Effect of spectacle correction on hyperopic children.

Background: Hyperopia is a significant refractive error in children, often leading to vision impairment. This study aimed to investigate whether partial or full spectacle correction is benefit for hyperopia in preschool-aged children. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on hyperopic children visited to teaching medical center outpatient clinic between October 2011 and October 2018, and were categorized into three groups: full correction, overcorrection, and undercorrection. The study was approved by the institutional ethical committee of Tri-Service General Hospital. Results: Following a minimum of one-year follow-up period, no statistically significant differences were observed in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) among children receiving full, over, or under spectacle correction. Notably, the overcorrection group exhibited a significant reduction in spherical equivalent (SE) compared to both the full and under correction groups, indicating a better SE with spectacle overcorrection. Conclusions: Spectacle overcorrection may offer potential benefits for enhancing SE in preschool children with hyperopia. Nevertheless, further investigation through randomized controlled trials is warranted to establish the validity of this approach and its impact on visual outcomes in this hyperopic pediatric population.

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation and Its Influence on Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in a Mouse Model of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the major pathologic feature of neovascular AMD. Oxidative damages and the ensuing chronic inflammation are representative of trigger events. Hydrogen gas (H2) has been demonstrated as an antioxidant and plays a role in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation. This experiment aimed to investigate the influence of H2 inhalation on a mouse model of CNV. METHODS: Laser was used to induce CNV formation. C57BL/6J mice were divided into five groups: the control group; the laser-only group; and the 2 h, 5 h, and 2.5 h/2.5 h groups that received laser and H2 inhalation (21% oxygen, 42% hydrogen, and 37% nitrogen mixture) for 2 h, 5 h, and 2.5 h twice every day, respectively. RESULTS: The severity of CNV leakage on fluorescence angiography showed a significant decrease in the H2 inhalation groups. The mRNA expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and its immediate downstream target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed significant elevation after laser, and this elevation was suppressed in the H2 inhalation groups in an inhalation period length-related manner. The mRNA expression of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and interlukin-6, also represented similar results. CONCLUSION: H2 inhalation could alleviate CNV leakage in a laser-induced mouse CNV model, and the potential mechanism might be related to the suppression of the inflammatory process and VEGF-driven CNV formation.

Iris-Claw Intraocular Lens: Anterior Chamber or Retropupillary Implantation? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Iris-claw intraocular lens (ICIOL) could be implanted in the anterior chamber (AC) or retropupillary (RP) in eyes lacking capsular and/or zonular support. Several studies have focused on comparing the efficacy and complications of these two techniques and we designed this research to review the published literatures. Materials and Methods: Peer-reviewed studies were collected through network databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov) and analyzed. The primary outcome was the standardized mean differences (SMDs) of pre- and post-operative corrected distant visual acuity (CDVA). The secondary outcome was the SMDs of pre- and post-operative intraocular pressure (IOP), endothelial cell counts (ECC), and the odds ratios (ORs) of post-operative IOP elevation and cystoid macular edema (CME). Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was utilized to conduct statistical analysis. Results: Six studies (one randomized controlled trial and five retrospective case series) were relevant and included a total of 516 eyes (255 and 261 eyes in the AC ICIOL and RP ICIOL groups, respectively). The quantitative analysis showed no significant differences in CDVA (SMD: 0.164, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.171 to 0.500), ECC (SMD: -0.011, 95% CI: -0.195 to 0.173), and IOP elevation events (OR: 0.797, 95% CI: 0.459 to 1.383). Lesser IOP reduction (SMD: 0.257, 95%CI: 0.023 to 0.490) and a relative increase in the incidence of CME (OR:2.315, 95% CI: 0.950 to 5.637) were observed in the AC ICIOL group compared with RP ICIOL group. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis indicated that AC and RP ICIOL seem to have equivalent visual outcomes. RP ICIOL may perform slightly better with more IOP reduction and lesser CME. More randomized controlled trials, which have higher patient participation and more outcomes are needed to confirm our conclusions.

Divergent surface properties of multidimensional sp (2) carbon allotropes: the effect of aging phenomena.

Despite the current interest in the scientific community in exploiting divergent surface properties of graphitic carbon allotropes, conclusive differentiation remains elusive even when dealing with parameters as fundamental as adhesion. Here, we set out to provide conclusive experimental evidence on the time evolution of the surface properties of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), graphene monolayer (GML) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as we expose these materials to airborne contaminants, by providing (1) statistically significant results based on large datasets consisting of thousands of force measurements, and (2) errors sufficiently self-consistent to treat the comparison between datasets in atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. We first consider HOPG as a model system and then employ our results to draw conclusions from the GML and MWCNT samples. We find that the surface properties of aged HOPG are indistinguishable from those of aged GML and MWCNT, while being distinct from those of cleaved HOPG. Herein, we provide a sufficient body of evidence to disregard any divergence in surface properties for multidimensional sp (2) carbon allotropes that undergo similar aging processes.

Anterior chamber paracentesis and pH values in patients with acute primary angle closure.

BACKGROUND: To assess the efficacy and safety of anterior chamber paracentesis (ACP) and the changes in pH values in eyes with acute primary angle closure (APAC). METHODS: This retrospective case-control study involved 22 patients with APAC who underwent ACP (study group) and 21 patients with APAC who did not undergo ACP (control group). Intraocular pressure (IOP) and visual acuity were measured before treatment and 15 min and 24 h after treatment in both groups. The pH of aqueous humor was measured immediately after ACP in the study group. RESULTS: A total of 43 eyes in 43 patients were reviewed. The IOP 15 min after ACP (23.3 ± 9.6 mmHg) and 24 h after ACP (21.6 ± 12.0 mmHg) were significantly lower than that before ACP (58.6 ± 12.9 mmHg). The IOP 15 min after ACP was significantly lower than the IOP 15 min after conventional treatment (55.4 ± 10.3 mmHg). Visual acuity recovery was achieved earlier after ACP than after conventional treatment. Hyphema after ACP was noted in one eye. The mean pH of the aqueous humor in APAC was 6.99 ± 0.35. The pH of the aqueous humor significantly correlated with the duration of acute IOP elevation and the IOP before ACP. CONCLUSIONS: ACP is an effective and safe procedure. The pH of aqueous humor is lower in eyes with APAC of longer duration and in eyes with higher IOP at presentation.

Prevalence of bacillary layer detachment in diabetic macular edema and response to 3 anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment.

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography is widely used in maculopathy, including diabetic macular edema (DME). Bacillary layer detachment (BALAD) is a novel optical coherence tomography finding, defined as the separation of the intraretinal layer between the inner segment myoids and ellipsoids. A total of 161 treatment-naïve eyes with centrally involved DME that underwent 3 monthly loading doses of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal injections were enrolled and analyzed retrospectively. BALAD was found in 6.2% of eyes with concurrent subretinal fluid (SRF). All eyes were divided into 3 groups: no either group had neither SRF or BALAD; the SRF only group had SRF but no BALAD; and the BALAD group had both SRF and BALAD. A significant increase in baseline central foveal thickness (CFT) in the BALAD group was observed (no either vs SRF only vs BALAD, baseline CFT: 387.6 ±â€…74.29 vs 440.6 ±â€…106.79 vs 642.0 ±â€…188.86; P < .01). Total resolution of BALAD was noted after anti-VEGF therapy, along with a significant decrease in CFT in all groups (CFT decrease: 82.4 ±â€…87.07 vs 187.6 ±â€…138.88 vs 252.1 ±â€…127.63; P < .01). Eyes with BALAD tended to have the worst baseline visual acuity (baseline logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution VA: 0.76 ±â€…0.353 vs 0.63 ±â€…0.303 vs 1.15 ±â€…0.300; P = .046) but showed the most improvement after treatment (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution VA change: -0.14 ±â€…0.235 vs -0.22 ±â€…0.275 vs -0.27 ±â€…0.250; P = .079). After resolution of BALAD, all eyes in the BALAD group exhibited ellipsoid zone and/or interdigitation zone disruption corresponding to the BALAD area. BALAD is a novel optical coherence tomography finding associated with a spectrum of diseases including DME. With anti-VEGF therapy, total resolution of BALAD and a significant decrease in CFT can be obtained. However, ellipsoid zone/interdigitation zone disruption tended to develop.

Anterior capsular contraction syndrome with hyperopic shift.

PURPOSE: To present a case of anterior capsular contraction syndrome with hyperopic shift two weeks after an uncomplicated combined cataract surgery and pars plana vitrectomy. OBSERVATIONS: A 55-year-old man, with no known risk factors, who developed anterior capsular contraction syndrome with hyperopic shift two weeks after an uncomplicated combined cataract surgery and pars plana vitrectomy. Hyperopic shift was caused by posterior displacement of the intraocular lens with anterior flexion of the haptics. Manual peeling of the anterior capsule using the can-opener approach and microscissors successfully restored vision and corrected refractive errors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Anterior capsular contraction syndrome is a complication of cataract surgery and is known to be affected by zonular weakness, pre-existing systemic and ocular conditions, intraocular lens materials, and intraoperative complications. Careful maneuver with surgery or laser can effectively restore vision and correct refraction.

Laser photocoagulation for the treatment of bilateral late-onset retinopathy of prematurity-related retinal detachment in an adult male: A case report.

RATIONALE: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the major leading causes of childhood visual morbidity worldwide. Retinal break and traction develop in regressed ROP can further result in rhegmatogenous or tractional retinal detachment years or even decades later. PATIENT CONCERNS: Here, we reported a case of bilateral ROP related late complication in a 36-year-old male with a chief complaint of increased floaters in his left eye. DIAGNOSES: The fundus examination showed demarcation lines over temporal side in both eyes with tractional retinal detachment and retinal breaks anterior to the lines. A diagnosis of ROP-related late complication of combined tractional and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was made. INTERVENTIONS: Peripheral laser photocoagulation along the demarcation lines for confining the detachment area in both eyes was performed with a stable condition during follow up. OUTCOMES: After laser retinopexy, the patient was followed up at one week and four months later with stable laser scars and without progression of the retinal detachments. CONCLUSION: Regressed ROP-associated retinal detachment can occur at any time during life. Special care and follow-up may be necessary for these patients.

Prevalence and risk factors for myopia in Taiwanese diabetes mellitus patients: a multicenter case-control study in Taiwan.

This population-based retrospective cohort study investigated the prevalence of myopia among patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and evaluate risk factors for myopia in these groups. Records from 2000 to 2012 with at least one year of follow-up from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were included. This study included 35,538 patients with DM and 71,076 patients without DM. Patients with DM had a significantly higher adjusted hazard ratio for myopia in all age groups and both sexes compared with patients without DM. The subgroup analysis results revealed that the rates of myopia and astigmatism were significantly higher among patients with DM compared with patients without DM aged < 60 years. However, the rates of high myopia or myopia progression to high myopia did not differ significantly between the two groups. These findings indicate that DM is a critical risk factor for myopia and astigmatism among patients aged < 60 years. Therefore, active surveillance and earlier treatment of myopia are critical for patients with DM.

Glucosamine inhibits epidermal growth factor-induced proliferation and cell-cycle progression in retinal pigment epithelial cells.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of glucosamine (GlcN) on the proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF). METHODS: Cell proliferation was measured in the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) cells with the 4-[3-(4iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) assay and cell counting. The results were confirmed in human donor cells with the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester cell proliferation assay (CFSE) cell proliferation assay. In ARPE-19 cells, cell-cycle progression was determined by flow cytometry; the protein levels of cell cycle regulators and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) were measured by western blotting; the levels and branching of N-glycans were assessed using the L-Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin lectin-binding assay; and the modulation of N-glycans on EGF receptor (EGFR) was examined by western blotting. RESULTS: GlcN inhibited retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. During cell-cycle progression induced by EGF, GlcN caused delays at the G(1)-S and G(2)-M transitions without affecting cell viability. GlcN modulated the level and branching of N-glycans on EGFR, suppressed phosphorylation of EGFR, and reduced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, erine/threonine protein kinase, and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). GlcN had only minor effects on the expression of Hsp90, Grp78, and transcription factor CHOP/GADD 153 markers of nonspecific stress in the endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSIONS: GlcN effectively suppressed proliferation of RPE cells in vitro. This effect appeared to be achieved through modification of N-glycans on EGFR. Further research into the role of GlcN as a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of RPE-mediated ocular proliferative disorders, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and other EGF-dependent proliferative cell-growth disorders, is warranted.

Unilateral Situs Inversus of the Optic Disc in a Patient With Retinal Arteriolar Tortuosity.

Familial retinal arteriolar tortuosity (fRAT) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by tortuosity of the second- and third-order arterioles around the posterior pole of retina. Most cases with fRAT lack associated systemic vascular abnormality. Situs inversus, a congenital anomaly, features emergence of retinal vessels from the optic nerve head in a nasal direction, usually occurs bilaterally. In this case report, the authors describe a unique case of fRAT with unilateral situs inversus. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51:533-535.].

Bilateral proliferative retinopathy and ischemic optic neuropathy in a patient with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome: A case report.

RATIONALE: To report a rare case of severe atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in a patient who presented with vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment (TRD) in both eyes. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of atypical HUS complicated with bilateral TRD in the literature. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 20-year-old man with atypical HUS demonstrated bilateral visual acuity of hand motion at 30 cm. DIAGNOSES: Dilated fundus examination revealed diffuse intraretinal hemorrhage with vascular engorgement, neovascularization of the disc, and neovascularization elsewhere bilaterally. Fluorescein angiography revealed bilateral proliferative retinopathy, retinal hemorrhage, and a large nonperfusion area with extensive neovascularization. Intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (ranibizumab) injection was administered in both eyes, but his ophthalmic condition did not improve, and TRD developed bilaterally. Therefore atypical HUS complicated with bilateral TRD was diagnosed. INTERVENTIONS: Pars plana vitrectomy was performed with panretinal photocoagulation and silicone oil tamponade in the right eye. OUTCOMES: After the pars plana vitrectomy of right eye, the retina was well-attached after surgery, but visual acuity remained poor. Visual evoked potential examination showed poor waveforms bilaterally, which suggested ischemic optic neuropathy. LESSONS: Atypical HUS can cause systemic thrombotic microangiopathy, resulting in ischemic retinal changes. These ischemic retinal changes can then cause hypoxia, which triggers production of angiogenic factors and subsequently causes retinal vascular hyperpermeability, retinal and vitreous neovascularization, fibrovascular proliferation, vitreous hemorrhage, and TRD, in a manner similar to that of other ischemia-induced proliferative retinopathies. Despite successful surgery in the right eye, our patient's visual acuity did not improve, possibly because of severe and generalized ischemia of intraocular tissue, which resulted in ischemic optic neuropathy.

Diabetic Retinopathy as a Risk Factor for Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: A Multicenter Case⁻Control Study in Taiwan.

It has rarely been studied whether the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) could influence the renal disease progression among all chronic kidney disease (CKD) diabetic patients. This study investigates the characteristics of diabetic patients, with different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), according to the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy and determines the influence of retinopathy in the deterioration of renal function. We conduct a multicenter, longitudinal cohort study based on the Epidemiology and Risk Factors Surveillance of the CKD project (2008⁻2013) and the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) (2001⁻2013). A total of 4050 diabetic patients with CKD, 20⁻85 years of age, from 14 hospitals and the community are included in this study. As compared to CKD patients without DR, CKD patients with DR have a lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (39.17 ± 30.36 mL/min per 1.73 m² vs. 54.38 ± 33.67 mL/min per 1.73 m² ); poorer glycemic control (higher glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 7.85 ± 4.97 vs. 7.29 ± 4.02, p < 0.01); higher proteinuria (urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR )1.94 ± 2.96 g/dL vs. 0.91 ± 2.11 g/dL, p < 0.01); more anemia (Hb 11.22 ± 2.43 g/dL vs. 12.39 ± 3.85 g/dL, p < 0.01), and more hypoalbuminemia (3.88 ± 0.95 g/dL vs. 4.16 ± 1.74 g/dL, p < 0.01). Later stage (stage 3b⁻5) CKD patients with DR had significantly higher CKD progression compared with patients without DR (OR (odds ratio) 1.66 (1.36⁻2.02)). Patients with proliferative DR had significantly higher CKD progression events compared to patients with non-proliferative DR (OR 2.18 (1.71⁻2.78)). The presence and severity of DR is a risk factor for CKD progression among our Taiwanese CKD patients with diabetes. Prevention and early detection of DR are important and DR should be routinely screened as early as possible among diabetic CKD patients.

Iatrogenic Posterior Lens Capsule Rupture and Subsequent Complications due to Nd:YAG Laser Vitreolysis for Vitreous Floaters: A Case Report.

Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis has been used as a noninvasive approach to treat visually significant vitreous strands and floaters. However, severe vision-threatening complications may occur. The authors describe a rare case of a 60-year-old woman who had suffered rupture of the posterior lens capsule with subsequent cataract formation 1 week post-Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis in the right eye. The authors performed phacoemulsification, pars plana vitrectomy, and intraocular lens implantation at the ciliary sulcus. At 1 month post-surgery, the patient's visual acuity had not recovered well and optical coherence tomography showed epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation. Thus, she underwent secondary pars plana vitrectomy for ERM removal. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2018;49:e214-e217.].

Orbital apex syndrome secondary to aspergilloma masquerading as a paranasal sinus tumor: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Orbital apex syndrome is a complex clinical disorder featuring a collection of cranial nerve deficits characterized by impairment of the extraocular muscles, the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, and even the optic nerve. Sino-orbital aspergillosis is rare but aggressive infection. Surgical resection accompanied by antifungal medication is advised currently. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report a 61-year-old woman diagnosed as aspergilloma presenting with the characteristic manifestations and imaging features of orbital apex syndrome. DIAGNOSES: Paranasal sinus tumor was misdiagnosed initially according to magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit. Finally aspergilloma was diagnosed by pathologic report. INTERVENTIONS: The anti-fungal medication, voriconazole, was administered immediately. Surgical excision was also done due to the poor response to medical treatment. OUTCOMES: Postoperative follow-up showed no recurrence of aspergillosis but the vision was lost permanently. LESSONS: Invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis as an aggressive disease with highly invasive patterns and it may be misdiagnosed as tumors. To achieve better prognosis and survival, clinicians should be aware of this distinct manifestation.

A cluster of nontuberculous mycobacterial endophthalmitis (NTME) cases after cataract surgery: clinical features and treatment outcomes.

PURPOSE: To report the clinical features and treatment outcomes in a cluster of patients with endophthalmitis after cataract surgery caused by nontuberculous mycobacterium. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review and noncomparative, consecutive case series. Nine consecutive cases of endophthalmitis, after cataract surgery in a local clinic, were referred to our hospital. The treatment outcomes and analysis of risk factors for infection are reported. RESULTS: The major symptoms at presentation were pain, redness, and decreased vision. Best-corrected visual acuity at presentation ranged from hand motion in two cases (22%), counting fingers at 30 cm in three cases (33%), 20/100 in two cases (20%), 20/63 in one case (11%), to 20/50 in one (11%) case. The mean duration between cataract surgery to presentation at our hospital was 16.7 days. Prompt intravitreal injections (IVI) of amikacin (0.4 mg/0.1 mL) and vancomycin (1 mg/0.1 mL), with topical moxifloxacin were administered initially. Pars plana vitrectomy with amikacin (10 mg/L) and vancomycin (20 mg/L) intravitreal irrigation, and intraocular lens removal were performed for all patients. Systemic antibiotics including amikacin and tigecycline were prescribed for 10 days, and clarithromycin was prescribed for at least 3 months. In all the nine cases, the culture results from either aqueous tapping or vitrectomy sample were positive for nontuberculous Mycobacterium: Mycobacterium abscessus/chelonae, which was compatible with iatrogenic clustered infection. At the last follow-up, three cases (33.3%) had best-corrected visual acuity of counting fingers at 30 cm, while the other six cases had no light perception. Two cases (22%) were enucleated and one case (11%) had phthisis bulbi. CONCLUSION: Nontuberculous mycobacterium endophthalmitis (NTME) often induces chronic recurrent or persistent intraocular inflammation. Very poor outcomes despite aggressive antibiotic treatment and repeated surgical interventions are suggestive of the virulent nature of the organisms. Autoclave sterilization and perioperative disinfection may help in reducing iatrogenic clustered infection.

Efficacy of sevoflurane as an adjuvant to propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia for attenuating secretions in ocular surgery.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of nasal secretions into the operative field is as high as 5% in ophthalmic surgery under general anesthesia. It may induce postoperative endophthalmitis. Secretions under propofol-based total intravanous anesthesia (TIVA) are greater than sevoflurane anesthesia during surgery. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after inhalational anesthesia is higher than TIVA and may increase intraocluar pressure. We investigated the effect of sevoflurane combination with propofol-based TIVA on nasopharyngeal secretions and PONV in ocular surgery. METHODS: Fifty patients undergoing ocular operations were randomly assigned for propofol-based TIVA or propofol/sevoflurane anesthesia. In the TIVA group (n = 25), anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol and fentanyl; in the propofol/sevoflurane group (n = 25), 1% sevoflurane anesthesia was added. RESULTS: Nasopharyngeal excretion volume was significantly higher in the propofol-based TIVA group than in the propofol/sevoflurane group (31.0 ±â€Š18.1 vs 13.7 ±â€Š12.6 ml; P < .001). No significant difference in extubation time was noted (propofol-based TIVA: 6.4 ±â€Š3.6 vs propofol/sevoflurane: 7.4 ±â€Š3.0 minutes; P = .34). No postoperative endophthalmitis or PONV in both groups was observed. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane attenuated secretions under propofol-based TIVA and did not increase the incidence of PONV or prolonged extubation in ocular surgery.

Longitudinal relationship between traumatic brain injury and the risk of incident optic neuropathy: A 10-year follow-up nationally representative Taiwan survey.

Accumulating evidences had shown that traumatic brain injury was associated with visual impairment or vision loss. However, there were a limited number of empirical studies regarding the longitudinal relationship between traumatic brain injury and incident optic neuropathy. We studied a cohort from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance data comprising 553918 participants with traumatic brain injury and optic neuropathy-free in the case group and 1107836 individuals without traumatic brain injury in the control group from 1st January 2000. After the index date until the end of 2010, Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to compare the risk of incident optic neuropathy. During the follow-up period, case group was more likely to develop incident optic neuropathy (0.24%) than the control group (0.11%). Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the case group had a 3-fold increased risk of optic neuropathy (HR = 3.017, 95% CI = 2.767-3.289, p < 0.001). After stratification by demographic information, traumatic brain injury remained a significant factor for incident optic neuropathy. Our study provided evidence of the increased risk of incident optic neuropathy after traumatic brain injury during a 10-year follow-up period. Patients with traumatic brain injury required periodic and thorough eye examinations for incident optic neuropathy to prevent potentially irreversible vision loss.