Assessment of BFX cup version in a three-dimensional model simulating the ventrodorsal radiographic view.

OBJECTIVE: To measure truncated face and open face versions of the biological fixation (BFX) cup in a three-dimensional (3D) model simulating the ventrodorsal radiographic projection with different cup and pelvis positions. STUDY DESIGN: Computer simulation. METHODS: Simulated ventrodorsal views were generated in silico using 3D models of a BFX cup and a medium-sized canine pelvis. Truncated face and open face versions of the BFX cup were defined and measured with various angles of cup version, cup inclination, and pelvic extension. RESULTS: Truncated face version was different from and underestimated open face version by 12° to 22° (p < .001). Open face version varied with inclination while truncated face version was unaffected by inclination. Open face version was dependent on the degree of pelvic extension while truncated face version was unaffected. CONCLUSION: Open face version differed from truncated face version. Changes in open face version were not consistently matched by a change in truncated face version. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The open face of the cup may be excessively retroverted without this being reflected by truncated face retroversion as seen on a ventrodorsal radiographic view. However, in this study, BFX cups placed with truncated face version and inclination in the normal range and an ALO of 45° yielded predictable open face version.

MRI appearance of multiple displaced osteochondritis dissecans cartilage fragments in the bicipital tendon sheath of a juvenile dog.

A 1-year-old Bernese Mountain dog presented with an acute onset of left thoracic limb lameness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the left shoulder was performed, showing a subchondral bone defect in the caudomedial aspect of the humeral head. In addition, several round hypointense structures were visible in the biceps tendon sheath. A left shoulder arthroscopy was performed, which confirmed an osteochondritic lesion. Exploration of the biceps tendon sheath via a small open approach allowed retrieval of the fragments, which likely migrated from the joint. Histopathology confirmed the structures to be multiple osteochondritic fragments.

Accuracy of three-dimensional printed patient-specific drill guides for treatment of canine humeral intracondylar fissure.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of three-dimensional printed patient-specific drill guides (3D-PDG) as treatment of humeral intracondylar fissures (HIF) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective consecutive case series. ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs with HIF treated with a 5-mm transcondylar screw (TCS) placed from medial to lateral with a 3D-PDG. METHODS: The proposed TCS entry point and trajectory were planned using computed tomography (CT) data and computer-aided design software (CAD), and a 3D-PDG was produced. During surgery the 3D-PDG was used to drill the pilot hole from medial to lateral; the guide was then removed, the pilot hole was overdrilled, and a 5-mm TCS was placed. Postoperative CT data were imported into CAD software, and the entry points, exit points, and trajectories were compared between the planned and actual screw locations. RESULTS: Sixteen elbows from 11 dogs were included. Mean (SD) entry point translation was 1.3 mm (0.64), with all screws entering cranial to the proposed location. Mean maximum screw angulation was 5.2° (2.10°), with most screws directed caudodistal to the desired trajectory. Mean (SD) exit point translation was 1.8 mm (0.89) from the planned location. There was no intra-articular screw placement. CONCLUSION: Use of a 3D-PDG permitted accurate placement of a mediolateral 5-mm locking TCS within the humeral condyle. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Three-dimensional printed patient-specific drill guides should be considered as accurate and consistent for placing TCS for treatment of HIF in dogs.

Accuracy of patient-specific three-dimensional-printed osteotomy and reduction guides for distal femoral osteotomy in dogs with medial patella luxation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare precorrectional and postcorrectional femoral alignment following distal femoral osteotomy using patient-specific 3-dimensional (3D)-printed osteotomy and reduction guides in vivo and ex vivo. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Ten client-owned dogs and matching 3D-printed plastic bone models. METHODS: Distal femoral osteotomy was performed via a standard approach using osteotomy and reduction guides developed with computer-aided design software prior to 3D-printing. Femoral osteotomy and reduction was also performed on 3D-printed models of each femur with identical reprinted guides. Femoral varus angle (FVA) and femoral torsion angle (FTA) were measured on postoperative computed tomographic images by 3 observers. RESULTS: In vivo, the mean difference between target and achieved postoperative was 2.29° (±2.29°, P = .0076) for the FVA, and 1.67° (±2.08°, P = .300) for the FTA. Ex vivo, the mean difference between target and achieved postoperative was 0.29° (±1.50°, P = .813) for the FVA, and -2.33° (±3.21°, P = .336) for the FTA. Intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC; 0.736-0.998) and interobserver ICC (0.829 to 0.996) were consistent with an excellent agreement. CONCLUSION: Use of 3D-printed osteotomy and reduction guides allowed accurate correction of FTA in vivo and both FVA and FTA ex vivo. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Use of 3D-printed osteotomy and reduction guides may improve the accuracy of correction of femoral alignment but warrant further evaluation of surgical time, perioperative complications, and patient outcomes compared with conventional techniques.

Medial Bone Plating for Management of Type V Central Tarsal Bone Fractures in Six Dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the surgical technique and outcomes of dogs with type V central tarsal bone (CTB) fractures stabilized with a bone plate applied to the medial aspect of the tarsus and metatarsus. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a retrospective review of dogs with type V CTB fractures diagnosed with computed tomography and stabilized using a medial bone plate. Follow-up included clinical examination and radiography 8 to 10 weeks postoperatively and/or a long-term owner questionnaire. RESULTS: Six dogs were identified. All fractures occurred during exercise without external trauma and all dogs had additional tarsal fractures. Five dogs returned for clinical follow-up; all had no or mild lameness and evidence of fracture healing on radiography. A suspected surgical site infection occurred in one dog and resolved with medical management. Suspected contact between the plate and medial malleolus in one dog, and loosening of a talar screw in another, were identified, though not treated. Five owners completed the questionnaire, a median of 88 months postoperatively. No further complications were reported, limb function was reportedly acceptable, and all owners were very satisfied with the surgery. CONCLUSION: Medial bone plate stabilization of highly comminuted CTB fractures resulted in evidence of fracture healing, and a low incidence of complications in six non-racing dogs.

Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondrosis of the Glenoid Cavity in a Dog.

A 5 mo old English setter dog was presented with mild left forelimb lameness. Physical examination revealed pain upon shoulder palpation and extension. Mediolateral radiographs of both shoulders showed a subchondral bone defect in the mid-portion of the glenoid cavity. Computed tomography arthrography and arthroscopy revealed a cartilage flap, suggesting osteochondritis dissecans of the glenoid cavity. Subchondral bone cysts of the glenoid cavity and incomplete fusion of the supraglenoid tubercle were also observed. Arthroscopic removal of the fragment led to a favorable outcome.

Plasma-Mediated Bipolar Radiofrequency Ablation of Overlong Soft Palate in the Dog: A Pilot Study.

The objective of this study was to compare the clinical, biological, macroscopic, and histologic outcomes after resection of the soft palate by plasma-mediated bipolar radiofrequency ablation (PBRA) or traditional incisional techniques (incisional soft palate resection [INC]) in dogs. Ten dogs were divided in two groups. In the INC group, the soft palate was incised with scissors and the wound was sutured in a continuous pattern. In the PBRA group, a wand was used to ablate the desired portion of the soft palate, without suture. Clinical, biological, macroscopic, and histologic assessments were scheduled over 14 days. The duration of surgery was significantly shorter for the PBRA group. The C-reactive protein concentrations were significantly higher in the PBRA group at 6 hr and on day 3 (P < .05) but with values very close to the baseline. C-reactive protein concentrations were maximal, but with low values (<25 mg/L), at day 1 for both techniques. The irregularity scores for the soft palate caudal border on days 1, 3, and 14 were significantly higher in the INC group than in the PBRA group (P < .05). The main histopathologic changes were the presence of superficial granulomas and a significantly greater depth of tissue damage in the INC group (2.5 ± 0.3 mm) compared with the PBRA group (1.5 ± 0.1 mm; P < .05). PBRA compared favorably with the traditional technique in terms of ease, duration of surgery, and depth of tissue damage. Future studies are warranted to validate its effectiveness for treating brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome in dogs.