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1.
Brief Bioinform ; 22(6)2021 11 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34013348

RESUMO

NGS long-reads sequencing technologies (or third generation) such as Pacific BioSciences (PacBio) have revolutionized the sequencing field over the last decade improving multiple genomic applications like de novo genome assemblies. However, their error rate, mostly involving insertions and deletions (indels), is currently an important concern that requires special attention to be solved. Multiple algorithms are available to fix these sequencing errors using short reads (such as Illumina), although they require long processing times and some errors may persist. Here, we present Accurate long-Reads Assembly correction Method for Indel errorS (ARAMIS), the first NGS long-reads indels correction pipeline that combines several correction software in just one step using accurate short reads. As a proof OF concept, six organisms were selected based on their different GC content, size and genome complexity, and their PacBio-assembled genomes were corrected thoroughly by this pipeline. We found that the presence of systematic sequencing errors in long-reads PacBio sequences affecting homopolymeric regions, and that the type of indel error introduced during PacBio sequencing are related to the GC content of the organism. The lack of knowledge of this fact leads to the existence of numerous published studies where such errors have been found and should be resolved since they may contain incorrect biological information. ARAMIS yields better results with less computational resources needed than other correction tools and gives the possibility of detecting the nature of the found indel errors found and its distribution along the genome. The source code of ARAMIS is available at https://github.com/genomics-ngsCBMSO/ARAMIS.git.


Assuntos
Biologia Computacional/métodos , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Mutação INDEL , Software , Algoritmos , Composição de Bases , Biologia Computacional/normas , Genômica/métodos , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Análise de Sequência de DNA/normas , Fluxo de Trabalho
2.
Microbiol Resour Announc ; 13(5): e0050223, 2024 May 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38563744

RESUMO

T2.26MG-112.2 is a Ciceribacter strain that has been isolated from the deep subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. We report its draft genome consisting of a chromosome of ≈4.9 Mb and a plasmid of 357 kb. The annotation reveals 4,824 coding sequences, 48 tRNA genes, and 1 rRNA operon.

3.
Environ Microbiol ; 15(8): 2228-37, 2013 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23425574

RESUMO

Río Tinto (Huelva, southwestern Spain) is an extreme environment with a remarkably constant acidic pH and a high concentration of heavy metals, conditions generated by the metabolic activity of chemolithotrophic microorganisms thriving in the rich complex sulfides of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). Fungal strains isolated from the Tinto basin were characterized morphologically and phylogenetically. The strain identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum specifically induced the formation of a yellow-ocher precipitate, identified as hydronium-jarosite, an iron sulfate mineral which appears in abundance on the banks of Río Tinto. The biomineral was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and its formation was observed with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) microanalysis. Jarosite began to nucleate on the fungal cell wall, associated to the EPS, due to a local increase in the Fe(3+) /Fe(2+) ratio which generated supersaturation. Its formation has been also observed in non-viable cells, although with much less efficiency. The occurrence of P. lilacinum in an ecosystem with high concentrations of ferric iron and sulfates such as Río Tinto suggests that it could participate in the process of jarosite precipitation, helping to shape and control the geochemical properties of this environment.


Assuntos
Compostos Férricos/metabolismo , Hypocreales/metabolismo , Sulfatos/metabolismo , Microbiologia da Água , Ecossistema , Compostos Férricos/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Hypocreales/isolamento & purificação , Hypocreales/ultraestrutura , Ferro/química , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Espanha , Sulfatos/química , Sulfetos/química
4.
Environ Sci Technol ; 47(12): 6129-36, 2013 Jun 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23682976

RESUMO

Here we describe biogeochemical processes that lead to the generation of acid rock drainage (ARD) and rock weathering on the Antarctic landmass and describe why they are important sources of iron into the Antarctic Ocean. During three expeditions, 2009-2011, we examined three sites on the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica. Two of them displayed intensive sulfide mineralization and generated acidic (pH 3.2-4.5), iron-rich drainage waters (up to 1.78 mM Fe), which infiltrated as groundwater (as Fe(2+)) and as superficial runoff (as Fe(3+)) into the sea, the latter with the formation of schwertmannite in the sea-ice. The formation of ARD in the Antarctic was catalyzed by acid mine drainage microorganisms found in cold climates, including Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans and Thiobacillus plumbophilus. The dissolved iron (DFe) flux from rock weathering (nonmineralized control site) was calculated to be 0.45 × 10(9) g DFe yr(-1) for the nowadays 5468 km of ice-free Antarctic rock coastline which is of the same order of magnitude as glacial or aeolian input to the Southern Ocean. Additionally, the two ARD sites alone liberate 0.026 and 0.057 × 10(9) g DFe yr(-1) as point sources to the sea. The increased iron input correlates with increased phytoplankton production close to the source. This might even be enhanced in the future by a global warming scenario, and could be a process counterbalancing global warming.


Assuntos
Ferro/análise , Regiões Antárticas , Drenagem , Oceanos e Mares , Água/análise
5.
Adv Appl Microbiol ; 77: 41-70, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22050821

RESUMO

The recent geomicrobiological characterization of Río Tinto, Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), has proven the importance of the iron cycle, not only in generating the extreme conditions of the habitat (low pH, high concentration of toxic heavy metals) but also in maintaining the high level of microbial diversity, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, detected in the water column and the sediments. The extreme conditions of the Tinto basin are not the product of industrial contamination but the consequence of the presence of an underground bioreactor that obtains its energy from the massive sulfide minerals of the IPB. To test this hypothesis, a drilling project was carried out to intersect ground waters that interact with the mineral ore in order to provide evidence of subsurface microbial activities and the potential resources to support these activities. The oxidants that drive the system appear to come from the rock matrix, contradicting conventional acid mine drainage models. These resources need only groundwater to launch microbial metabolism. There are several similarities between the vast deposits of sulfates and iron oxides on Mars and the main sulfide-containing iron bioleaching products found in the Tinto. Firstly, the short-lived methane detected both in Mars' atmosphere and in the sediments and subsurface of the IPB and secondly, the abundance of iron, common to both. The physicochemical properties of iron make it a source of energy, a shield against radiation and oxidative stress as well as a natural pH controller. These similarities have led to Río Tinto's status as a Mars terrestrial analogue.


Assuntos
Sedimentos Geológicos , Marte , Ecologia , Ecossistema , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiologia , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Minerais , Espanha
6.
Microbiol Resour Announc ; 10(1)2021 Jan 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33414307

RESUMO

We report the draft genome of Pseudomonas sp. strain T2.31D-1, which was isolated from a drilling core sample obtained 414 m below surface in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The genome consists of a 4.7-Mb chromosome with 4,428 coding sequences, 1 rRNA operon, 59 tRNA genes, and a 31.8-kb plasmid.

7.
Astron Astrophys ; 6452021 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33408420

RESUMO

CONTEXT: Yebes 40m radio telescope is the main and largest observing instrument at Yebes Observatory and it is devoted to Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and single dish observations since 2010. It has been covering frequency bands between 2 GHz and 90 GHz in discontinuous and narrow windows in most of the cases, to match the current needs of the European VLBI Network (EVN) and the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA). AIMS: Nanocosmos project, a European Union funded synergy grant, opened the possibility to increase the instantaneous frequency coverage to observe many molecular transitions with single tunnings in single dish mode. This reduces the observing time and maximises the output from the telescope. METHODS: We present the technical specifications of the recently installed 31.5 - 50GHz (Q band) and 72 - 90.5 GHz (W band) receivers along with the main characteristics of the telescope at these frequency ranges. We have observed IRC+10216, CRL 2688 and CRL 618, which harbour a rich molecular chemistry, to demonstrate the capabilities of the new instrumentation for spectral observations in single dish mode. RESULTS: The results show the high sensitivity of the telescope in the Q band. The spectrum of IRC+10126 offers a signal to noise ratio never seen before for this source in this band. On the other hand, the spectrum normalised by the continuum flux towards CRL 618 in the W band demonstrates that the 40 m radio telescope produces comparable results to those from the IRAM 30 m radio telescope, although with a smaller sensitivity. The new receivers fulfil one of the main goals of Nanocosmos and open the possibility to study the spectrum of different astrophysical media with unprecedented sensitivity.

8.
Protoplasma ; 257(3): 889-900, 2020 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31909435

RESUMO

The study of plants adapted to an extreme environment with a high concentration of iron such as Río Tinto allowed the study of important elements for the development and control of plant growth including their localization, management, and storage. The absorption, transport, and accumulation of iron were studied in different species of dicotyledons (Sarcocornia pruinosa, Salicornia patula, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, and Halogeton sativus of the Chenopodiaceae family) and monocotyledons (Imperata cylindrica, Cynodon dactylon, and Panicum repens from the Poaceae family), all obtained from the Río Tinto banks in different sample collection campaigns. The results clearly show that phytoferritin is not observed in the chloroplast of monocotyledons, an important difference from what is observed in dicotyledons. The presence of plastids with a high concentration of iron in the sieve tubes of monocotyledons strongly suggests their possible role in the transport and accumulation of iron in these plants.


Assuntos
Ferro/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta/química , Espanha
9.
Water Sci Technol ; 59(6): 1227-36, 2009.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19342820

RESUMO

Water contamination by nitrate is a wideworld extended phenomena. Biological autotrophic denitrification has a real potential to face this problem and presents less drawbacks than the most extended heterotrophic denitrification. Three bench-scale UASB reactors were operated under autotrophic (R1, H2S as electron donor), mixotrophic (R2, H2S plus p-cresol as electron donors) and heterotrophic (R3, p-cresol as electron donor) conditions using nitrate as terminal electron acceptor. 16S rDNA genetic libraries were built up to compare their microbial biodiversity. Six different bacteria phyla and three archaeal classes were observed. Proteobacteria was the main phyla in all reactors standing out the presence of denitrifiers. Microorganisms similar to Thiobacillus denitrificans and Acidovorax sp. performed the autotrophic denitification. These OTUs were displaced by chemoheterotrophic denitrifiers, especially by Limnobacter-like and Ottowia-like OTUs. Other phyla were Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria that--as well as Archaea members--were implicated in the degradation of organic matter, as substrate added as coming from endogenous sludge decay under autotrophic conditions. Archaea diversity remained low in all the reactors being Methanosaeta concilii the most abundant one.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Bioquímicos , Nitrogênio/isolamento & purificação , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Esgotos/microbiologia , Processos Autotróficos , Biomassa , Processos Heterotróficos , Filogenia
10.
Microbiol Resour Announc ; 8(32)2019 Aug 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31395626

RESUMO

The draft genome of Brevundimonas sp. strain T2.26MG-97, isolated at a depth of 492.6 m in the subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, is reported here. It consists of 262 scaffolds with a total genome length of 3.68 Mbp, where 3,549 coding DNA sequences have been annotated.

11.
Microbiol Resour Announc ; 8(16)2019 Apr 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31000538

RESUMO

Rhodoplanes sp. strain T2.26MG-98 was isolated from the deep subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. We report its draft genome, consisting of 214 contigs with a chromosome of ∼5.6 Mb and a 53.7-kb plasmid. The chromosome annotation identified 4,994 coding DNA sequences, 1 rRNA operon, and 57 tRNA genes.

12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31186577

RESUMO

We present a new experimental setup devoted to the study of gas phase molecules and processes using broad band high spectral resolution rotational spectroscopy. A reactor chamber has been equipped with radio receivers similar to those used by radio astronomers to search for molecular emission in space. The whole Q (31.5-50 GHz) and W bands (72-116.5 GHz) are available for rotational spectroscopy observations. The receivers are equipped with 16×2.5 GHz Fast Fourier Transform spectrometers with a spectral resolution of 38.14 kHz allowing the simultaneous observation of the complete Q band and one third of the W band. The whole W band can be observed in three settings in which the Q band is always observed. Species such as CH3CN, OCS, and SO2 are detected, together with many of their isotopologues and vibrationally excited states, in very short observing times. The system permits automatic overnight observations and integration times as long as 2.4×105 seconds have been reached. The chamber is equipped with a radiofrequency source to produce cold plasmas and with four ultraviolet lamps to study photochemical processes. Plasmas of CH4, N2, CH3CN, NH3, O2, and H2, among other species, have been generated and the molecular products easily identified by their rotational spectrum, and mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy. Finally, the rotational spectrum of the lowest energy conformer of CH3CH2NHCHO (N-Ethylformamide), a molecule previously characterized in microwave rotational spectroscopy, has been measured up to 116.5 GHz allowing the accurate determination of its rotational and distortion constants and its search in space.

13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30533741

RESUMO

Rhizobium sp. strain T2.30D-1.1 was isolated from the deep subsurface of the Iberian Pyrite Belt. We report its draft genome, consisting of 60 contigs with a chromosome of ≈4.6 Mb and a plasmid of 179 kb. The annotation revealed 4,526 coding DNA sequences, 45 tRNA genes, and 1 rRNA operon.

14.
Syst Appl Microbiol ; 30(8): 601-14, 2007 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17950555

RESUMO

The prokaryotic diversity of macroscopic filaments located at the water surface in an extreme acidic environment, Río Tinto (SW, Spain), has been analysed through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning of 16S rRNA genes and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The dominant species present in the macrofilaments were Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and Acidiphilium spp., which represented the three main bacterial genera found in the water column of the river. However, our results also showed the presence of other microorganisms not previously detected in the Río Tinto. Within the Gammaproteobacteria class, sequences closely related to the iron-oxidizing bacteria WJ2 and DSM 2392 were found, as well as sequences related to the non-acidophilic genera Aeromonas and Acinetobacter. In addition, two other new phylotypes related to Gram-positive species from the genera Desulfosporosinus, Clostridium and Mycobacterium were identified. The presence of these anaerobic microorganisms strongly suggests that the filaments could originate in the deeper parts of the river as a typical acid streamer attached to the rocks or the sediments and be pulled up towards the surface when they reach certain buoyancy.


Assuntos
Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Biodiversidade , Rios/microbiologia , Bactérias/genética , Impressões Digitais de DNA , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Genes de RNAr , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Desnaturação de Ácido Nucleico , Filogenia , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Espanha
15.
Biol Trace Elem Res ; 115(1): 67-86, 2007 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17406075

RESUMO

Two species of perennial Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) (Phyllanthus orbicularis and Phyllanthus discolor, both endemic to ultramafic areas of Cuba, and their natural hybrid, Phyllanthus xpallidus) were selected for metal localization microanalysis. Different plant tissues were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray probe. All of the studied taxa are nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulators and significant concentrations of this element were found in different leaf and stem tissues. The highest Ni content was found in the laticifer tubes, whereas leaf epidermis Ni content resulted to be much more relevant in terms of total metal storage. Calcium and magnesium were found more evenly distributed in leaf and stem tissues.


Assuntos
Euphorbiaceae/metabolismo , Níquel/metabolismo , Solo , Álcalis , Cuba , Euphorbiaceae/ultraestrutura , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura
16.
Sci Rep ; 7(1): 8775, 2017 08 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28821776

RESUMO

The artificial mineralization of a polyresistant bacterial strain isolated from an acidic, oligotrophic lake was carried out to better understand microbial (i) early mineralization and (ii) potential for further fossilisation. Mineralization was conducted in mineral matrixes commonly found on Mars and Early-Earth, silica and gypsum, for 6 months. Samples were analyzed using microbiological (survival rates), morphological (electron microscopy), biochemical (GC-MS, Microarray immunoassay, Rock-Eval) and spectroscopic (EDX, FTIR, RAMAN spectroscopy) methods. We also investigated the impact of physiological status on mineralization and long-term fossilisation by exposing cells or not to Mars-related stresses (desiccation and radiation). Bacterial populations remained viable after 6 months although the kinetics of mineralization and cell-mineral interactions depended on the nature of minerals. Detection of biosignatures strongly depended on analytical methods, successful with FTIR and EDX but not with RAMAN and immunoassays. Neither influence of stress exposure, nor qualitative and quantitative changes of detected molecules were observed as a function of mineralization time and matrix. Rock-Eval analysis suggests that potential for preservation on geological times may be possible only with moderate diagenetic and metamorphic conditions. The implications of our results for microfossil preservation in the geological record of Earth as well as on Mars are discussed.

17.
Water Sci Technol ; 54(2): 11-7, 2006.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16939078

RESUMO

Denitrification is applied in the tertiary treatment of wastewater to reduce N-pollutants. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), CARD (catalyzed reporter deposition)-FISH, cloning, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to follow the evolution of the microbial composition and structure of granular sludge in autotrophic denitrifying bioreactors fed with nitrate and thiosulfate. With this goal, FISH oligonucleotide probes for the autotrophic denitrifiers, Thiobacillus denitrificans and Thiomicrospira denitrificans, were designed and their utility tested. CARD-FISH and cloning data showed that bacterial diversity changed with bioreactor operation time. After 110 days of operation, the abundance of Thiobacillus denitrificans cells increased considerably: from 1 to 35% of total DAPI-stained cells and from no isolated clones to 30% of the total positives clones. This fact strongly suggests that this microorganism played a dominant role in the autotrophic denitrification. The Archaeal diversity remained almost unchanged and it was mainly represented by Methanosaeta soehngenii. Scanning electron microscopy results indicated a considerable loss in the integrity of the sludge granules during the operation, with risk of sludge buoyancy.


Assuntos
Nitritos/química , Piscirickettsiaceae/isolamento & purificação , Esgotos/química , Esgotos/microbiologia , Thiobacillus/isolamento & purificação , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , Primers do DNA , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Piscirickettsiaceae/genética , Piscirickettsiaceae/ultraestrutura , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Thiobacillus/genética , Thiobacillus/ultraestrutura
18.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 868(4): 249-53, 1986 Dec 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3790569

RESUMO

The antitumoral and antibacterial drug pactamycin can be radioactively labeled by iodination without loss of biological activity. Using the labeled pactamycin, the ribosomal binding site of the drug on rat liver ribosomes has been studied by affinity labeling techniques taking advantage of the photoreactive acetophenone group present in the molecule. When 40 S ribosomal subunits are labeled, one major spot of radioactivity is found associated to protein S25. In addition, weaker spots related to proteins S14/15, S10, S17 and S7 can also be detected in the autoradiogram of the two-dimensional gel slab. Since pactamycin inhibits protein synthesis initiation, the proteins forming its binding site must be related to some step of this process. By comparison with results from pactamycin affinity labeling of Escherichia coli ribosomes (Tejedor, F., Amils, R. and Ballesta, J.P.G. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 3667-3672) these proteins could lie in the mRNA and initiation factors binding region of the rat liver ribosome.


Assuntos
Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Radioisótopos do Iodo/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Pactamicina/metabolismo , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Ligação Competitiva , Cinética , Masculino , Pactamicina/farmacologia , Fotoquímica , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Reticulócitos/metabolismo , Proteínas Ribossômicas/metabolismo
19.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 1292(1): 140-4, 1996 Jan 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8547336

RESUMO

The small ribosomal subunit of the halophilic archaeon Haloferax mediterranei has been reconstituted from its dissociated rRNA and protein components. Efficient reconstitution of particles, fully active in poly(U)-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis, occurs after 2 h of incubation at 36 degrees C in the presence of 1.5 M of (NH4)2SO4, 100 mM of MgAc2, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.2) and 6 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. Important differences in the optimal ionic conditions for the reconstitution of the 30S and the 50S ribosomal subunits from Haloferax mediterranei have been found. K+ and NH4+ ions have differing abilities to promote the reconstitution of the particles. The assembly of 30S ribosomal subunits of H. mediterranei has a higher tolerance to ionic strength than the assembly of the 50S subunits and it is independent of the Mg2+ concentration present in the system.


Assuntos
Halobacteriaceae/metabolismo , Peptídeos , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Cinética , Magnésio/farmacologia , Biossíntese Peptídica , Potássio/farmacologia , Compostos de Amônio Quaternário/farmacologia , RNA Ribossômico/metabolismo , Proteínas Ribossômicas/metabolismo , Ribossomos/química , Sódio/farmacologia , Temperatura , Ultracentrifugação
20.
J Mol Biol ; 235(4): 1251-60, 1994 Jan 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7508514

RESUMO

Photoaffinity-labeling experiments using three nitroguaiacol ether streptomycin derivatives with spacers of different lengths between the antibiotic and the photoreactive moiety (8, 12 and 17 A) allow us to: (1) unambiguously locate the boundaries of the antibiotic binding site; and (2) test the topographical consistency of the photolabeling results. The streptomycin binding site is located in the interface between the ribosomal subunits, close to proteins S5 in the 30 S and to L11 in the 50 S ribosomal subunits. This location explains most of the antibiotic's pleiotropic effects on protein biosynthesis, especially those related to the tRNA selection mechanism, and it also correlates with the location of the ribosomal components involved in the different streptomycin phenotypes.


Assuntos
Biossíntese de Proteínas , Ribossomos/metabolismo , Estreptomicina/metabolismo , Marcadores de Afinidade , Sequência de Bases , Ligação Competitiva , Sequência de Carboidratos , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional , Modelos Genéticos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fotoquímica , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , RNA , Ribossomos/efeitos da radiação , Estreptomicina/farmacologia , Raios Ultravioleta
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