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During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, novel and traditional vaccine strategies have been deployed globally. We investigated whether antibodies stimulated by mRNA vaccination (BNT162b2), including third-dose boosting, differ from those generated by infection or adenoviral (ChAdOx1-S and Gam-COVID-Vac) or inactivated viral (BBIBP-CorV) vaccines. We analyzed human lymph nodes after infection or mRNA vaccination for correlates of serological differences. Antibody breadth against viral variants is lower after infection compared with all vaccines evaluated but improves over several months. Viral variant infection elicits variant-specific antibodies, but prior mRNA vaccination imprints serological responses toward Wuhan-Hu-1 rather than variant antigens. In contrast to disrupted germinal centers (GCs) in lymph nodes during infection, mRNA vaccination stimulates robust GCs containing vaccine mRNA and spike antigen up to 8 weeks postvaccination in some cases. SARS-CoV-2 antibody specificity, breadth, and maturation are affected by imprinting from exposure history and distinct histological and antigenic contexts in infection compared with vaccination.
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Anticorpos Antivirais , Vacina BNT162 , COVID-19 , Centro Germinativo , Antígenos Virais , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus , VacinaçãoRESUMO
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are characterized by innate immune-mediated inflammation, but functional and mechanistic effects of the adaptive immune system remain unclear. Here we identify brain-resident CD8+ T cells that coexpress CXCR6 and PD-1 and are in proximity to plaque-associated microglia in human and mouse AD brains. We also establish that CD8+ T cells restrict AD pathologies, including ß-amyloid deposition and cognitive decline. Ligand-receptor interaction analysis identifies CXCL16-CXCR6 intercellular communication between microglia and CD8+ T cells. Further, Cxcr6 deficiency impairs accumulation, tissue residency programming and clonal expansion of brain PD-1+CD8+ T cells. Ablation of Cxcr6 or CD8+ T cells ultimately increases proinflammatory cytokine production from microglia, with CXCR6 orchestrating brain CD8+ T cell-microglia colocalization. Collectively, our study reveals protective roles for brain CD8+ T cells and CXCR6 in mouse AD pathogenesis and highlights that microenvironment-specific, intercellular communication orchestrates tissue homeostasis and protection from neuroinflammation.
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Several genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease implicate genes involved in lipid metabolism and many of these lipid genes are highly expressed in glial cells1. However, the relationship between lipid metabolism in glia and Alzheimer's disease pathology remains poorly understood. Through single-nucleus RNA sequencing of brain tissue in Alzheimer's disease, we have identified a microglial state defined by the expression of the lipid droplet-associated enzyme ACSL1 with ACSL1-positive microglia being most abundant in patients with Alzheimer's disease having the APOE4/4 genotype. In human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, fibrillar Aß induces ACSL1 expression, triglyceride synthesis and lipid droplet accumulation in an APOE-dependent manner. Additionally, conditioned media from lipid droplet-containing microglia lead to Tau phosphorylation and neurotoxicity in an APOE-dependent manner. Our findings suggest a link between genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease with microglial lipid droplet accumulation and neurotoxic microglia-derived factors, potentially providing therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Apolipoproteína E4 , Gotículas Lipídicas , Microglia , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Apolipoproteína E4/genética , Apolipoproteína E4/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/citologia , Gotículas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Gotículas Lipídicas/patologia , Microglia/citologia , Microglia/metabolismo , Microglia/patologia , Triglicerídeos , Proteínas tau , Meios de Cultivo Condicionados , Fosforilação , Predisposição Genética para DoençaRESUMO
Cerebrovascular pathology often co-exists with Alzheimer's disease pathology and can contribute to Alzheimer's disease-related clinical progression. However, the degree to which vascular burden contributes to Alzheimer's disease pathological progression is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate interactions between vascular burden and amyloid-ß pathology on both baseline tau tangle load and longitudinal tau accumulation. We included 1229 participants from the Swedish BioFINDER-2 Study, including cognitively unimpaired and impaired participants with and without biomarker-confirmed amyloid-ß pathology. All underwent baseline tau-PET (18F-RO948), and a subset (n = 677) underwent longitudinal tau-PET after 2.5 ± 1.0â years. Tau-PET uptake was computed for a temporal meta-region-of-interest. We focused on four main vascular imaging features and risk factors: microbleeds; white matter lesion volume; stroke-related events (infarcts, lacunes and haemorrhages); and the Framingham Heart Study Cardiovascular Disease risk score. To validate our in vivo results, we examined 1610 autopsy cases from an Arizona-based neuropathology cohort on three main vascular pathological features: cerebral amyloid angiopathy; white matter rarefaction; and infarcts. For the in vivo cohort, primary analyses included age-, sex- and APOE É4-corrected linear mixed models between tau-PET (outcome) and interactions between time, amyloid-ß and each vascular feature (predictors). For the neuropathology cohort, age-, sex- and APOE É4-corrected linear models between tau tangle density (outcome) and an interaction between plaque density and each vascular feature (predictors) were performed. In cognitively unimpaired individuals, we observed a significant interaction between microbleeds and amyloid-ß pathology on greater baseline tau load (ß = 0.68, P < 0.001) and longitudinal tau accumulation (ß = 0.11, P < 0.001). For white matter lesion volume, we did not observe a significant independent interaction effect with amyloid-ß on tau after accounting for microbleeds. In cognitively unimpaired individuals, we further found that stroke-related events showed a significant negative interaction with amyloid-ß on longitudinal tau (ß = -0.08, P < 0.001). In cognitively impaired individuals, there were no significant interaction effects between cerebrovascular and amyloid-ß pathology at all. In the neuropathology dataset, the in vivo observed interaction effects between cerebral amyloid angiopathy and plaque density (ß = 0.38, P < 0.001) and between infarcts and plaque density (ß = -0.11, P = 0.005) on tau tangle density were replicated. To conclude, we demonstrated that cerebrovascular pathology-in the presence of amyloid-ß pathology-modifies tau accumulation in early stages of Alzheimer's disease. More specifically, the co-occurrence of microbleeds and amyloid-ß pathology was associated with greater accumulation of tau aggregates during early disease stages. This opens the possibility that interventions targeting microbleeds may attenuate the rate of tau accumulation in Alzheimer's disease.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Angiopatia Amiloide Cerebral , Acidente Vascular Cerebral , Humanos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides , Placa Amiloide , Infarto , Hemorragia Cerebral , Apolipoproteínas ERESUMO
Protein aggregation of amyloid-ß peptides and tau are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which are often resistant to detergent extraction and thus enriched in the insoluble proteome. However, additional proteins that coaccumulate in the detergent-insoluble AD brain proteome remain understudied. Here, we comprehensively characterized key proteins and pathways in the detergent-insoluble proteome from human AD brain samples using differential extraction, tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling, and two-dimensional LC-tandem mass spectrometry. To improve quantification accuracy of the TMT method, we developed a complement TMT-based strategy to correct for ratio compression. Through the meta-analysis of two independent detergent-insoluble AD proteome datasets (8914 and 8917 proteins), we identified 190 differentially expressed proteins in AD compared with control brains, highlighting the pathways of amyloid cascade, RNA splicing, endocytosis/exocytosis, protein degradation, and synaptic activity. To differentiate the truly detergent-insoluble proteins from copurified background during protein extraction, we analyzed the fold of enrichment for each protein by comparing the detergent-insoluble proteome with the whole proteome from the same AD samples. Among the 190 differentially expressed proteins, 84 (51%) proteins of the upregulated proteins (n = 165) were enriched in the insoluble proteome, whereas all downregulated proteins (n = 25) were not enriched, indicating that they were copurified components. The vast majority of these enriched 84 proteins harbor low-complexity regions in their sequences, including amyloid-ß, Tau, TARDBP/TAR DNA-binding protein 43, SNRNP70/U1-70K, MDK, PTN, NTN1, NTN3, and SMOC1. Moreover, many of the enriched proteins in AD were validated in the detergent-insoluble proteome by five steps of differential extraction, proteomic analysis, or immunoblotting. Our study reveals a resource list of proteins and pathways that are exclusively present in the detergent-insoluble proteome, providing novel molecular insights to the formation of protein pathology in AD.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Detergentes/química , Proteômica/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteína Nuclear Pequena U1/química , Ribonucleoproteína Nuclear Pequena U1/metabolismoRESUMO
Proteins usually execute their biological functions through interactions with other proteins and by forming macromolecular complexes, but global profiling of protein complexes directly from human tissue samples has been limited. In this study, we utilized cofractionation mass spectrometry (CF-MS) to map protein complexes within the postmortem human brain with experimental replicates. First, we used concatenated anion and cation Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEX) to separate native protein complexes in 192 fractions and then proceeded with Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry to analyze the proteins in each fraction, quantifying a total of 4,804 proteins with 3,260 overlapping in both replicates. We improved the DIA's quantitative accuracy by implementing a constant amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in each fraction as an internal standard. Next, advanced computational pipelines, which integrate both a database-based complex analysis and an unbiased protein-protein interaction (PPI) search, were applied to identify protein complexes and construct protein-protein interaction networks in the human brain. Our study led to the identification of 486 protein complexes and 10054 binary protein-protein interactions, which represents the first global profiling of human brain PPIs using CF-MS. Overall, this study offers a resource and tool for a wide range of human brain research, including the identification of disease-specific protein complexes in the future.
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Proteínas , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Proteínas/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Cromatografia por Troca Iônica/métodos , Encéfalo , Proteoma/análiseRESUMO
The olfactory bulb is involved early in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is consistent with the early onset of olfactory dysfunction. Identifying the molecular mechanisms through which PD affects the olfactory bulb could lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of olfactory dysfunction in PD. We specifically aimed to assess gene expression changes, affected pathways and co-expression network by whole transcriptomic profiling of the olfactory bulb in subjects with clinicopathologically defined PD. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on frozen human olfactory bulbs of 20 PD and 20 controls without dementia or any other neurodegenerative disorder, from the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative disorders and the Brain and Body Donation Program. Differential expression analysis (19 PD vs 19 controls) revealed 2164 significantly differentially expressed genes (1090 upregulated and 1074 downregulated) in PD. Pathways enriched in downregulated genes included oxidative phosphorylation, olfactory transduction, metabolic pathways, and neurotransmitters synapses while immune and inflammatory responses as well as cellular death related pathways were enriched within upregulated genes. An overrepresentation of microglial and astrocyte-related genes was observed amongst upregulated genes, and excitatory neuron-related genes were overrepresented amongst downregulated genes. Co-expression network analysis revealed significant modules highly correlated with PD and olfactory dysfunction that were found to be involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cholinergic synapse, and metabolic pathways. LAIR1 (leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 1) and PPARA (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha) were identified as hub genes with a high discriminative power between PD and controls reinforcing an important role of neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb of PD subjects. Olfactory identification test score positively correlated with expression of genes coding for G-coupled protein, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic receptor proteins and negatively correlated with genes for proteins expressed in glial olfactory ensheathing cells. In conclusion, this study reveals gene alterations associated with neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and disruptions of factors involved in the initiation of olfactory transduction signaling that may be involved in PD-related olfactory dysfunction.
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Transtornos do Olfato , Bulbo Olfatório , Doença de Parkinson , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Humanos , Bulbo Olfatório/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Masculino , Transtornos do Olfato/genética , Feminino , Idoso , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , TranscriptomaRESUMO
We generated an online brain pQTL resource for 7,376 proteins through the analysis of genetic and proteomic data derived from post-mortem samples of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of 330 older adults. The identified pQTLs tend to be non-synonymous variation, are over-represented among variants associated with brain diseases, and replicate well (77%) in an independent brain dataset. Comparison to a large study of brain eQTLs revealed that about 75% of pQTLs are also eQTLs. In contrast, about 40% of eQTLs were identified as pQTLs. These results are consistent with lower pQTL mapping power and greater evolutionary constraint on protein abundance. The latter is additionally supported by observations of pQTLs with large effects' tending to be rare, deleterious, and associated with proteins that have evidence for fewer protein-protein interactions. Mediation analyses using matched transcriptomic and proteomic data provided additional evidence that pQTL effects are often, but not always, mediated by mRNA. Specifically, we identified roughly 1.6 times more mRNA-mediated pQTLs than mRNA-independent pQTLs (550 versus 341). Our pQTL resource provides insight into the functional consequences of genetic variation in the human brain and a basis for novel investigations of genetics and disease.
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Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteoma/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , Autopsia , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Proteômica , RNA Mensageiro/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Identification of genetic risk factors for Parkinson disease (PD) has to date been primarily limited to the study of single nucleotide variants, which only represent a small fraction of the genetic variation in the human genome. Consequently, causal variants for most PD risk are not known. Here we focused on structural variants (SVs), which represent a major source of genetic variation in the human genome. We aimed to discover SVs associated with PD risk by performing the first large-scale characterization of SVs in PD. METHODS: We leveraged a recently developed computational pipeline to detect and genotype SVs from 7,772 Illumina short-read whole genome sequencing samples. Using this set of SV variants, we performed a genome-wide association study using 2,585 cases and 2,779 controls and identified SVs associated with PD risk. Furthermore, to validate the presence of these variants, we generated a subset of matched whole-genome long-read sequencing data. RESULTS: We genotyped and tested 3,154 common SVs, representing over 412 million nucleotides of previously uncatalogued genetic variation. Using long-read sequencing data, we validated the presence of three novel deletion SVs that are associated with risk of PD from our initial association analysis, including a 2 kb intronic deletion within the gene LRRN4. INTERPRETATION: We identified three SVs associated with genetic risk of PD. This study represents the most comprehensive assessment of the contribution of SVs to the genetic risk of PD to date. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:1012-1022.
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Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Genoma Humano , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , GenótipoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While preclinical studies have shown that alpha-synuclein can spread through cell-to-cell transmission whether it can be transmitted between humans is unknown. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to assess the presence of a synucleinopathy in autopsied conjugal couples. METHODS: Neuropathological findings in conjugal couples were categorized as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Alzheimer's disease with Lewy bodies (ADLB), incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD), or no Lewy bodies. RESULTS: Ninety conjugal couples were included; the mean age of death was 88.3 years; 32 couples had no Lewy bodies; 42 couples had 1 spouse with a synucleinopathy: 10 PD, 3 DLB, 13 ADLB, and 16 ILBD; 16 couples had both spouses with a synucleinopathy: in 4 couples both spouses had PD, 1 couple had PD and DLB, 4 couples had PD and ADLB, 2 couples had PD and ILBD, 1 couple had DLB and ADLB, in 3 couples both had ADLB, and 1 couple had ADLB and ILBD. No couples had both spouses with ILBD. CONCLUSIONS: This large series of 90 autopsied conjugal couples found 16 conjugal couples with synucleinopathies, suggesting transmission of synucleinopathy between spouses is unlikely. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Doença por Corpos de Lewy , Doença de Parkinson , Sinucleinopatias , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Doença por Corpos de Lewy/patologia , Doença por Corpos de Lewy/metabolismo , Idoso , Sinucleinopatias/patologia , Autopsia , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Cônjuges , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Corpos de Lewy/patologiaRESUMO
Mitochondria are a culprit in the onset of Parkinson's disease, but their role during disease progression is unclear. Here we used Cox proportional hazards models to exam the effect of variation in the mitochondrial genome on longitudinal cognitive and motor progression over time in 4064 patients with Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrial macro-haplogroup was associated with reduced risk of cognitive disease progression in the discovery and replication population. In the combined analysis, patients with the super macro-haplogroup J, T, U# had a 41% lower risk of cognitive progression with P = 2.42 × 10-6 compared to those with macro-haplogroup H. Exploratory analysis indicated that the common mitochondrial DNA variant, m.2706A>G, was associated with slower cognitive decline with a hazard ratio of 0.68 (95% confidence interval 0.56-0.81) and P = 2.46 × 10-5. Mitochondrial haplogroups were not appreciably linked to motor progression. This initial genetic survival study of the mitochondrial genome suggests that mitochondrial haplogroups may be associated with the pace of cognitive progression in Parkinson's disease over time.
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Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Doença de Parkinson/epidemiologia , Haplótipos , Mitocôndrias/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Progressão da Doença , CogniçãoRESUMO
Parkinson's disease has a large heritable component and genome-wide association studies have identified over 90 variants with disease-associated common variants, providing deeper insights into the disease biology. However, there have not been large-scale rare variant analyses for Parkinson's disease. To address this gap, we investigated the rare genetic component of Parkinson's disease at minor allele frequencies <1%, using whole genome and whole exome sequencing data from 7184 Parkinson's disease cases, 6701 proxy cases and 51 650 healthy controls from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Parkinson's disease (AMP-PD) initiative, the National Institutes of Health, the UK Biobank and Genentech. We performed burden tests meta-analyses on small indels and single nucleotide protein-altering variants, prioritized based on their predicted functional impact. Our work identified several genes reaching exome-wide significance. Two of these genes, GBA1 and LRRK2, have variants that have been previously implicated as risk factors for Parkinson's disease, with some variants in LRRK2 resulting in monogenic forms of the disease. We identify potential novel risk associations for variants in B3GNT3, AUNIP, ADH5, TUBA1B, OR1G1, CAPN10 and TREML1 but were unable to replicate the observed associations across independent datasets. Of these, B3GNT3 and TREML1 could provide new evidence for the role of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. To date, this is the largest analysis of rare genetic variants in Parkinson's disease.
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Doença de Parkinson , Humanos , Doença de Parkinson/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Fatores de Risco , Frequência do Gene , Receptores ImunológicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The nucleus incertus (NI) was originally described by Streeter in 1903, as a midline region in the floor of the fourth ventricle of the human brain with an 'unknown' function. More than a century later, the neuroanatomy of the NI has been described in lower vertebrates, but not in humans. Therefore, we examined the neurochemical anatomy of the human NI using markers, including the neuropeptide, relaxin-3 (RLN3), and began to explore the distribution of the NI-related RLN3 innervation of the hippocampus. METHODS: Histochemical staining of serial, coronal sections of control human postmortem pons was conducted to reveal the presence of the NI by detection of immunoreactivity (IR) for the neuronal markers, microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2), glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GAD)-65/67 and corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1), and RLN3, which is highly expressed in NI neurons in diverse species. RLN3 and vesicular GABA transporter 1 (vGAT1) mRNA were detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Pons sections containing the NI from an AD case were immunostained for phosphorylated-tau, to explore potential relevance to neurodegenerative diseases. Lastly, sections of the human hippocampus were stained to detect RLN3-IR and somatostatin (SST)-IR. RESULTS: In the dorsal, anterior-medial region of the human pons, neurons containing RLN3- and MAP2-IR, and RLN3/vGAT1 mRNA-positive neurons were observed in an anatomical pattern consistent with that of the NI in other species. GAD65/67- and CRHR1-immunopositive neurons were also detected within this area. Furthermore, RLN3- and AT8-IR were co-localized within NI neurons of an AD subject. Lastly, RLN3-IR was detected in neurons within the CA1, CA2, CA3 and DG areas of the hippocampus, in the absence of RLN3 mRNA. In the DG, RLN3- and SST-IR were co-localized in a small population of neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Aspects of the anatomy of the human NI are shared across species, including a population of stress-responsive, RLN3-expressing neurons and a RLN3 innervation of the hippocampus. Accumulation of phosphorylated-tau in the NI suggests its possible involvement in AD pathology. Further characterization of the neurochemistry of the human NI will increase our understanding of its functional role in health and disease.
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Ponte , Humanos , Ponte/metabolismo , Masculino , Hipocampo/química , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Feminino , Relaxina/metabolismo , Relaxina/genética , Idoso , Neurônios/química , Memória/fisiologia , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Imuno-Histoquímica , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Glutamato Descarboxilase/metabolismo , Glutamato Descarboxilase/genética , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da CorticotropinaRESUMO
The majority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) develop swallowing, speech, and voice (SSV) disorders. Importantly, swallowing difficulty or dysphagia and related aspiration are life-threatening conditions for PD patients. Although PD treatments have significant therapeutic effects on limb motor function, their effects on SSV disorders are less impressive. A large gap in our knowledge is that the mechanisms of SSV disorders in PD are poorly understood. PD was long considered to be a central nervous system disorder caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Aggregates of phosphorylated α-synuclein (PAS) underlie PD pathology. SSV disorders were thought to be caused by the same dopaminergic problem as those causing impaired limb movement; however, there is little evidence to support this. The pharynx, larynx, and tongue play a critical role in performing upper airway (UA) motor tasks and their dysfunction results in disordered SSV. This review aims to provide an overview on the neuromuscular organization patterns, functions of the UA structures, clinical features of SSV disorders, and gaps in knowledge regarding the pathophysiology underlying SSV disorders in PD, and evidence supporting the hypothesis that SSV disorders in PD could be associated, at least in part, with PAS damage to the peripheral nervous system controlling the UA structures. Determining the presence and distribution of PAS lesions in the pharynx, larynx, and tongue will facilitate the identification of peripheral therapeutic targets and set a foundation for the development of new therapies to treat SSV disorders in PD.
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The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association convened three separate work groups in 2011 and single work groups in 2012 and 2018 to create recommendations for the diagnosis and characterization of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present document updates the 2018 research framework in response to several recent developments. Defining diseases biologically, rather than based on syndromic presentation, has long been standard in many areas of medicine (e.g., oncology), and is becoming a unifying concept common to all neurodegenerative diseases, not just AD. The present document is consistent with this principle. Our intent is to present objective criteria for diagnosis and staging AD, incorporating recent advances in biomarkers, to serve as a bridge between research and clinical care. These criteria are not intended to provide step-by-step clinical practice guidelines for clinical workflow or specific treatment protocols, but rather serve as general principles to inform diagnosis and staging of AD that reflect current science. HIGHLIGHTS: We define Alzheimer's disease (AD) to be a biological process that begins with the appearance of AD neuropathologic change (ADNPC) while people are asymptomatic. Progression of the neuropathologic burden leads to the later appearance and progression of clinical symptoms. Early-changing Core 1 biomarkers (amyloid positron emission tomography [PET], approved cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and accurate plasma biomarkers [especially phosphorylated tau 217]) map onto either the amyloid beta or AD tauopathy pathway; however, these reflect the presence of ADNPC more generally (i.e., both neuritic plaques and tangles). An abnormal Core 1 biomarker result is sufficient to establish a diagnosis of AD and to inform clinical decision making throughout the disease continuum. Later-changing Core 2 biomarkers (biofluid and tau PET) can provide prognostic information, and when abnormal, will increase confidence that AD is contributing to symptoms. An integrated biological and clinical staging scheme is described that accommodates the fact that common copathologies, cognitive reserve, and resistance may modify relationships between clinical and biological AD stages.
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INTRODUCTION: This study investigates primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) as a rare manifestation of the presenilin 1 (PSEN1) NM_000021 c.851C > T p.Pro284Leu variant in three siblings of a Colombian family, outlining its clinical and neuropathological features and their relationship to Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: Data were gathered using clinical evaluations, next-generation genetic sequencing, magnetic resonance imaging, biomarker analysis, and neuropathological examination. RESULTS: Carriers of the PSEN1 Pro284Leu variant exhibited classic PLS symptoms, including unilateral onset and bulbar syndromes, along with cognitive decline. Neuropathology showed corticospinal tract degeneration without amyloid beta deposition in spinal white matter. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest an overlap between PLS and AD pathology in PSEN1 variant carriers. Results support considering PLS when diagnosing AD-related motor syndromes and including PSEN1 evaluation when performing genetic testing for PLS. The study highlights the need for further research to clarify the PLS-AD relationship, informing future treatments and clinical trials. HIGHLIGHTS: Pathogenic variants in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) can manifest as hereditary primary lateral sclerosis PSEN1 Pro284Leu carriers present motor, cognitive, and behavioral alterations Cases had corticospinal tract microgliosis and severe Aß pathology in motor cortex There was no evidence of amyloid deposition in the spinal cord white matter All the neuropathology images are available for online visualization Myelin pallor in the spinal cord is confined to the lateral corticospinal tracts.
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The diagnostic value of imaging Aß plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has accelerated the development of fluorine-18 labeled radiotracers with a longer half-life for easier translation to clinical use. We have developed [18F]flotaza, which shows high binding to Aß plaques in postmortem human AD brain slices with low white matter binding. We report the binding of [18F]flotaza in postmortem AD hippocampus compared to cognitively normal (CN) brains and the evaluation of [18F]flotaza in transgenic 5xFAD mice expressing Aß plaques. [18F]Flotaza binding was assessed in well-characterized human postmortem brain tissue sections consisting of HP CA1-subiculum (HP CA1-SUB) regions in AD (n = 28; 13 male and 15 female) and CN subjects (n = 32; 16 male and 16 female). Adjacent slices were immunostained with anti-Aß and analyzed using QuPath. In vitro and in vivo [18F]flotaza PET/CT studies were carried out in 5xFAD mice. Post-mortem human brain slices from all AD subjects were positively IHC stained with anti-Aß. High [18F]flotaza binding was measured in the HP CA1-SUB grey matter (GM) regions compared to white matter (WM) of AD subjects with GM/WM > 100 in some subjects. The majority of CN subjects had no decipherable binding. Male AD exhibited greater WM than AD females (AD WMâ/WMâ > 5; p < 0.001) but no difference amongst CN WM. In vitro studies in 5xFAD mice brain slices exhibited high binding [18F]flotaza ratios (>50 versus cerebellum) in the cortex, HP, and thalamus. In vivo, PET [18F]flotaza exhibited binding to Aß plaques in 5xFAD mice with SUVR~1.4. [18F]Flotaza is a new Aß plaque PET imaging agent that exhibited high binding to Aß plaques in postmortem human AD. Along with the promising results in 5xFAD mice, the translation of [18F]flotaza to human PET studies may be worthwhile.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Radioisótopos de Flúor , Hipocampo , Placa Amiloide , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico por imagem , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Autopsia , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipocampo/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patologia , Camundongos Transgênicos , Placa Amiloide/diagnóstico por imagem , Placa Amiloide/metabolismo , Placa Amiloide/patologia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada/métodos , Piridinas , Pirrolidinonas , Compostos Radiofarmacêuticos/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Synaptic transmission is essential for nervous system function and the loss of synapses is a known major contributor to dementia. Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) is characterized by synaptic loss in the mesial temporal lobe and cerebral neocortex, both of which are brain areas associated with memory and cognition. The association of synaptic loss and ADD was established in the late 1980s, and it has been estimated that 30-50% of neocortical synaptic protein is lost in ADD, but there has not yet been a quantitative profiling of different synaptic proteins in different brain regions in ADD from the same individuals. Very recently, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of synapses is being developed, accelerating the focus on the role of synaptic loss in ADD and other conditions. In this study, we quantified the densities of two synaptic proteins, the presynaptic protein Synaptosome Associated Protein 25 (SNAP25) and the postsynaptic protein postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) in the human brain, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Protein was extracted from the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, frontal, primary visual, and entorhinal cortex from cognitively unimpaired controls, subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and subjects with dementia that have different levels of Alzheimer's pathology. SNAP25 is significantly reduced in ADD when compared to controls in the frontal cortex, visual cortex, and cingulate, while the hippocampus showed a smaller, non-significant reduction, and entorhinal cortex concentrations were not different. In contrast, all brain areas showed lower PSD95 concentrations in ADD when compared to controls without dementia, although in the hippocampus, this failed to reach significance. Interestingly, cognitively unimpaired cases with high levels of AD pathology had higher levels of both synaptic proteins in all brain regions. SNAP25 and PSD95 concentrations significantly correlated with densities of neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Our results suggest that synaptic transmission is affected by ADD in multiple brain regions. The differences were less marked in the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus, most likely due to a ceiling effect imposed by the very early development of neurofibrillary tangles in older people in these brain regions.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Disfunção Cognitiva , Humanos , Idoso , Doença de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Emaranhados Neurofibrilares/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismo , Tomografia por Emissão de PósitronsRESUMO
Alzheimer's disease (ad) adversely affects the health, quality of life and independence of patients. There is a critical need to identify novel blood gene biomarkers for ad risk assessment. We performed a transcriptome-wide association study to identify biomarker candidates for ad risk. We leveraged two sets of gene expression prediction models of blood developed using different reference panels and modeling strategies. By applying the prediction models to a meta-GWAS including 71 880 (proxy) cases and 383 378 (proxy) controls, we identified significant associations of genetically determined expression of 108 genes in blood with ad risk. Of these, 15 genes were differentially expressed between ad patients and controls with concordant directions in measured expression data. With evidence from the analyses based on both genetic instruments and directly measured expression levels, this study identifies 15 genes with strong support as biomarkers in blood for ad risk, which may enhance ad risk assessment and mechanism-focused studies.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Qualidade de Vida , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
Deficiency of dietary choline, an essential nutrient, is observed worldwide, with ~ 90% of Americans being deficient. Previous work highlights a relationship between decreased choline intake and an increased risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The associations between blood circulating choline and the pathological progression in both mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD remain unknown. Here, we examined these associations in a cohort of patients with MCI with presence of either sparse or high neuritic plaque density and Braak stage and a second cohort with either moderate AD (moderate to frequent neuritic plaques, Braak stage = IV) or severe AD (frequent neuritic plaques, Braak stage = VI), compared to age-matched controls. Metabolomic analysis was performed on serum from the AD cohort. We then assessed the effects of dietary choline deficiency (Ch-) in 3xTg-AD mice and choline supplementation (Ch+) in APP/PS1 mice, two rodent models of AD. The levels of circulating choline were reduced while pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα was elevated in serum of both MCI sparse and high pathology cases. Reduced choline and elevated TNFα correlated with higher neuritic plaque density and Braak stage. In AD patients, we found reductions in choline, its derivative acetylcholine (ACh), and elevated TNFα. Choline and ACh levels were negatively correlated with neuritic plaque load, Braak stage, and TNFα, but positively correlated with MMSE, and brain weight. Metabolites L-Valine, 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic, Methylmalonic, and Ferulic acids were significantly associated with circuiting choline levels. In 3xTg-AD mice, the Ch- diet increased amyloid-ß levels and tau phosphorylation in cortical tissue, and TNFα in both blood and cortical tissue, paralleling the severe human-AD profile. Conversely, the Ch+ diet increased choline and ACh while reducing amyloid-ß and TNFα levels in brains of APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, low circulating choline is associated with AD-neuropathological progression, illustrating the importance of adequate dietary choline intake to offset disease.