Liver transplant and quality of life in the pediatric population: a review update (2013-2014).

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Liver transplantation is emerging as the treatment of choice for children with end-stage liver disease and some cases of acute liver failure. Owing to improvements in the surgical and medical management of liver transplantation, most patients survive surgery and do well physically in the posttransplant period. However, quality of life (QOL) for these children remains below expectation and is associated with poor psychological and social functioning. In this article, we review the recent literature and provide an opinion regarding QOL in pediatric liver transplant (PLT) patients and possible interventions to optimize it. RECENT FINDINGS: We reviewed articles published in 2013 and 2014 reporting QOL in PLT survivors. Our review of the literature suggests that children undergoing liver transplantation have varying degrees of QOL in the post transplantation period despite improvements in medical and surgical managements. SUMMARY: It is important to proactively identify and address psychological difficulties in patients and their families prior to transplant. Following transplantation, a multidisciplinary approach to targeting rehabilitation and decreasing negative effects of the transplant may assist with improving the QOL for patients and their families.

The role of psychiatry in quality of life in young patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Lung cancer is often seen in geriatric patients, with an age of onset of approximately 60 years. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and around the world. Young patients are rarely diagnosed with lung cancer, with less than 3.5% of patients presenting with this tumor at an age less than 45. In this paper, we examine NSCLC in young patients, between 18 and 35 years of age, which most commonly occurs in non-smokers and is characterized by a higher proportion of adenocarcinoma histology and advanced disease at presentation. These patients often present with metastasis involving one organ and they test positive for driver gene mutations including, but not limited to, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sensitive mutation and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). We addressed depression and anxiety and their effect on quality of life (QOL) and attempted to examine how improvement in QOL in these young patients could affect their course of illness and prognosis. Methods: We conducted a literature review using PubMed, Cochrane, and Google search. We concentrated our search on two elements, reviewing approximately 50 articles focusing on the driver mutations EGFR and ALK as well as genetic mapping of lung adenocarcinoma in patients aged 18-35 years old. We also conducted a review of approximately 30 articles focusing on quality of life in the context of anxiety and depression within this patient population. Results: We have described a case of a 28-year-old male with new-onset metastatic lung adenocarcinoma that we had treated in our hospital. He was found to have mutations in EGFR and ALK rearrangement. We aimed to address his depression, anxiety, and poor QOL in the context of his diagnosis. Due to his presenting symptoms leading to the diagnosis of adjustment disorder, he was treated with pharmacotherapy as well as conventional therapy to improve his QOL. Due to the time required to identify mutations, our patient passed away before a more targeted treatment could be offered. Conclusion: It is important to fully explore the nature of the cancer, including mutation types. Our case demonstrates that the detection of the driver gene mutation EGFR and/or ALK rearrangement could affect treatment and prognosis in this patient population. There are many studies available that highlight targeted therapies for these mutations as well as chemotherapy and radiation. Psychiatry has a significant role in improving quality of life in these patients, which could enhance their response to treatment and survival. Involving psychiatry early in the course results in lower rates of depression, anxiety and premature death.

The brain-gut axis in gastrointestinal cancers.

Recent developments have given more credence into the brain-gut-microbiota axis and its role in the development of tumor genesis. The microbiota have multiple functions including maintenance of the epithelial barrier, immune response, digestion, cortisol regulation, and control of neurotransmitters and their metabolism [e.g., serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline and gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)]. Changes in gut microbiota can interfere with homeostasis leading to dysbiosis microbiota, which is linked to colorectal cancer. Microbiota composition can cause pronounced effect on medical interventions including medications, chemotherapy, and radiation. Altered primary immune system is associated with microbiota disassociation and development of colorectal cancer. This article reviews the current research in brain-gut axis with focus on microbiota and its role in the development of gastrointestinal cancers. We conducted a literature review on PubMed, Cochrane, and Science direct using English language. We begin by reviewing the brain-gut axis and its function and then discuss its effect on the development of gastrointestinal cancers. We reviewed 70 manuscripts and found association between microbiota dysfunction and development of colorectal cancers predisposing to psychiatric manifestations. Lasting disturbances in the microbiota can lead to systemic inflammation with implications on disease development or treatment modifications. These disruptions of the intestinal flora can play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancers. Most psychological reactions to cancer are similar across cancer types but each cancer when examined individually has its own unique features associated with it. Correlation between fear of recurrence and the level of pathological distress is viewed as an indicator of overall adjustment to cancer survival.

Cytokine storm induced new onset depression in patients with COVID-19. A new look into the association between depression and cytokines -two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Depression appears to be a common complication in patients during and post-COVID-19 infection. Understanding the mechanism of action of cytokines such as interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and others in depression and in cytokine storm syndrome, the core component of COVID- 19, could shine a new light on future treatment options for both disorders. OBJECTIVE: This review demonstrates the role of interleukins in COVID-19 pathogenesis and their role in depression. RESULTS: We described cases we have treated as an example for the dual role interleukins have in COVID-19 infection and depression and reviewed approximately 70 articles focusing on the role of interleukins in cytokine storm syndrome and depression. CONCLUSION: This review highlights the key features of cytokines in both diseases. As the scientific community has more time to recover and process the effect of the current pandemic, we believe that additional research will pave the way to diverse pathways to treat depression in these patient and others.

Psychosis in children with systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of steroids as both treatment and cause.

Steroids may both be a cause of and treatment for pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presenting with psychotic symptoms. We present two cases demonstrating that careful histories (including prior steroid exposure) and the use of biomarkers can help guide the management of children with SLE presenting with psychosis.