Detection of viral genomes of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in semen and in genital tract tissues of male goat.

The aim of this study was to determine the infectious status of semen and genital tract tissues from male goat naturally infected with the caprine lentivirus. Firstly, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of CAEV proviral-DNA in the circulating mononuclear cells, semen (spermatozoa and non-spermatic cells), and genital tract tissues (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and vesicular gland) of nine bucks. RT-PCR was used to detect the presence of CAEV viral RNA in seminal plasma. Secondly, in situ hybridization was performed on PCR-positive samples from the head, body, and tail of the epididymis. CAEV proviral-DNA was identified by PCR in the blood cells of 7/9 bucks and in non-spermatic cells of the seminal plasma of 3/9 bucks. No CAEV proviral-DNA was identified in the spermatozoa fraction. The presence of CAEV proviral-DNA in non-spermatic cells and the presence of CAEV in the seminal plasma was significantly higher (p<0.01) in bucks with PCR-positive blood. Two of the three bucks with positive seminal plasma cells presented with at least one PCR-positive genital tract tissue. Proviral-DNA was found in the head (3/9), body (3/9), and tail (2/9) of the epididymis. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of viral mRNA in at least one of each of these tissues, in the periphery of the epididymal epithelium. This study clearly demonstrates the presence of viral mRNA and proviral-DNA in naturally infected male goat semen and in various tissues of the male genital tract.

Lack of risk of transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) after an appropriate embryo transfer procedure.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that embryo transfer can be used to produce CAEV-free kids from CAEV-infected biological mothers when appropriate procedure is implemented. Twenty-eight goats that had tested positive for CAEV using PCR on vaginal secretions were used as embryo donors. Embryos with intact-ZP were selected and washed 10 times; they were then frozen and used for transfer into CAEV-free recipient goats. Nineteen of the 49 recipient goats gave birth, producing a total of 23 kids. Three blood samples were taken from each recipient goat, 10 days before, during, and 10 days after parturition; these were tested for CAEV antibodies using ELISA and for CAEV proviral DNA using PCR. The mothers were then euthanized. Tissue samples were taken from the lungs, udder, and retromammary and prescapular lymph nodes. The kids were separated from their mothers at birth. Seven of them died. At 4 months of age, 16 kids were subjected to drug-induced immunosuppression. Blood samples were taken every month from birth to 4 months of age; samples were then taken on days 15, 21, and 28 after the start of the immunosuppressive treatment. The kids were then euthanized and tissue samples taken from the carpal synovial membrane, lung tissue, prescapular lymph nodes, inguinal and retromammary lymph nodes, and uterus. All samples from the 19 recipient goats and 23 kids were found to be negative for CAEV antibodies and/or CAEV proviral DNA. Under acute conditions for infection this study clearly demonstrates that embryo transfer can be safely used to produce CAEV-free neonates from infected CAEV donors.

Use of glutamine and low density lipoproteins isolated from egg yolk to improve buck semen freezing.

To improve the results obtained with a reference cryopreservation extender (control extender: Triladyl + 20% (v/v) egg yolk + 6.4% (v/v) glycerol) for freezing caprine semen, glutamine was added to 18 split ejaculates at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 mM (experiment 1). In experiment 2, glutamine was added to 18 split ejaculates at concentrations of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mM. In the third experiment, the egg yolk was replaced with the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction of egg yolk. The quality of frozen then thawed spermatozoa in each extender was compared using computer-assisted semen analysis. In experiment 1, glutamine at concentrations of 20 mm and 40 mm significantly improved sperm motility compared with the control extender. However, at 120 mM, a significant decrease in motility and velocity was observed. In experiment 2, motility, curvilinear velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) were improved in glutamine at 25 mM compared with the control. In experiment 3, 8% LDL and 25 mM glutamine significantly improved sperm motility, straight line velocity and ALH. In the fourth experiment, the quality of the previously defined freezing extender (Triladyl + 8% (v/v) LDL + 25 mM glutamine + 6.4% (v/v) glycerol) was tested by comparing acrosome, tail membrane, plasma membrane and DNA integrity in 18 split ejaculates of frozen then thawed spermatozoa with spermatozoa that had been frozen then thawed in the control extender, and with spermatozoa from fresh, unfrozen sperm. The percentage of spermatozoa with intact acrosomes and tail membranes was significantly higher with the newly defined extender than that observed with the control extender. There was no significant difference in the percentage of spermatozoa with intact DNA between the frozen and fresh semen.

Proviral DNA of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is detected in cumulus oophorus cells but not in oocytes from naturally infected goats.

The aim of this study was to determine whether oocytes taken from ovarian follicles in 123 naturally infected goats were carrying the proviral CAEV genome. Examination of DNA isolated from 190 batches of oocytes with intact cumulus cells and 190 batches of oocytes whose cumulus cells had been removed, taken from follicles of the same ovaries, demonstrated that 42/190 batches of oocytes with intact cumulus cells had the proviral CAEV genome, whereas none of the 190 batches of oocytes without cumulus cells were positive for the provirus. To confirm that the proviral genome was present in the cumulus cells and not in the oocyte cells, 586 oocytes from 56 different ovaries, were separated from their cumulus cells. The DNA was then extracted from each fraction and examined. The purity of the oocyte fraction was verified by searching for granulosa cell-specific mRNA, using RT-PCR; this was negative in all the batches of oocytes in which the cumulus cells had been removed. PCR analysis demonstrated that none of the oocytes without cumulus cells were positive, whereas 22/56 of the batches with cumulus cells were found to be positive. This study clearly demonstrates that despite being surrounded by infected cumulus cells, the oocytes are not infected, and that the enzymatic and mechanical technique for removing the cells surrounding the oocyte, as used in this study, is effective, thus enabling CAEV-free oocytes to be obtained from infected goats.

Neosporosis in bovine dairy herds from the west of France: detection of Neospora caninum DNA in aborted fetuses, seroepidemiology of N. caninum in cattle and dogs.

Neospora caninum is considered one of the major causes of abortion in cattle in most parts of the world. In this study, the role of N. caninum was investigated in groups of aborted cattle and dairy herds from the west of France. Good correlation was found between parasite DNA detection in fetuses and serologic statuses of dams. In groups with documented abortion status and no antibodies to other pathogens, 17-45% of aborted animals were seropositive for N. caninum, and significant relationship between prevalence of Neospora antibodies and frequency of abortions was found. Neospora-associated abortions were observed all the year round, with a peak in summer. Higher ratios of seropositive abortions were found before the 6th month of gestation. In 12 herds studied in the field, serologic prevalence ranged 6-47%. No difference in age was found between seropositive and seronegative cows. Results indicate that N. caninum is an important and stable cause of abortion in cattle in France.

Early embryonic cells from in vivo-produced goat embryos transmit the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV).

The aim of this study was to investigate whether cells of early goat embryos isolated from in vivo-fertilized goats interact with the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in vitro and whether the embryonic zona pellucida (ZP) protects early embryo cells from CAEV infection. ZP-free and ZP-intact 8-16 cell embryos were inoculated for 2 h with CAEVat the 10(4) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50)/ml. Infected embryos were incubated for 72 h over feeder monolayer containing caprine oviduct epithelial cells (COECs) and CAEV indicator goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells. Noninoculated ZP-free and ZP-intact embryos were submitted to similar treatments and used as controls. Six days postinoculation, infectious virus assay of the wash fluids of inoculated early goat embryos showed typical CAEV-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) on indicator GSM monolayers, with fluids of the first two washes only. The mixed cell monolayer (COEC + GSM) used as feeder cells for CAEV inoculated ZP-free embryos showed CPE. In contrast, none of the feeder monolayers, used for culture of CAEV inoculated ZP-intact embryos or the noninoculated controls, developed any CPE. CAEV exposure apparently did not interfere with development of ZP-free embryos in vitro during the 72 h study period when compared with untreated controls (34.6 and 36% blastocysts, respectively, P > 0.05). From these results one can conclude that the transmission of infectious molecularly cloned CAEV-pBSCA (plasmid binding site CAEV) by embryonic cells from in vivo-produced embryos at the 8-16 cell stages is possible with ZP-free embryos. The absence of interactions between ZP-intact embryos and CAEV in vitro suggests that the ZP is an efficient protective embryo barrier.

Antibodies against the second extracellular loop of ß1-adrenergic receptors induce endothelial dysfunction in conductance and resistance arteries of the Wistar rat.

Autoantibodies against ß1-adrenoceptors (ß1-ARs) have been detected in the serum of patients with various cardiac diseases; however, the pathological impact of these autoantibodies (ß1-AABs) has only been evaluated in cardiac tissue. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether ß1-AABs have deleterious effects on vascular reactivity in rats. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect ß1-AABs in sera from immunized rats over a period of 1-3 months using the peptidic sequence of the second extracellular loop of human ß1-AR. Functional studies were performed in thoracic aortic (TA) and small mesenteric artery (SMA) rings from immunized rats. Following pre-contraction with phenylephrine (0.3 µM and 3 µM for the TA and SMA respectively), cumulative concentration-response curves (CCRCs) to various ß-AR agonists (isoproterenol, dobutamine, salbutamol, SR 58611A), acetylcholine, A23187, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were then plotted. The relaxations induced by dobutamine, SR 58611A, and acetylcholine were significantly impaired, but salbutamol-induced relaxations were not affected, in both vessels from immunized rats. A significant impairment of isoproterenol-induced relaxation was only observed in SMA. CCRCs to SNP were not modified in either of the vessels. A23187-induced relaxation was impaired in immunized rats. Following pretreatment with L-arginine, vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and SR 58611A was restored in immunized rats. This study demonstrates that immunization against the second extracellular loop of ß1-ARs has a deleterious impact on vasorelaxations in the TA and SMA of rats, involving alterations in endothelium-dependent NO signaling pathways.

Can Coxiella burnetii be transmitted by embryo transfer in goats?

The detection of significant bacterial loads of Coxiella burnetii in flushing media and tissue samples from the genital tracts of nonpregnant goats represents a risk factor for in utero infection and transmission during embryo transfer. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) whether cells of early goat embryos isolated from in vivo-fertilized goats interact with C. burnetii in vitro, (2) whether the embryonic zona pellucida (ZP) protects early embryo cells from infection, and (3) the efficacy of the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) washing protocol for bovine embryos. The study was performed in triple replicate: 12 donor goats, certified negative by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction, were synchronized, superovulated, and subsequently inseminated by Q fever-negative males. Sixty-eight embryos were collected 4 days later by laparotomy. Two-thirds of the resulting ZP-intact and ZP-free 8- to 16-cell embryos (9-9, 11-11, and 4-4 in replicates 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were placed in 1 mL minimum essential medium containing 10(9)C. burnetii CBC1 (IASP, INRA Tours). After overnight incubation at 37 °C and 5% CO2, the embryos were washed according to the IETS procedure. In parallel, the remaining third ZP-intact and ZP-free uninfected embryos (3-3, 5-5, and 2-2 in replicates 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were subjected to the same procedures, but without C. burnetii, thus serving as controls. The 10 washing fluids for all batches of each replicate were collected and centrifuged for 1 hour at 13,000 × g. The washed embryos and pellets were tested by polymerase chain reaction. Coxiella burnetii DNA was found in all batches of ZP-intact and ZP-free infected embryos after 10 successive washes. It was also detected in the first five washing fluids for ZP-intact embryos and in the first eight washing fluids for ZP-free embryos. None of the control batches (embryos and washing fluids) were found to contain bacterial DNA. These results clearly indicate that caprine early embryonic cells are susceptible to infection by C. burnetii. The bacterium shows a strong tendency to adhere to the ZP after in vitro infection, and the washing procedure recommended by the IETS for bovine embryos failed to remove it. The persistence of these bacteria makes the embryo a potential means of transmission to recipient goats. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the enzymatic treatment of caprine embryos infected by C. burnetii would eliminate the bacteria from the ZP.

Is caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) transmitted vertically to early embryo development stages (morulae or blastocyst) via in vitro infected frozen semen?

The aim of this study was to determine, in vivo, whether in vitro infected cryopreserved caprine sperm is capable of transmitting caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) vertically to early embryo development stages via artificial insemination with in vitro infected semen. Sperm was collected from CAEV-free bucks by electroejaculation. Half of each ejaculate was inoculated with CAEV-pBSCA at a viral concentration of 10(4) TCID(50)/mL. The second half of each ejaculate was used as a negative control. The semen was then frozen. On Day 13 of superovulation treatment, 14 CAEV-free does were inseminated directly into the uterus under endoscopic control with thawed infected semen. Six CAEV-free does, used as a negative control, were inseminated intrauterine with thawed CAEV-free sperm, and eight CAEV-free does were mated with naturally infected bucks. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect CAEV proviral-DNA in the embryos at the D7 stage, in the embryo washing media, and in the uterine secretions of recipient does. At Day 7, all the harvested embryos were PCR-negative for CAEV proviral-DNA; however, CAEV proviral-DNA was detected in 8/14 uterine smears, and 9/14 flushing media taken from does inseminated with infected sperm, and in 1/8 uterine swabs taken from the does mated with infected bucks. The results of this study confirm that (i) artificial insemination with infected semen or mating with infected bucks may result in the transmission of CAEV to the does genital tack seven days after insemination, and (ii) irrespective of the medical status of the semen or the recipient doe, it is possible to obtain CAEV-free early embryos usable for embryo transfer.

Can caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) be transmitted by in vitro fertilization with experimentally infected sperm?

For each of the five fertilization trials of the experiment, frozen semen was prepared for in vitro capacitation at a concentration of 1 × 10(7) spz/ml and divided into three groups. One group was used as a control, while the two others were inoculated with 100 µl/ml of either culture medium from non-infected cells (placebo group) or cell culture medium containing virus at a concentration of 10(5) TCID(50)/ml (infected group). A total of 789 oocytes were used for IVF. For each of the five trials a group of oocytes were used as a non-infected control and were found to be caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) free. The other oocytes were divided in two equal batches. Oocytes in the first batch were in vitro fertilized with CAEV infected sperm (infected group) and the second batch were fertilized with CAEV non-infected sperm (placebo and control groups). After IVF, the zygotes of each group were washed 12 times. The CAEV genome was not detected (using RT-PCR) in the washing media of either the control or placebo groups from each trial. In contrast, the first three washing media from the infected group were consistently found to be positive for the CAEV genome (5/5), whereas subsequent washing media were CAEV-free (P < 0.05). Zygotes obtained using all semen groups tested negative for both the provirus and genome of CAEV. These results clearly show that the first four washes were sufficient to remove viral particles from CAEV infected fertilization media and that CAEV-free embryos can be produced by IVF using spermatozoa infected in vitro by CAEV.

Vasodilatory effect of pentoxifylline in isolated equine digital veins.

The direct vasodilatory action of pentoxifylline (1-(5-oxohexyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine) and its signalling pathway was evaluated in equine digital veins. Cumulative concentration-response curves to pentoxifylline (1 nM to 300 µM) were recorded in phenylephrine-precontracted equine digital vein rings under different experimental conditions. Relaxation to pentoxifylline was partially inhibited by endothelium removal, but was unaltered by CGS-15943 (a non-xanthine adenosine receptor antagonist; 3 µM). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 µM), ODQ (30 µM) and indomethacin (10 µM), respectively) significantly reduced the maximum relaxation induced by pentoxifylline. Moreover, pentoxifylline-induced relaxation was strongly reduced by Rp-8-Br-PET-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-S (a protein kinase G inhibitor; 3 µM), but remained unaffected by H-89 (a protein kinase A inhibitor; 2 µM). Pentoxifylline-induced relaxation was associated with a 3.4-fold increase in tissue cGMP content. To investigate whether pentoxifylline can affect cAMP- and cGMP-mediated relaxations, curves to forskolin, to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and 8-bromo-cGMP were also recorded in endothelium-denuded equine digital vein rings pretreated with pentoxifylline (10 and 100 µM). Pentoxifylline only potentiated the SNP-mediated relaxation at the highest concentration (100 µM). Thus, pentoxifylline relaxed equine digital veins via endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent components. The effect was mediated through both the NOS and COX pathways and could also result from inhibition of cGMP specific-phosphodiesterase activity at the highest concentrations used.

[Antibodies against the second extracellular loop of beta1-adrenergic receptor induce aortic endothelial dysfunction in Wistar rat]. / Les anticorps dirigés contre la deuxième boucle extracellulaire des récepteurs adrénergiques ß(1) induisent une dysfonction endothéliale dans l'aorte de rat Wistar.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of active immunization with a peptide corresponding to the second extracellular loop of the human beta1-adrenoceptors (ß(1)-AR) on the reactivity of Wistar rat isolated aorta. METHODS: Nine-week-old Wistar rats were actively immunized for 3months with a peptide corresponding to the second extracellular loop of the human ß(1)-AR. Specific immunoglobulins G (IgG) were characterized by Elisa and the bicinchonic acid protein assay and their functionality were tested in isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes (IVC) from control rats. Aortic rings isolated from control or immunized rats were mounted in organ baths. Then, contractile curves to phenylephrine (1nM to 300µM) and relaxant curves to acetylcholine (1nM to 100µM) and isoprenaline (1nM to 30µM) were established. RESULTS: Cell shortening increased dose-dependently in rat IVC superfused with IgG containing ß(1)-AR antibodies (10 or 25µg/mL). Isoprenaline-induced positive inotropy was strongly reduced in IgG containing ß(1)-AR antibodies preincubated (3h) IVC. Phenylephrine-and acetylcholine-induced aortic responses were greatly inhibited in immunized rats compared to control ones. However, active immunization did not influence the isoprenaline-mediated relaxation. CONCLUSIONS: The present work confirms that ß(1)-AR antibodies directed against the second extracellular loop of ß(1)-AR induce a positive inotropic effect in adult rat IVC. Moreover, we demonstrated, for the first time, that 3-month immunization with ß(1)-AR peptide was associated with altered aortic endothelial function without change in the ß-AR-mediated vasorelaxation.

Evaluation of bluetongue virus (BTV) decontamination techniques for caprine embryos produced in vivo.

The objective of this study was to investigate methods of decontaminating early goat embryos that had been infected in vitro with bluetongue virus (BTV). Embryos were isolated from in vivo-fertilized BTV-free goats. Zona pellucida (ZP)-intact 8 to 16 cell embryos were cocultured for 36 h in an insert over a Vero cell monolayer infected with BTV serotype 8. The embryos were then treated with one of five different washing procedures. The treatment standard (TS) comprised phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) + 0.4% BSA (five times over for 10 s), Hank's +0.25% trypsin (twice for 45 s), and then PBS + 0.4% BSA again (five times for 10 s). The four other washing procedures all included the same first and last washing steps with PBS but without BSA (five times for 10 s) and with PBS + 0.4% BSA (five times for 10 s), respectively. The intermediate step varied for each washing procedure. Treatment 1 (T1): 0.25% trypsin (twice for 45 s). Treatment 2 (T2): 0.25% trypsin (twice for 60 s). Treatment 3 (T3): 0.5% trypsin (twice for 45 s). Treatment 4 (T4): 1% hyaluronidase (once for 5 min). After washing, the embryos were transferred and cocultured with BTV indicator Vero cell monolayers for 6 h, to detect any cytopathic effects (CPE). The effectiveness of the different washing techniques in removing the virus was evaluated by RT-qPCR analysis. The TS, T1, T3, and T4 trypsin or hyaluronidase treatments did not eliminate BTV; Treatment 2 eliminated the virus from in vitro infected goat embryos.

Can bluetongue virus (BTV) be transmitted via caprine embryo transfer?

The three objectives of this study were to investigate whether cells of early goat embryos isolated from in vivo fertilized goats interact with bluetongue virus (BTV) in vitro, whether the embryonic zona pellucida (ZP) protects early embryo cells from BTV infection, and whether the 10 wash cycles recommended by the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) for bovine embryos effectively decontaminates caprine embryos exposed to Bluetongue Virus (BTV) in vitro. Donor goats and bucks were individually screened and tested negative for the virus by RT-PCR detection of BTV RNA in circulating erythrocytes. ZP-free and ZP-intact 8-16 cell embryos were co-cultured for 36 h in an insert over a Vero cell monolayer infected with BTV. Embryos were washed 10 times in accordance with IETS recommendations for ruminant and porcine embryos, before being transferred to an insert on BTV indicator Vero cells for 6 h, to detect any cytopathic effects (CPE). They were then washed and cultured in B2 Ménézo for 24 h. Non-inoculated ZP-free and ZP-intact embryos were submitted to similar treatments and used as controls. The Vero cell monolayer used as feeder cells for BTV inoculated ZP-free and ZP-intact embryos showed cytopathic effects (CPE). BTV was found by RT-qPCR in the ten washes of exposed ZP-free and ZP-intact embryos. In the acellular medium, the early embryonic cells produced at least 10(2.5) TCID(50)/ml. BTV RNA was detected in ZP-free and ZP-intact embryos using RT-qPCR. All of these results clearly demonstrate that caprine early embryonic cells are susceptible to infection with BTV and that infection with this virus is productive. The washing procedure failed to remove BTV, which indicates that BTV could bind to the zona pellucida.