 3.8-72.8) was found significant on multivariate analysis. The results showed that patients with haematological malignancies and aplastic anaemia might be at increased risk of getting severe COVID-19 infection and mortality as compared to the general population.

Transfusion practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: An experience from a hematology daycare in India.

The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has in multiple ways affected healthcare delivery to non-COVID patients throughout the world. Adequate transfusion services are fundamental in ongoing therapy of patients with hematological ailments. We present the transfusion services in the hematology daycare under the department of Hematology and supported by the Blood Bank at our institution for the period 12th April 2020-30th June 2020, which saw the stringent lockdown and unlocking Phase I in India, declared in lieu of the pandemic. A 56 % reduction in total transfusion sessions was observed in 2020 (588 sessions given to 176 patients) compared to 1336 sessions in 516 patients over the same period in 2019. The reductions were seen across the different blood components (packed red blood cells [PRBC]: 585 vs. 1840, platelet rich plasma: 372 vs. 1313, single donor platelet 18 vs. 16), with a significant reduction in the mean PRBC transfused per PRBC transfusion session (1.11 vs 1.99, p<0.001) in 2020, compared to 2019. There were however no major differences in the transfusion practices across the different phases of the lockdown. Our study highlights the detrimental reduction in transfusion services due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdown and showcases the remedial strategies taken to maximize transfusion support to patients during this period. Our observations might help to provide insights to adequately combat possible similar adverse situations in the future.

Outcomes of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in the pediatric age group in a resource-constrained setting.

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired clonal stem cell disorder. Eculizumab and bone marrow transplantation are disease-modifying treatments for PNH but may not be readily available in resource-constrained settings. Of 52 pediatric patients with PNH, 20 had classical PNH and 32 had PNH/aplastic anemia (PNH/AA). Median time to diagnosis was 30 months in classical PNH patients. Renal failure was present in four patients (20%). Six (30%) achieved complete response, 10 (50%) achieved partial response with androgens in classical PNH. Two underwent allogenic stem cell transplantation. In the PNH/AA group, 16 (50%) were in CR and seven (21%) were in PR with anti-thymocyte globulin ± cyclosporine.

Pediatric myelofibrosis: WHO 2024 update on myeloproliferative neoplasms calling?

OBJECTIVES: Pediatric myelofibrosis is a rare entity with the largest reported series of 19 cases. We describe here the clinicopathological spectrum and outcomes of 15 cases of pediatric myelofibrosis. METHODS: Case files of myelofibrosis of patients less than 18 years were retrieved from January 2016 to January 2019, and patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis after exhaustive work-up were studied. Their clinicopathological profiles were studied and then followed up for resolution and malignant transformation. RESULTS: Of the 15 cases of idiopathic myelofibrosis, transfusion-dependent anemia (14/15) was most common presentation. Only one patient showed leukoerythroblastosis with dacryocytes. Myeloid hyperplasia was seen in 13 of 15 patients and megakaryocytic hyperplasia in 10 patients. Dysmegakaryopoiesis was seen in 8 of 15 patients, and only three had small loose megakaryocytic clustering. None showed hyperchromatic megakaryocytes, intrasinusoidal hematopoiesis, or osteosclerosis. One patient with trisomy 8 tested positive for JAK2V617F. Bone marrow biopsy was hypercellular in 13, and 8 had world health organization (WHO) MF-3 fibrosis. None of the patients developed malignancy, one had spontaneous resolution, and one patient required allogenic stem cell transplant. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric myelofibrosis is a distinct entity from primary myelofibrosis in adults and merits mention in the WHO manual as a distinct entity.

Autologous stem cell transplantation in first remission is associated with better progression-free survival in multiple myeloma.

Autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is standard consolidation therapy in management of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. We reviewed records of all consecutive MM patients who underwent ASCT with high-dose melphalan at our center from year 2002 to 2016. A total of 141 ASCT were conducted (90 males and 51 females) with median age of 55 years (23-68 years). Median time from diagnosis to transplant was 7 months (3-79), with majority of patients underwent transplant in first remission, while 17 (12%) patients received transplant beyond first remission. Eighty-three percent patients obtained CR/VGPR post-ASCT. Transplant-related mortality was 2.1%. At a median follow up of 54 months, mean overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) group were 128.3 months (95% C.I. 111.9-144.7 months) and 73.8 months (95% C.I. 57.7-89.9 months), respectively. On univariate analysis, OS was adversely affected by renal insufficiency (p = 0.024), while OS was better with CR/VGPR post-ASCT (p < 0.001) and lenalidomide maintenance therapy (p = 0.009). PFS was affected by CR/VGPR pre-ASCT (p = 0.021), CR/VGPR post-ASCT (p < 0.001), and transplant in first remission (p = 0.034). On multivariate analysis, lenalidomide maintenance (versus thalidomide) (p = 0.007) and CR/VGPR response post-ASCT (p = 0.0003) were found to be predictors for better OS and CR/VGPR response at transplant for better PFS (p = 0.038). Transplant in first remission versus beyond first remission showed a trend for better PFS (p = 0.073). CONCLUSION: Majority of patients obtained CR/VGPR post-ASCT. Longer PFS was seen with patients who were transplanted in first remission.

Incidence and clinical profile of tuberculosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Patients post allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) are expected to be at high risk of tuberculosis (TB) owing to underlying immunosuppression. We conducted a retrospective study in patients post alloSCT for clinical features and factors associated with TB. METHODS: Records of all patients transplanted from January 1, 2012 until December 31, 2015 were reviewed. Diagnosis of TB was considered if Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from clinical samples or acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were demonstrated on histopathology/smears. A presumptive TB diagnosis was considered in the presence of signs and symptoms suggestive of TB with epithelioid cell granulomas, without AFB. RESULTS: In 175 eligible patients, TB was detected in 5 patients (pulmonary = 4, lymph node = 1), with incidence of 2.84% at median of 258 (157-639) days after transplantation. Cumulative incidence rate of TB among the patients undergoing alloSCT was calculated to be 1.9/100 person-years. Median duration of symptoms was 20 days till diagnosis was confirmed. All patients were started on four-drug anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) with clinical/radiological response in all. Two patients developed hepatotoxicity (transaminitis, n = 1; hyperbilirubinemia, n = 1) following ATT. Presence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (P = .008) and steroid-refractory GVHD (P = .001) was found to be significantly associated with TB. CONCLUSION: TB should be suspected in patients with unexplained fever post alloSCT. Active GVHD and ongoing immunosuppression/steroids are possible risk factors. Early diagnosis and treatment can salvage most patients. Hepatotoxicity following ATT is a potential concern.

Evaluation of platelet surface glycoproteins in patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia: Association with bleeding symptoms.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare, inherited autosomal recessive disorder characterized by qualitative or quantitative deficiency of integrin αIIbß3 [glycoprotein IIb (GPIIb)/IIIa, CD41/CD61] diagnosed by absent or reduced platelet aggregation to physiological agonists, namely, collagen, adenosine-di-phosphate, epinephrine and arachidonic acid. The objective of this study was to quantitate platelet surface GPs, classify GT patients and relate the results with the severity of bleeding and platelet aggregation studies. METHODS: Fifty one patients of GT diagnosed by platelet aggregation studies were evaluated for the expression of CD41, CD61, CD42a and CD42b on platelet surface by flow cytometry. The association between the clinical phenotype based on bleeding score and GT subtype on flow cytometric evaluation was assessed. RESULTS: Twenty four (47%) patients of GT were classified as type I (as CD41/CD61 were virtually absent, <5%), six (11.8%) patients as type II (5-20% CD41/CD61) and 21 (41.2%) as type III or GT variants as they had near normal levels of CD41 and CD61. Type III GT patients had significantly lower numbers of severe bleeders (P=0.034), but the severity of bleeding did not vary significantly in type I and II GT patients. In all GT patients, mean CD41 expression was found to be lower than mean CD61 expression (P=0.002). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Type I GT was found most common in our patients and with lowered mean CD41 expression in comparison with CD61. Type III GT patients had significantly lower numbers of severe bleeders, but the severity of bleeding did not vary significantly in type I and II GT patients.

Planning and designing of an inpatient isolation facility for hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients.

During the last two decades the world has seen an increase in the use of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) which has led to its worldwide expansion. Since, HSCT unit is an advanced set up, developing and maintaining a successful hematopoietic stem cell transplant program with a properly functioning unit enhances the credibility of any tertiary level medical facility especially for a country like ours which is in its early expanding phase of providing transplant services. The underlying principle for designing any HSCT facility is to maintain the highest possible level of aseptic environment for patients undergoing the transplant in order to prevent healthcare associated infections. Basic premises of designing the entire HSCT unit was to ensure restricted access to the facility and having an aseptic environment by implementing infection control parameters in design elements, which are explained subsequently in the article. The present manuscript describes the project experience of creating a positive pressure isolation facility for HSCT patients at a tertiary care hospital, India, which is a resource limited setting with an emphasis on need assessment, key elements in planning and designing along with the challenges associated with it.

Implementation of the recommended immunohistochemistry algorithm for classification of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified into the prognostically significant GATA3 and TBX21 subtypes.

INTRODUCTION: Current molecular research has shown the several oncogenic pathways that give rise to the peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise defined (PTCL, NOS) subtypes, which alter prognosis and might have predictive value. This study was conducted to assess the immunohistochemistry (IHC) algorithm by Amador et al for the subtyping of PTCL, NOS and determine its applicability in relation to the clinicopathological profile. METHODS: This study included 43 patients with PTCL, NOS diagnosis. Following the use of IHC for the transcription factors GATA3, TBX21, CCR4, and CXCR3, two pathologists subtyped the samples. Comprehensive clinicopathological correlation was carried out. RESULTS: Applying the algorithm of Amador et al., cases were classified into GATA3 (20), TBX21 (15), and unclassified (8) subtypes. No significant association with clinical parameters of subtypes or CD4/ CD8 positivity was observed. Although a higher proportion of cases in the TBX21 subgroup showed a polymorphic population compared with the GATA3 subgroup, which had a monomorphic population, no significant p-value (0.111) was observed. Two Lennert lymphomas were classified into the GATA3 subgroup. Multivariate analysis showed no significant difference in overall survival (p-value = 0.105) and progression-free survival (p-value = 0.0509) between IHC-defined subtypes; trends indicate that overall survival and progression-free survival are worse in the GATA3 subgroup. CONCLUSION: Although the algorithm is reproducible, a proportion of cases remains unclassifiable and may require additional investigation and gene expression profiling. The GATA3 subgroup was found to have a monomorphic population with a poor overall prognosis and thus requires a larger sample size for validation.

Clinical lesson to not overlook venous thrombosis: a case of primary antiphospholipid syndrome.

A man in his early 30s presented to us with progressive shortness of breath limiting activities of daily living. An important clue in history was the episode of a deep vein thrombosis 5 years ago treated with short-term anticoagulation. His echocardiography revealed elevated estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure. A CT pulmonary angiography confirmed chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Blood investigations established primary antiphospholipid syndrome. He underwent pulmonary endarterectomy, relieving his symptoms and was started on indefinite oral anticoagulation with warfarin. He is currently under follow-up with no recurrence of thrombosis.We wish to highlight the importance of an appropriate workup of venous thrombosis in all patients. Antiphospholipid syndrome is a rare disease with important implications in the management of patients with thromboses. The delay in his diagnosis had several causes including the unclear distinction between provoked and unprovoked thrombosis and socioeconomic factors in a developing nation limiting referral and testing.

Type 2 hyper-IgM syndrome with a rare variant of AICDA gene mutation in a young woman.

We report the case of a woman in her early 20s with a history of recurrent infection, atopic dermatitis, filariasis and bilateral purulent ear discharge since childhood with tonsillar enlargement on examination. She was started on supportive care and evaluated for primary immunodeficiency disease. Blood investigations revealed increased IgM levels with reduced IgG, IgA and IgE levels. Radiological imaging of the chest revealed bilateral bronchiectasis. Otoscopic examination showed features suggestive of chronic suppurative otitis media. Next-generation sequencing identified homozygous single base pair deletion in exon 2 of the activation-induced cytidine deaminase gene. Thus, a diagnosis of hyper-IgM syndrome type 2 was confirmed. The patient was started on monthly intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy and is currently symptomatically better, and she remains under regular follow-up.

Current state of non-hematologic cancer-associated thrombosis at a tertiary care hospital in India.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer-associated thrombosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in malignancy patients. Prophylactic anticoagulation is under-utilized and the cost of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and direct oral anticoagulants is a major barrier in developing countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of all cancer-associated thrombosis patients attending the thrombosis clinic at a tertiary-level referral hospital based in North India between 2011 and 2015. Patient demographics and disease-related parameters were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 771 patients attended the thrombosis clinic during study period, of which 64 cases were malignancy-associated. Of these, 56% of the patients were female and 20% were bedridden. The median age was 48.5 years, adenocarcinoma (48%) being the most common histological subtype. Gynecological malignancies (30%) were the most common malignancies, followed by genitourinary (11%) malignancies. Most of the cases occurred during first year of diagnosis (51%), and only 14% occurred after 3 years. Most of the patients were on combined treatment. Almost 40% of the patients developed thrombosis within 30 days of surgical treatment. Lower limb thrombosis was the most commonly seen type (56%), while abdominal and pulmonary thrombosis were both seen in 5%. Patients were managed with LMWH and vitamin K antagonists (84.3%) and only 6.25% with LMWH alone. Direct oral anticoagulants were not commonly used during the study period. DISCUSSION: At the hospital studied, most of the cases occurred early in the disease course. Postoperative prophylaxis could have contributed towards reducing thrombosis in the peri-operative period. Early suspicion and prompt treatment can improve quality of life in such patients.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia masquerading as myeloid maturation arrest- A Case report.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a medical emergency. The diagnosis of APL requires morphological examination, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for PML::RARA or its variants. However, due to the rapid development of complications, diagnosis often relies on morphology and cytochemistry for early treatment. Herein, we describe a 72-year-old gentleman who presented with pancytopenia diagnosed as acute promyelocytic leukemia with an unusual morphology. The bone marrow smear showed 80% myelocyte-like cells with prominent granules and maturation arrest, with an occasional neutrophil. On careful re-examination of the peripheral smear and bone marrow, an occasional poorly preserved cell with a bundle of Auer rods was identified. Cytochemistry for MPO was strongly positive in abnormal promyelocytes and flow cytometry showed positivity for MPO, CD13, CD33, and CD117 and was negative for CD34 and HLA-DR. Cytogenetics showed a complex karyotype of 45,XY, -14, t(15;17)(q24;21)t(14;21)(q11.2;p13)[10]/ 45, XY, idem, add(5)(q35)[5]/ 45,X,-Y[5]. RT-PCR for PML-RARA was positive for the bcr-3 transcript and FISH was positive for t(15;17) (q24;q21). The take home point from our case is to look for the presence of cells with bundle of Auer rods whenever there is pancytopenia with the presence of myelocyte-like cells with prominent granulations.

Second stem cell transplantation for treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma after first autologous stem cell transplant: A 15-year retrospective institutional analysis.

Background: Multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease, with the majority of patients relapsing after autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). After relapse, second transplant remains one of the therapeutic options, along with novel agents. Methods: We reviewed the data of our patients who underwent ASCT for myeloma (N = 202) over the last two decades (2004-2019). Of these, 12 patients underwent a second transplant. Results: Out of 12 patients, nine underwent second autologous stem cell transplant, whereas three received an allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT). Median progression-free survival (PFS) after the first ASCT was 32 months (5-84 months). Median interval between both the transplants was 35 months (4-159 months). Median age of our cohort which underwent second transplant was 56 years. Overall response rate (ORR) post-second transplant on day +100 was 83.3%, without any transplant-related mortality (TRM). With the use of preemptive plerixafor, none of our patients required a second day for stem cell harvest. Median CD34 dose of stem cells infused was 4.11 × 106/kg. Similar to the first ASCT, the median time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 11 and 12 days, respectively. At a median follow-up of 41 months, estimated 3-year PFS and overall survival (OS) was 37% ± 15% and 63% ± 15%, respectively. Conclusion: ">Among all relapsed myeloma patients who were transplant eligible, 11% underwent a second transplant. Second transplant is well tolerated with similar time to engraftment after first ASCT. Hence, we believe that second transplant is a feasible, cost-effective option in a resource-limited setting, which should be more widely utilized.

Clinico-pathological profile of patients with plasma cell neoplasms with special reference to bone marrow fibrosis and amyloid deposition.

To clarify the significance of bone marrow fibrosis and amyloid deposition in plasma cell neoplasm, a retrospective cross-sectional study for a period of 3 years was conducted. Patients who underwent bone marrow aspiration and biopsy with suspicion of plasma cell neoplasms were included in the study. The bone marrow findings were correlated with clinical profile of the patient along with biochemical parameters, cytogenetics, Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) wherever available. A total of 273 bone marrow aspirates and biopsies of patients with suspected plasma cell neoplasms were analyzed. There were 181 male patients and 92 female patients (Male: Female = 1.96: 1). There were 245 cases of multiple myeloma (89.7%), 8 cases of primary amyloidosis (2.9%) and 6 monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (2.1%), 5 cases of plasmacytoma (1.8%) and 4 cases of smouldering myeloma (1.4%), 5 cases of POEMS syndrome (1.8%). Bone marrow fibrosis was noted in 12 patients at diagnosis (4.3%). Among the parameters studied, only the mean Hemoglobin was significantly low in patients with marrow fibrosis. Amyloid deposition in various organs including bone marrow, kidney, liver etc., were noted in 17 patients overall (6.2%). In conclusion, the incidence of fibrosis (4.3%) and amyloidosis (6.2%) associated with plasma cell neoplasms were much lower in our study as compared to published studies.

Splenic Lymphomas: A Tertiary Care Center Experience and Review of Literature.

Primary splenic lymphomas are rare with the majority of lymphomas in spleen being secondary to an extra-splenic lymphoma. We aimed to analyze the epidemiological profile of the splenic lymphoma and review the literature. This was a retrospective study including all splenectomies and splenic biopsies from 2015 to September 2021. All the cases were retrieved from Department of Pathology. Detailed histopathological, clinical and demographic evaluation was done. All the lymphomas were classified according to WHO 2016 classification. A total of 714 splenectomies were performed for a variety of benign causes, as part of tumor resections and for the diagnosis of lymphoma. Few core biopsies were also included. A total of 33 lymphomas diagnosed in the spleen, primary splenic lymphomas constituted 84.84% (n = 28) of the cohort with 5 (15.15%) having the primary site elsewhere. The primary splenic lymphomas constituted 0.28% of all the lymphomas arising at various sites. Adult population (19-65 years) formed the bulk (78.78%) with a slight male preponderance. Splenic marginal zone lymphomas (n = 15, 45.45%) comprised of major proportion of cases followed by primary splenic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 4, 12.12%). Splenectomy was the main course of treatment for SMZL with a good overall outcome, with chemotherapy ± radiotherapy forming the mainstay in other lymphomas. Lymphomas in spleen can be infiltrative or a primary, hence proper clinic-radiological and pathological evaluation is required. Appropriate management is guided by the precise and detailed evaluation by the pathologist, requiring understanding of the same.