The Effects of Shock Wave Therapy on the Symptoms and Function of Individuals With Dupuytren Disease: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) on pain, clinical and functional outcomes, and satisfaction of patients with Dupuytren disease. DATA SOURCES: A thorough search for all the study types published in English was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to August 31, 2022. STUDY SELECTION: Title and abstract and then full-text screening against eligibility criteria was performed independently by 2 reviewers, and a third reviewer achieved consensus. DATA EXTRACTION: Reviewers identified 26 studies, of which 6 were included in the analysis (145 cases). The methodological quality was assessed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. DATA SYNTHESIS: Assessments represented a remarkable improvement in the pain and function through the measurements including the visual analog scale, the Disabilities of Arm Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire, the Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire, and Mayo Wrist Score. Patients' satisfaction was also favorable using the Roles and Maudsley score. The hand grip strength improvement was noted in one study measured via a Jamar dynamometer. In addition, the ultrasonographic assessment of the nodules revealed a decrease in the size of the nodules in a patient with multiple bilateral nodules after the treatment. The quality of the included studies was good for all studies except for one that was fair. The certainty of evidence was moderate for pain and function and was low for patients' satisfaction and ultrasonographic findings. CONCLUSIONS: ESWT can lead to significant pain improvement, functional rehabilitation, and patient satisfaction with no adverse effect in the management of Dupuytren disease. Pain may return over time, but not to that severity before the intervention. ESWT-related characteristics and the need for continuation of treatment remain to be fully elucidated in future large clinical trials.

Sedentary behavior and neck pain in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sedentary lifestyle is an imperative risk for musculoskeletal pain. We sought to investigate the association between different types of sedentary behaviors (SBs) and neck pain (NP) among adults. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar up to the end of April 2023. The odds ratio (95% CI) was considered as the desired effect size for the association between SBs and the NP. Among 1881 records found by primary search, 46, and 27 reports were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis respectively. All included studies qualified as good or fair. Our results indicated that SB is a risk factor for NP among adults (OR = 1.5, [1.29, 1.76]). Computer and mobile phone use were also found to be considerable risk factors for NP (OR = 1.3, [1.12, 1.53], and OR = 2.11, [1.32, 3.42] respectively). However, sitting time showed an insignificant association with NP (OR = 1.33, [0.86, 2.07]). Subgroup analysis revealed that SBs are a significant risk factor for NP among university students (OR = 1.58, [1.27, 1.97]), but the association among office workers was marginally insignificant (OR = 1.36, [0.98, 1.89]). According to the meta-regression results, the male gender was found to increase the risk of NP. Meanwhile, Egger's test revealed the presence of publication bias (p-value <0.0001). A sedentary lifestyle as well as computer and mobile phone use is associated with a considerable risk of NP among adults, especially university students. Further, longitudinal studies are needed to better clarify the causality relationships.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and spontaneous spinal hemorrhage: a systematic review.

The neurological manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, including spontaneous spinal hemorrhage (SSH), are diverse. SSH is a detrimental neurosurgical event requiring immediate medical attention. We aimed to investigate the association between SARS-CoV-2 and SSH and delineate a rational clinical approach. The authors searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published up to January 25, 2023, on SSH and SARS-CoV-2 infection. For each dataset, the authors performed pooled estimates examining three outcomes of interest: (1) early post-intervention neurological status, (2) mortality, and (3) post-intervention neurological rehabilitation outcomes. After reviewing 1341 results, seven datasets were identified for the final analysis. Fifty-seven percent of patients were females. Twenty-eight percent of the patients experienced severe systemic infection. The mean interval between the SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological presentation was 18 days. Pain and sensorimotor deficits were the most common (57%). Spinal epidural hematoma (EDH) was the most common presentation (71.4%). Three patients were treated conservatively, while 4 received neurosurgical intervention. Pain and sensorimotor deficits had the best treatment response (100%), while the sphincter had the worst response (0%). Long-term follow-up showed that 71% of patients had good recovery. SARS-CoV-2-associated SSH is a rare complication of infection, with an often insidious presentation that requires high clinical suspicion. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and new neurological symptoms or disproportionate neck or back pain require a neuroaxis evaluation. Neurosurgical intervention and conservative management are both viable options to treat SSH following COVID-19. Still, a homogenous approach to the treatment paradigm of SSH cannot be obtained, but lesions with space-occupying effects are suitable for neurosurgical evacuation-decompression while more indolent lesions could be treated conservatively. These options should be tailored individually until larger studies provide a consensus.

Association of Sunlight Exposure with Sleep Hours in Iranian Children and Adolescents: The CASPIAN-V Study.

We aimed to assess the association of sunlight exposure with sleep duration and sleep onset time in children. Data were obtained from the fifth survey of a national school-based surveillance program in Iran. Sunlight exposure time, sleep duration, sleep onset time, physical activity time, mental health status and frequency of consuming coffee and tea were recorded. Overall, 14 274 students aged 7-18 years were recruited. Sleep duration was associated positively with sex, age, body mass index and physical activity, as well as with sunlight exposure and negatively with the consumption of coffee and tea. Higher physical activity, exposure to sunlight and mental status score in children exposed to sunlight via their face, hands, arms and feet, reduced the likelihood of sleep onset time after midnight (odds ratio (OR) = 0.909, 0.741 and 0.554 respectively). Daily exposure to sunlight may increase sleep duration and advance the sleep onset time in children and adolescents.

Comparison of dry needling and steroid injection in the treatment of plantar fasciitis: a single-blind randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain. Considering different interventions which are applied for patients with plantar fasciitis, dry needling is proposed as a new modality of treatment recently. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of dry needling versus steroid injection for plantar fasciitis. METHODS: Sixty-six patients were recruited to this single-blind clinical trial study. Participants were randomly allocated to receive 1 ml (40 mg) of Depo-Medrol (methylprednisolone acetate) or dry needling. They were followed up for 12 months and monitored for total perception of pain using the visual analogue scale (VAS), with data obtained in baseline and at three weeks, six weeks, three months, six months and one year after treatment. RESULTS: Mean VAS score before treatment was 6.96 ± 0.87 for the steroid group and 6.41 ± 0.83 for the dry-needling group (P value = 0.54). Steroid injection reduced VAS scores rapidly until three weeks after treatment compared with dry needling (0.32 ± 0.71 and 3.47 ± 1.32, respectively; P value < 0.001). However, patients who were underwent dry needling reported lower VAS scores at the end of follow-up compared with the steroid group (0.69 ± 0.93 and 2.09 ± 1.58, respectively; P value = 0.004). Over the long term, 82.3% and 17.6% of changes in pain were contributed to time since treatment and treatment method, respectively (P values < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Steroid injection can palliate plantar heel pain rapidly but dry needling can provide more satisfactory results for patients with plantar fasciitis in the long term.

The relationship of exposure to air pollutants in pregnancy with surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction in umbilical cord.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the association of exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy with cord blood concentrations of surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction. METHODS: This population-based cohort was conducted from March 2014 to March 2015 among 250 mother-neonate pairs in urban areas of Isfahan, the second large and air-polluted city in Iran. We analyzed the association between the ambient carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particular matter 10 (PM10), and air quality index (AQI) with cord blood levels of endothelin-1, vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM), and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM). Multiple regression analysis was conducted after adjustment for potential confounding factors and covariates. The regression coefficient (beta), standard error of the estimate (SE), and 95% confidence intervals for each regression coefficient (95% CI) are reported. RESULTS: Data of 233 mother-neonate pairs were complete, and included in the analysis. Multiple regression analyses showed that AQI, CO and O3 had significant correlation with cord blood ICAM-1 [Beta (SE), 95%CI: 2.93 (0.72), 1.33,5.54; 2.28(1.44), 1.56,5.12; and 2.02(0.01), 1.03,2.04, respectively] as well as with VCAM-1 [2.78(0.91), 1.69,4.57; 2.47(1.47), 1.43,5.37; and 2.01(0.01),1.07,2.04, respectively]. AQI, PM10, and SO2 were significantly associated with Endothelin-1 concentrations [Beta (SE), 95%CI: 10.16(5.08),7.61,14.28; 9.70(3.46), 2.88,16.52; and 1.07(0.02), 1.03,2.11, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: The significant associations of air pollutants with markers of endothelial dysfunction during fetal period may provide another evidence on the adverse health effects of air pollutants on early stages of atherosclerosis from fetal period. Our findings underscore the importance of considering environmental factors in primordial prevention of chronic diseases.

Regional disparity in hygienic behaviors of Iranian children and adolescents: The CASPIAN-IV study.

Background: This study aimed to assess the pattern of hygienic behaviors of Iranian children and adolescents at national and sub-national levels according to the socioeconomic status (SES) of their living region. Methods: Data were obtained from the fourth national school-based surveillance survey entitled, "CASPIANIV study" (2011-2012). It was conducted among 14,880 students, aged 6-18 years, who were selected by multistage random cluster sampling from 30 provinces in Iran. We used the World Health Organization Global School-based Student Health Survey (WHO- GSHS) questionnaire. Data were analyzed at national and subnational levels according to the SES of the living region. Results: Overall, 13,486 students (49.2% girls) with the mean (SD) age of 12.50 (3.36) years participated in this study (participation rate: 90.6%). At the national level, 67.21% of the participants had daily tooth brushing, the frequencies for always washing hands after using the toilet, washing hands before eating, and washing hands with soap in school were 85.61%, 56.53%, and 50.32%, respectively. The frequency of daily tooth brushing had no significant difference according to the SES of the living region. In all of the categories of washing hands, the West region (second high SES rank) had the highest frequency of hygienic behaviors (p<0.001). Conclusion: In general, the reported hygienic behaviors were at an acceptable level; however, a large comprehensive health-promoting plan should be considered for all children and adolescents at the national and subnational levels taking into account the disparities according to their SES.

Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma following COVID-19 vaccination: a case report.

Introduction: COVID-19 vaccination side effects are rare but important medical situations. Spine-affecting side effects are amongst the rarest, but exceedingly important. Haemorrhagic spinal manifestations of COVID-19 and its vaccines are less reported with little knowledge about them. Case presentation: An 80-year-old male who received his first shot of the COVID-19 vaccine had developed COVID-19 pneumonia, weakness, and sensory problems in his legs followed by sphincter incontinence within 5 days period. MRI showed a spontaneous epidural spinal epidural haematoma (SSEDH) in T10-L1. He underwent laminectomy and haematoma evacuation. One month follow-up showed no clinical improvement. Discussion: To our knowledge, this was the first post-vaccination SSEDH and second in haemorrhagic spinal complications following COVID-19 vaccination. Considering the neuropathogenesis pathway of COVID-19 and its vaccines, there are common mechanisms of action that could potentially justify post-vaccination SSEDH such as seen in COVID-19 infection, itself. Early Neurosurgical intervention and better preoperative neurological status could be a beneficial modifier for favourable clinical outcomes. Conclusion: SSEDH and COVID-19 vaccine coincidence is a rare clinical event, still no solid association could be scientifically explained. Further studies are required for a reliable pathophysiologic association. Early diagnosis, interdisciplinary medical approach, and faster intervention are the cornerstone of the treatment paradigm.

Lumbar sacralization and L4-L5 microdiscectomy, a prospective cohort study on radiologic and clinical outcomes.

Aim: To evaluate the role of lumbar sacralization (LS) on the surgical outcomes of L4-L5 microdiscectomy. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in a university referral hospital. The patients with L4-L5 disc herniation and eligible for microdiscectomy were enrolled and allocated in G1 (with LS) and G2 (no LS). After the L4-L5 microdiscectomy patients were followed, clinical and radiological parameters were collected to investigate the influence on the outcomes. Recurrence, low back outcome score (LBOS), and the Oswestry disability index (ODI) were defined as main outcomes. Results: Two hundred and forty patients (n = 120, each), were reviewed in the final analysis. There was no difference between groups regarding baseline characteristics. Postoperative radicular and back pain was more severe in LS(P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed recurrence was significantly higher in LS with a direct correlation with postoperative back pain persistence and low LBOS (p = 0.001). Age had a negative impact on G2 recurrence(p = 0.008). LS had a negative impact on LBOS and ODI scores. Postoperative radicular pain and higher lumbar lordosis were associated with a higher disability (ODI) index. Conclusion: L4-L5 microdiscectomy in patients with lumbar sacralization was associated with higher recurrence rates, worse ODI and LBOS scores, persistent postoperative axial back pain, and radicular pain. Postoperative axial back pain and poor LBOS results could effectively predict a higher recurrence rate following L4-L5 microdiscectomy in lumbar sacralization.

SARS-CoV-2 and spinal cord ischemia: a systematic review on clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Spinal cord ischemia is a rare but ominous clinical situation with high levels of disability. There are emerging reports on COVID-19 and spinal cord ischemic events. PURPOSE: To investigate the cardinal manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 associated spinal cord ischemia, review treatment paradigms, and follow outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: A systematic review. METHODS: The current study was conducted under Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The authors searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies published up to February 12, 2023, on spinal cord ischemia and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data on patient demographics, study methods, medical records, interventions, and outcomes were extracted from eligible articles. For each data set, the authors performed pooled estimates examining 3 factors of interest, which were (1) predisposing factors (2) treatment regimens, and (3) neurological rehabilitation outcomes. Neurological status was reported as the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale reported by data sets. RESULTS: Six data sets were identified. The mean age of the study population was 50 years old, with 66.6% male predominance. Sixty-six percent of the patients had severe COVID-19. Five data sets reported preexisting coagulopathy. ASIA A and B were the most prevalent primary neurological status (80%). The mean interval between COVID-19 and the first neurological deficit was 13 days. Anterior spinal artery lesions were the most prevalent ischemic pattern. The most common treatment regimens were heparin and steroid therapy. Physical rehabilitation showed poor functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 is associated with spinal cord ischemia through multiple neuropathological mechanisms. Proper coagulation profile control and aggressive rehabilitation may play a promising role in the prevention and recovery of spinal cord infarction in SARS-CoV-2 patients.

Treatment refractory acute necrotizing myelitis after COVID-19 vaccine injection: a case report.

Introduction and importance: Post-vaccination myelitis is a rare and debilitating clinical situation. There are few reports of post-COVID-19 infection and vaccination neurological sequela. Case presentation: A 69-year-old lady was admitted to the emergency department due to weakness and hypoesthesia in her hands 1 week after the Sinopharm vaccine injection. MRI showed a cervicothoracic cord haemorrhagic lesion that deteriorated within 48 h. The clinical course was refractory to conservative treatments. She underwent an emergency cervical laminectomy as a salvage treatment. Intraoperative samples were in favour of acute necrotizing myelitis. Discussion: In the review of the literature, the inflammatory storm, vasculitis, and many unknown etiologies are deemed to be the possible causes of encephalopathy and myelitis after COVID-19 infection and vaccination. There are few cases of post-COVID-19 myelitis and hematomyelia, but this case was the first report of post-vaccination necrotizing myelitis. Conclusion: Post-vaccination necrotizing myelitis is a lethal medical situation requiring intensive and emergent neurosurgical vigilance. Early clinical diagnosis in the beginning and full neurosurgical-neurological treatment armamentarium options are cornerstones of treatment paradigms. Salvage treatment options such as extensive laminectomy may play a life-saving role in treatment refractory cases of acute necrotizing myelitis.

Dorsal intradural spinal arteriovenous fistula associated with giant intradural spinal aneurysm, a case report.

Arteriovenous fistula and spinal aneurysms like other vascular malformations can mimic radiculopathy and low back pain. Precise imaging work combined with a hybrid endovascular-microsurgical approach is the key element for the best clinical outcome.

Spontaneous intramedullary hematoma following COVID-19 vaccination: A case report.

A 67-year-old female was hospitalized due to right-sided hemiparesis and neck pain with rapid deterioration to a deep coma. She had received the Sinopharm vaccine 2 days earlier. MRI showed extensive cervicothoracic hematomyelia. She received intensive medical care for 2 months and was discharged. An 18-month follow-up showed significant neurological recovery.

Spontaneous intramedullary hematoma in a patient with COVID-19 infection: A case report.

A 73-year-old man experienced four limb paresthesia and weakness following severe COVID-19 pneumonia. EMG-NCS showed inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy pattern while cervicothoracic imaging showed hematomyelia. The patient underwent laminectomy and hematoma evacuation. Neurological status improved to ASIA score C, postoperatively.

Effects of Dry Needling and Low-Power Laser for the Treatment of Trigger Points in the Upper Trapezius Muscle: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of low-power laser therapy, dry needling, and exercise therapy on treating patients with neck and back pain and a diagnosis of the myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted in Isfahan, Iran, in 2019. The study sample (78 participants) was randomly allocated to 3 groups of 26, including stretching exercises (3 times a day for 2 weeks, control group), low-power laser (3 sessions for 2 weeks, 6 J/cm2, mean power of 100 MW in each point), and dry needling (4 sessions, with 25 × 0.25-mm needles). For all patients, the visual analog scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), and shoulder pain and disability index (SPDI) were completed at baseline, immediately, and 1 month after treatment. Results: Final participants in this study (n = 60) consisted of 33 (55%) female patients and 27 (45%) male patients, with a mean age of 51.25 ± 7.94 years. In the exercise group, VAS, NDI, and SPDI scores were not remarkably different in the studied periods (P > .05). Moreover, a notable decrease in VAS, NDI, and SPDI scores were observed in the treatment intervals. However, by excluding the effect of the control group, no substantial difference was observed between the 2 treatments (P > .05). Conclusion: The use of laser therapy and dry needling methods induced a rapid response to pain relief. There was no difference between the 2 forms of treatment in the short term.

Sedentary behavior and neck pain in children and adolescents; a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Sedentary behavior (SB) is considered a risk factor for musculoskeletal pain. We aimed to explore the association of sedentary behavior indicators with neck pain among children and adolescents. Methods: A comprehensive review was performed in different databases until the end of January 2022. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals were used as desired effect sizes to evaluate the association between prolonged screen time or mobile phone (MP) usage and neck pain risk. Results: Among 1651 records, 15 cross-sectional studies were included in the systematic review, and 7 reports were included in the meta-analysis. Our results suggested a significant relationship between prolonged MP use and neck pain (OR=1.36, 95% CI=1.001-1.85, I2=40.8%, P value for heterogeneity test=0.119). Furthermore, a marginally insignificant association was found between prolonged screen time and neck pain (OR=1.13, 95% CI=0.98-1.30, I2=60.3%, P value=0.01); however, after sensitivity analysis and removing one study, this association became significant (OR=1.30, 95% CI=1.03-1.64). Moreover, a significant association between prolonged sitting time and neck pain was reported in two studies. Conclusion: Available good-quality evidence reveals a significant mild association between sedentary behavior and the risk of neck pain among children and adolescents. However, longitudinal studies with objective measurement tools are warranted. In particular, potential preventive educational programs are suggested for pediatrics to reduce sedentary behavior and neck pain.

Association between sedentary behavior and low back pain; A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Sedentariness is a substantial risk for many chronic diseases. We aimed to investigate the correlation of sedentary behavior and its indicators with low back pain (LBP) among adults and children. Methods: Original articles published up to April 28, 2020, using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus were evaluated. Odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) was considered the overall effect size for desired associations. Results: We reviewed 49 English articles with analytical observational study design, of which, 27 studies with cross sectional/survey design were retained in the meta-analysis. Among adults, sedentary lifestyle was a considerable risk factor for LBP (OR=1.24, 1.02-1.5); prolonged sitting time (OR=1.42, 1.09-1.85) and driving time (OR=2.03, 1.22-3.36) were the significant risk factors. Sedentary behavior was associated with LBP in office workers (OR=1.23). Moreover, excess weight (OR=1.35, 1.14-1.59) and smoking (OR=1.28, 1.03-1.60) were associated with LBP. Among children, sedentary lifestyle was a remarkable risk factor for LBP (OR=1.41, 1.24- 1.60); prolonged TV watching (OR=1.23, 1.08-1.41) and computer/mobile using and console playing time (OR=1.63, 1.36-1.95) were significant risk factors for LBP. Consumption of coffee, however, has yield conflicting results to be considered as a risk factor. Moreover, the researches on the correlation between sedentariness and high-intensity LBP are scarce and inconclusive. Conclusion: Sedentary behavior, whether in work or leisure time, associates with a moderate increase in the risk of LBP in adults, children and adolescents.

Association between maternal smoking and child bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Maternal smoking during pregnancy has detrimental effects on fetal development. The current review examined the differences in offspring's bone mineral density (BMD) between mothers smoked during pregnancy and those who did not. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the studies investigating the influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on children or neonates' bone measures published up to October 30, 2018, was performed. BMD results measured at different body sites were pooled and then fixed or random effect models were used based on the presence of heterogeneity. The desired pooled effect size was the offspring's BMD mean difference with 95% confidence interval between smoker and non-smoker mothers. Sensitivity analysis was performed for birth weight and current weight, two important mediator/confounders causing heterogeneity. Overall, eight studies consisting of 17,931 participants aged from infancy to 18 years were included. According to the fixed effect model, the mean of BMD in offspring whose mothers smoked during pregnancy was 0.01 g/cm2 lower than those with non-smoker mothers (95% CI = - 0.02 to - 0.002). However, subgroup meta-analysis adjusted for birth weight and current weight demonstrated no significant mean difference between BMD of children with smoker and non-smoker mothers (d = 0.06, 95% CI = -0.04 to 0.16, p value = 0.25 and d = - 0.005, 95% CI = - 0.01 to 0.004, p value = 0.28, respectively). According to available studies, it is suggested that maternal smoking during pregnancy does not have direct effect on the offspring's BMD. Instead, this association might be confounded by other factors such as placental weight, birth weight, and current body size of children.

Intelligence Quotient, Anxiety, and Depression in Congenital Hypothyroid Children at School Age.

BACKGROUND: Many studies who evaluated the outcome of the congenital hypothyroidism (CH) screening reported some intellectual and behavioral deficit despite early diagnose and treatment. The aim of the present study was to compare the intellectual and behavioral adjustment of CH children with controls. METHODS: This study was conducted among a group of 135 children aged 8--12 years in Isfahan, including transient and permanent congenital hypothyroidism (TCH and PCH) and a matched group of their classmate. Demographic characteristics collected using a designed data collecting form completed by parents. Intellectual quotient (IQ) was evaluated using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children aged 6--16 years (WISC-III). Depression and anxiety were evaluated using The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC), respectively. The SPSS software version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Nonparametric tests (Mann--Whitney) were used to investigate the association between variables. A significant level of less than 0.05 was considered in all analyzes. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the IQ scores between PCH and TCH groups (P = NS). However, neither of them had intellectual disability (defined as IQ <70). IQ scores were significantly lower in PCH comparing to controls (P < 0.001). Total IQ and verbal IQ were significantly differenct between TCH and control group (P = 0.007 and P = 0.001). No significant difference was found in anxiety and depression scores between CH children and controls. CONCLUSIONS: There is no significant difference in anxiety and depression scores between congenital hypothyroidism children and controls, although IQ scores in children with congenital hypothyroidism is lower than controls.