Relationship between VEGFA polymorphisms and serum VEGF protein levels and recurrent spontaneous miscarriage.

STUDY QUESTION: Is recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM) associated with changes in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) serum levels, and with polymorphisms in the VEGFA gene? SUMMARY ANSWER: Reduced serum VEGF levels, and VEGFA -460T/C (rs833061), 398G/A (rs833068), -583T/C (rs3025020) variants, were associated with RSM. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Reduced expression of VEGF has been linked with spontaneous miscarriage, likely due to defective fetal and placental angiogenesis. Since VEGF production is in part inherited, VEGFA polymorphisms associated with altered VEGF secretion have been investigated for their association with RSM, often with variable conclusions. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A retrospective case-control study, which was conducted between January 2011 and April 15, 2012. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Subjects comprised 296 women with RSM (mean age: 31.6 ± 5.4 year), and 305 age-matched (mean age: 31.6 ± 4.9 year) control Arab women, who had attended outpatient obstetrics and gynecology clinics in two teaching hospitals in Bahrain. VEGFA -2578C/A (rs699947), -460T/C (rs833061), -1154G/A (rs15703060), -634G/C (rs2010963), 398G/A (rs833068), 497G/A (rs833070), -583T/C (rs3025020) and 936C/T (rs3025039) genotyping was done by real-time PCR, with defined clusters; VEGF serum levels were measured by ELISA. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Higher minor allele frequency (MAF) and genotype distribution of -460T/C [corrected P (Pc) = 0.003], 398G/A (Pc = 0.016) and -583T/C (Pc < 0.001) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were seen in RSM cases than control women. Increased RSM risk was seen with homozygous -460T/C and 398G/A SNPs and with heterozygous -583T/C, which had a stronger effect when homozygous. Serum VEGF levels were significantly reduced in RSM cases compared with control women (P = 0.016), and correlated with -460T/C, 398G/A and -583T/C genotypes. Haploview analysis revealed heterogeneity in linkage disequilibrium between VEGFA variants, and two blocks were identified: Block 1 comprising -2578C/A, -460T/C and -1154G/A, while Block 2 contained -634G/C, 398G/A, 497G/A, -583T/C and 936C/T. Both negatively and positively RSM-associated 3-locus (Block 1) and 5-locus (Block 2) VEGFA haplotypes were identified, after controlling for a number of covariates. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The study was retrospective and can only demonstrate association and not a cause-effect relationship. Furthermore, it was limited to Bahraini Arabs,thereby necessitating parallel studies on other ethnic groups. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Reduced VEGF secretion, and specific VEGFA variants may contribute to the pathogenesis of RSM. However, the association of VEGFA SNPs with RSM appears to be independent of their association with altered VEGF serum levels. The differential association of VEGFA variants with RSM is in line with previous findings on the contribution of ethnicity/racial background to genetic association studies.

STAT3 polymorphisms linked with idiopathic recurrent miscarriages.

PROBLEM: We investigated the association of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)3 gene variants with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage (RM). METHOD OF STUDY: A case-control study involving 189 RM patients and 244 control women was carried out. STAT3 (rs1053004 and rs1023023) genotyping was performed by allelic discrimination/real-time PCR method. RESULTS: STAT3 rs1053004 C allele [OR (95% CI) = 1.60 (1.22-2.10)] and C/C genotype [OR (95% CI) = 3.42 (1.70-6.92)] were positively associated with RM. Two-locus (rs1053004/rs1053023) haplotype analysis revealed increased frequency of CG and CA haplotypes in RM patients, of which only CA haplotype (Pc = 0.020) remained positively associated with RM after applying the Bonferroni correction. This was confirmed by multivariate regression analysis (OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.17-2.46) after adjusting for a number of covariates. CONCLUSION: STAT3 rs1053004 variant is significantly associated with idiopathic RM. Replication studies on other racial groups and other STAT3 gene variants are warranted.