Androgenizing effects of cyclosporin A in rheumatoid arthritis.

In order to determine the influence of CsA on whole peripheral androgen metabolism, we evaluated 14 patients with RA over a period of 12 months. Patients were treated with low-dose CsA (2.5-3.5 mg/kg/day). Other drugs influencing androgen metabolism were excluded. Plasma levels of Test and of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol glucuronide (Adiol-G), an important peripheral Test metabolite, were analyzed. Each patient was monthly examined for the first three months, and thereafter every three months. At each visit, the number of swollen and tender joints, as well as the visual analogic scale of pain, were evaluated. The laboratory parameters of RA activity (ESR, CRP, Hb) were also monitored, along with some safety serological indexes. Statistical analysis was performed by using nonparametrical tests. After 12 months of treatment, an evident increase in mean plasma Adiol-G concentration was observed in patients of both sexes (women's basal levels +/- SE = 2.89 +/- 0.58 ng/mL vs. 12 months = 5.71 +/- 1.33 ng/mL; men's basal levels = 4.87 +/- 0.91 vs. 9.20 +/- 0.68, respectively) (p < 0.001). The increase was already statistically significant after 4-5 weeks of treatment in male patients (p < 0.01) and after 12-14 weeks in female patients (p < 0.05). All the patients experienced the side effect of a low-degree hypertrichosis after a mean period of 4-8 weeks. Concerning clinical parameters, a significant improvement (p < 0.05) of the number of swollen and tender joints was observed after 12 months, as well as a reduction of CRP levels. No statistically significant correlation between hormonal levels and clinical or laboratory indexes of disease activity was observed. In conclusion, the appearance of a dose-related hypertrichosis and the increase in plasma androgen metabolites (Adiol-G) in CsA-treated patients should be regarded as possible markers of the influence of CsA on peripheral androgen metabolism, at the level of target cells and tissues.

Community care for patients with Alzheimer's disease and non-demented elderly people: use and satisfaction with services and unmet needs in family caregivers.

OBJECTIVE: This study measures and compares use of and satisfaction with medical and social services in addition to subjectively perceived needs of family supporters of patients with probable or possible Alzheimer's disease (AD) and family supporters of non-demented elderly people. Differences in judgement of services within the subpopulation of families of AD patients are also assessed by gender and burden level. METHODS: The main family supporters of 60 community-dwelling elderly (aged over 65) with Alzheimer's disease and of 60 age- and sex-matched controls were tested with a detailed questionnaire on use and satisfaction with services, any unmet needs and kinds of intervention perceived to be helpful. RESULTS: Supporters of elderly people with AD were significantly more involved in providing care than supporters of non-demented people. Judgement on the health, social relations and financial status of their families was significantly worse in AD supporters than in supporters of non-demented elderly people. Although the former made more use of available health and social services than the control population, they did appear to make little use of such services, not only because of lack of information but also for logistic reasons or because they would prefer a service with more specifically trained operators or more tailored intervention. AD family supporters would like to receive more information and support from their general practitioner, which confirms the importance of this figure in management of this pathology. They were less satisfied with the care provided than the control population, particularly those with a moderate-high burden. Irrespective of burden level, they also expressed a need for financial and psychological support and adequate intervention schemes, especially within the home. These should be provided by specially trained personnel and be tailored to specifically manage the individual patient's problems, especially in relation to behavioural disorders. This would help alleviate caregiver burden and allow patients to continue to be managed at home.