Association of healthy lifestyle behaviours with incident irritable bowel syndrome: a large population-based prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between healthy lifestyle behaviours and the incidence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). DESIGN: Population-based prospective cohort study. SETTING: The UK Biobank. PARTICIPANTS: 64 268 adults aged 37 to 73 years who had no IBS diagnosis at baseline were enrolled between 2006 and 2010 and followed up to 2022. MAIN EXPOSURE: The five healthy lifestyle behaviours studied were never smoking, optimal sleep, high level of vigorous physical activity, high dietary quality and moderate alcohol intake. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The incidence of IBS. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 12.6 years, 961 (1.5%) incident IBS cases were recorded. Among the 64 268 participants (mean age 55.9 years, 35 342 (55.0%) female, 7604 (11.8%) reported none of the five healthy lifestyle behaviours, 20 662 (32.1%) reported 1 behaviour, 21 901 (34.1%) reported 2 behaviours and 14 101 (21.9%) reported 3 to 5 behaviours at baseline. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratios associated with having 1, 2 and 3 to 5 behaviours for IBS incidence were 0.79 (95% confidence intervals 0.65 to 0.96), 0.64 (0.53 to 0.78) and 0.58 (0.46 to 0.72), respectively (P for trend <0.001). Never smoking (0.86, 0.76 to 0.98, P=0.02), high level of vigorous physical activity (0.83, 0.73 to 0.95, P=0.006) and optimal sleep (0.73, 0.60 to 0.88, P=0.001) demonstrated significant independent inverse associations with IBS incidence. No significant interactions were observed between these associations and age, sex, employment status, geographic location, gastrointestinal infection, endometriosis, family history of IBS or lifestyle behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Adhering to a higher number of healthy lifestyle behaviours is significantly associated with a lower incidence of IBS in the general population. Our findings suggest the potential of lifestyle modifications as a primary prevention strategy for IBS.

Objective monitoring tools for improved management of childhood asthma.

Asthma is a common chronic disease amongst children. Epidemiological studies showed that the mortality rate of asthma in children is still high worldwide. Asthma control is therefore essential to minimize asthma exacerbations, which can be fatal if the condition is poorly controlled. Frequent monitoring could help to detect asthma progression and ensure treatment effectiveness. Although subjective asthma monitoring tools are available, the results vary as they rely on patients' self-perception. Emerging evidence suggests several objective tools could have the potential for monitoring purposes. However, there is no consensus to standardise the use of objective monitoring tools. In this review, we start with the prevalence and severity of childhood asthma worldwide. Then, we detail the latest available objective monitoring tools, focusing on their effectiveness in paediatric asthma management. Publications of spirometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), hyperresponsiveness tests and electronic monitoring devices (EMDs) between 2016 and 2023 were included. The potential advantages and limitations of each tool were also discussed. Overall, this review provides a summary for researchers dedicated to further improving objective paediatric asthma monitoring and provides insights for clinicians to incorporate different objective monitoring tools in clinical practices.

Understanding the Experience of Cancer Survivorship Among Pediatric and Adolescent Cancer Survivors and Their Parents Through Camera Lenses: A Photovoice Study.

OBJECTIVE: Although the relative survival rate of childhood cancer has increased substantially in recent years, the pursuit of successful outcomes is often accompanied by negative impacts on pediatric and adolescent cancer survivors and their parents' physical and psychological well-being. However, little is known about their experiences during the period of cancer survivorship. This study aimed to gain an understanding of the experience of cancer survivorship among pediatric and adolescent cancer survivors and their parents. METHODS: This study utilized a descriptive qualitative study employing the photovoice design. From September 2022 to March 2023, 17 pediatric and adolescent cancer survivors (9-18 years), who had completed active treatment at least 6 months before recruitment, participated in this study. A total of 217 photographs submitted by survivors and their parents and the interview data, were thematically analyzed to identify themes and subthemes. RESULTS: The analysis revealed five prominent themes: indelible marks, struggling with late effects, striving to return to normalcy, the strength of support, and living in the moment and hope for the future. CONCLUSION: The findings shed light on the experiences of pediatric and adolescent cancer survivors and their parents throughout the cancer journey, elucidating the influence on both negative and positive aspects. Additionally, the study highlighted that photovoice facilitated self-reflection, the discovery of values, and the recognition of strengths and can be a therapeutic strategy for pediatric and adolescent cancer survivors and their parents in further research.

Patterns and factors associated with the prescription of psychotropic medications after diagnosis of cancer in Chinese patients: A population-based cohort study.

PURPOSE: Patients with cancer may be prescribed psychotropic medications to address their psychiatric symptoms and disorders. This study examined the patterns and factors associated with the prescription of psychotropics after cancer diagnosis using a population-based database in Hong Kong. METHODS: Patients who were diagnosed with malignant cancer and had no documented psychiatric diagnosis or psychotropic medications prior to cancer diagnosis, were included. Multivariable log-binomial models were used to explore the associations between predictive factors and psychotropic medications use. RESULTS: Among 9337 patients, 1868 patients (20.0%) were newly prescribed with psychotropic medications after cancer diagnoses, most commonly hypnotics (50.3%) and antidepressants (32.8%). About one-third (31.4%) were prescribed chronic psychotropics (≥90 days). Approximately 48.3% of patients who were prescribed psychotropic medications received their prescriptions within 1 year after diagnosed with cancer. Only 18.6% of those prescribed psychotropic medications had a registered psychiatric diagnosis. Patients with multiple comorbidities (adjusted risk ratio[aRR] = 2.74; CI = 2.46-3.05) and diagnosed with oral (aRR = 1.89; CI = 1.52-2.35) or respiratory cancers (aRR = 1.62; CI = 1.36-1.93) were more likely to be prescribed psychotropics. CONCLUSIONS: The use of psychotropic medication is common (20%) among patients with cancer. Our findings highlight the importance of identification and documentation of psychiatric needs among patients with cancer.

Association between fish oil and glucosamine use and mortality in patients diagnosed with cancer: the role of the Life Essential 8 score and cancer prognosis.

BACKGROUND: The effect of supplements on mortality risk in patients with cancer remains uncertain and has scarcely been investigated in subgroups of patients with varying characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the association between two popular supplements, fish oil and glucosamine, and mortality risk in a large population-based cohort and determine whether cardiovascular health and clinical prognosis influence these associations. METHODS: This prospective cohort study analyzed the data of UK Biobank participants who were diagnosed with cancer. The associations of fish oil and glucosamine consumption with mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models. Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the effects of Life Essential 8 [LE8] scores (a measure of cardiovascular health) and cancer prognosis (grouped according to the survival rates of specific cancer types) on the associations between supplement use and mortality. RESULTS: This analysis included 14,920 participants (mean age = 59.9 years; 60.2% female). One third (34.1%) of the participants reported using fish oil, and one fifth (20.5%) reported using glucosamine. Over a median follow-up of 12.0 years, 2,708 all-cause deaths were registered. The use of fish oil was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.89, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.81-0.97) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81-0.98). Similarly, glucosamine use was associated with reduced risks of all-cause mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.92) and cancer mortality (aHR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.93) in the fully adjusted model. Subgroup analyses revealed that the protective effects of fish oil and glucosamine against mortality risk were only observed in patients with LE8 scores lower than the mean score or a poor cancer prognosis. Additionally, the association between glucosamine use and a reduced risk of CVD-related mortality was only observed in patients with lower LE8 scores. CONCLUSIONS: This large cohort study identified the potential differential impact of LE8 scores and cancer prognosis on the associations of fish oil and glucosamine supplementation with survival in patients with cancer. This suggests the importance of considering these factors in future research on supplements and in the provision of personalized integrative cancer care.

Clinical, neuroimaging, and behavioural risk factors for neurocognitive impairment in Chinese patients with haemophilia: A multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated the impact of subclinical microstructural changes and psychosocial factors on cognitive function in patients with haemophilia. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of cognitive impairment in patients with haemophilia, and identify associated risk factors. METHODS: We recruited haemophilia A or B patients who were aged ≥10 years old from three public hospitals in Hong Kong. A neurocognitive battery was administered to evaluate their attention, memory, processing speed and cognitive flexibility performances. They also underwent magnetic resonance imaging to identify cerebral microbleeds. Validated self-reported questionnaires were administered to assess their mental health status and adherence to prophylactic treatment. General linear modelling was used to investigate the association of neurocognitive outcomes with risks factors, adjusting for age and education attainment. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were recruited (median age 32.0 years; 78.6% haemophilia A; 80.9% moderate-to-severe disease). Six patients (14.3%) had developed cerebral microbleeds. A subgroup of patients demonstrated impairments in cognitive flexibility (30.9%) and motor processing speed (26.2%). Hemarthrosis in the previous year was associated with worse attention (Estimate = 7.62, 95% CI: 1.92-15.33; p = .049) and cognitive flexibility (Estimate = 8.64, 95% CI: 2.52-13.29; p = .043). Depressive (Estimate = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.10-0.55; p = .023) and anxiety (Estimate = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.19-0.41; p = .0069) symptoms were associated with inattentiveness. Among patients receiving prophylactic treatment (71.4%), medication adherence was positively correlated with cognitive flexibility (p = .037). CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of patients with haemophilia demonstrated cognitive impairment, particularly higher-order thinking skills. Screening for cognitive deficits should be incorporated into routine care. Future studies should evaluate the association of neurocognitive outcomes with occupational/vocational outcomes.

Provision of a personalized survivorship care plan and its impact on cancer-related health literacy among childhood cancer survivors in Hong Kong.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of a personalized survivorship care plan (SCP) in improving cancer-related literacy among childhood cancer survivors, and to identify characteristics of survivors who demonstrated minimal gain from the intervention. METHODS: We recruited survivors diagnosed with cancer at ≤18 years old and were >2 years post treatment. The intervention included a personalized SCP and 30-minute health risk counseling. The participants' knowledge of their cancer diagnosis and potential treatment-related late effects (LEs) was assessed at baseline, immediately post intervention, and 1-3 months post intervention. Generalized estimating equation was used to test for changes in the awareness scores, with interacting terms (time*factor) added to identify differences in the score trajectory across clinically relevant subgroups. RESULTS: In total, 248 survivors completed the intervention (mean age: 19.4 [SD = 6.7] years; 54.1% male; 66.1% hematological malignancies), of whom 162 completed all assessments. There was significant increase in survivors' awareness of their cancer diagnoses (mean adjusted score: baseline 66.9, post intervention 86.3; p < .001) and potential LEs (baseline 30.9, post intervention 66.3; p < .001). The proportion of survivors who demonstrated awareness of their potential LEs increased from 9.7% to 54.3%. The interaction analysis showed that there was significantly less improvement in awareness among survivors of non-central nervous system (non-CNS) solid tumors (p = .032), lower socioeconomic status (p = .014), and parents of pediatric survivors (vs. adult survivors; p = .013). CONCLUSIONS: The provision of a personalized SCP showed preliminary effectiveness in improving survivors' understanding of their treatment-related LEs. Health counseling with SCP should be reinforced in vulnerable subgroups. Future work includes evaluating its long-term impact on lifestyle and health outcomes.

Associations of dietary supplement use with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in patients diagnosed with cancer: a large prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.

PURPOSE: Despite the increasing popularity of supplement use among the cancer community, the current evidence on its effect on mortality in large studies is inconclusive. This study examined the association of dietary supplement use with mortality risk in a large population-based cohort. METHODS: This prospective cohort study analyzed data from the UK Biobank on participants who were diagnosed with cancer before July 31, 2019 and self-reported whether they had regular intake of dietary supplements (vitamins, minerals, or non-vitamin non-mineral [NVNM] supplements) after cancer diagnosis. The associations between the use of supplements with mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for confounders (sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and comorbidities). RESULTS: This analysis included 30,239 participants (mean age: 60.0 years; 61.9% female). Over half (57.8%) were supplement users. At a median follow-up of 11.9 years, 5577 all-cause deaths were registered. A marginal protective effect of supplement use on the risk of all-cause (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.90-0.99) and cancer (aHR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83-0.95) mortality were found, but not the risk of mortality due to other causes. In subgroup analyses, only NVNM dietary supplements were significantly associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality (aHR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.83-0.93). Both vitamins (aHR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.87-0.99) and NVNM dietary supplements (aHR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.82-0.94) were associated with a modest decrease in cancer mortality which were marginally significant. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of the largest cohort studies that identified the associations of dietary supplements with survival in the cancer population. However, the associations are small and should be interpreted cautiously due to the variations among different supplements and the small effect size. Future studies should investigate the effect of individual supplements, particularly NVNM supplements, on improving other cancer-related outcomes.

The Use of Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine in Cancer: Data-Mining Study of 1 Million Web-Based Posts From Health Forums and Social Media Platforms.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer are increasingly using forums and social media platforms to access health information and share their experiences, particularly in the use of traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine (TCIM). Despite the popularity of TCIM among patients with cancer, few related studies have used data from these web-based sources to explore the use of TCIM among patients with cancer. OBJECTIVE: This study leveraged multiple forums and social media platforms to explore patients' use, interest, and perception of TCIM for cancer care. METHODS: Posts (in English) related to TCIM were collected from Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, and 16 health forums from inception until February 2022. Both manual assessments and natural language processing were performed. Descriptive analyses were performed to explore the most commonly discussed TCIM modalities for each symptom and cancer type. Sentiment analyses were performed to measure the polarity of each post or comment, and themes were identified from posts with positive and negative sentiments. TCIM modalities that are emerging or recommended in the guidelines were identified a priori. Exploratory topic-modeling analyses with latent Dirichlet allocation were conducted to investigate the patients' perceptions of these modalities. RESULTS: Among the 1,620,755 posts available, cancer-related symptoms, such as pain (10/10, 100% cancer types), anxiety and depression (9/10, 90%), and poor sleep (9/10, 90%), were commonly discussed. Cannabis was among the most frequently discussed TCIM modalities for pain in 7 (70%) out of 10 cancer types, as well as nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, anxiety and depression, and poor sleep. A total of 7 positive and 7 negative themes were also identified. The positive themes included TCIM, making symptoms manageable, and reducing the need for medication and their side effects. The belief that TCIM and conventional treatments were not mutually exclusive and intolerance to conventional treatment may facilitate TCIM use. Conversely, TCIM was viewed as leading to patients' refusal of conventional treatment or delays in diagnosis and treatment. Doctors' ignorance regarding TCIM and the lack of information provided about TCIM may be barriers to its use. Exploratory analyses showed that TCIM recommendations were well discussed among patients; however, these modalities were also used for many other indications. Other notable topics included concerns about the legalization of cannabis, acupressure techniques, and positive experiences of meditation. CONCLUSIONS: Using machine learning techniques, social media and health forums provide a valuable resource for patient-generated data regarding the pattern of use and patients' perceptions of TCIM. Such information will help clarify patients' needs and concerns and provide directions for research on integrating TCIM into cancer care. Our results also suggest that effective communication about TCIM should be achieved and that doctors should be more open-minded to actively discuss TCIM use with their patients.

Childhood Neurotoxicity and Brain Resilience to Adverse Events during Adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: This study used childhood cancer survivors as a novel model to study whether children who experience central nervous system (CNS) injury are at higher risk for neurocognitive impairment associated with subsequent late onset chronic health conditions (CHCs). METHODS: Adult survivors of childhood cancer (n = 2,859, ≥10 years from diagnosis, ≥18 years old) completed a comprehensive neurocognitive battery and clinical examination. Neurocognitive impairment was defined as age-adjusted z score < 10th percentile. Participants impaired on ≥3 tests had global impairment. CHCs were graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v4.3 (grade 1, mild; 2, moderate; 3, severe/disabling; 4, life-threatening) and were combined into a severity/burden score by frequency and grade (none/low, medium, high, and very high). A total of 1,598 survivors received CNS-directed therapy including cranial radiation, intrathecal methotrexate, or neurosurgery. Logistic regression estimated the odds of neurocognitive impairment associated with severity/burden score and grade 2 to 4 conditions, stratified by CNS treatment. RESULTS: CNS-treated survivors performed worse than non-CNS-treated survivors on all neurocognitive tests and were more likely to have global neurocognitive impairment (46.9% vs 35.3%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for demographic and treatment factors, there was a dose-response association between severity/burden score and global neurocognitive impairment, but only among CNS-treated survivors (high odds ratio [OR] = 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42-3.53; very high OR = 4.07, 95% CI = 2.30-7.17). Cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions were associated with processing speed, executive function, and memory impairments in CNS-treated but not non-CNS-treated survivors who were impacted by neurologic conditions. INTERPRETATION: Reduced cognitive/brain reserve associated with CNS-directed therapy during childhood may make survivors vulnerable to adverse cognitive effects of cardiopulmonary conditions during adulthood. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:534-545.

'Share your views'-international consultation informs a patient engagement strategy for the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Engaging with patients and the public (consumers and community) enhances the relevance of cancer control developments; however, challenges remain to integrate into processes. Medical and other professional societies are well-positioned to foster and endorse best practice. METHODS: Between October and December 2021, the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) conducted a global consultation with those who identified as "people affected by cancer". Recruitment to an online cross-sectional survey was by a combination of purposive and convenience sampling to determine preferred terminologies and experiences with MASCC and other cancer-related societies. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 343 respondents from 29 countries, a majority being female (78.1%) and younger than 60 years of age (62.1%). Respondents preferred to be identified as 'patient' from a set of defined terms; however, this only accounted for 49-67% of selected response across geographical regions. Only 22.2% of respondents had engaged previously with MASCC, of whom 90.8% reported a positive experience through involvement with education and information, networking and collaboration, and practice guidelines. Respondents perceived areas of opportunity as early involvement in decision-making, educational initiatives, open communication, and information sharing. Across all geographical regions, responders chose a preference to contribute to future consumer research (53.0%), policy (31.7%) or consumer engagement activities (56.9%) including participation in a conference session (65.0%) or patient day (47.9%). CONCLUSIONS: This survey provides a first insight into how consumers wish to engage with MASCC. These values will be embedded into a strategy that aims for effective and sustainable partnerships with multinational consumers.

Exercise counselling and referral in cancer care: an international scoping survey of health care practitioners' knowledge, practices, barriers, and facilitators.

PURPOSE: Evidence supports the role of prescribed exercise for cancer survivors, yet few are advised to exercise by a healthcare practitioner (HCP). We sought to investigate the gap between HCPs' knowledge and practice from an international perspective. METHODS: An online questionnaire was administered to HCPs working in cancer care between February 2020 and February 2021. The questionnaire assessed knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding exercise counselling and referral of cancer survivors to exercise programs. RESULTS: The questionnaire was completed by 375 participants classified as medical practitioners (42%), nurses (28%), exercise specialists (14%), and non-exercise allied health practitioners (16%). Between 35 and 50% of participants self-reported poor knowledge of when, how, and which cancer survivors to refer to exercise programs or professionals, and how to counsel based on exercise guidelines. Commonly reported barriers to exercise counselling were safety concerns, time constraints, cancer survivors being told to rest by friends and family, and not knowing how to screen people for suitability to exercise (40-48%). Multivariable logistic regression models including age, gender, practitioner group, leisure-time physical activity, and recall of guidelines found significant effects for providing specific exercise advice (χ2(7) = 117.31, p < .001), discussing the role of exercise in symptom management (χ2(7) = 65.13, p < .001) and cancer outcomes (χ2(7) = 58.69, p < .001), and referring cancer survivors to an exercise program or specialist (χ2(7) = 72.76, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Additional education and practical support are needed to equip HCPs to provide cancer survivors with exercise guidelines, resources, and referrals to exercise specialists.

The use of patient-reported outcomes in routine cancer care: preliminary insights from a multinational scoping survey of oncology practitioners.

BACKGROUND: There exists scant evidence on the optimal approaches to integrating patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in clinical practice. This study gathered oncology practitioners' experiences with implementing PROs in cancer care. METHODS: Between December 2019 and June 2020, we surveyed practitioners who reported spending > 5% of their time providing clinical care to cancer patients. Respondents completed an online survey describing their experiences with and barriers to using PROs in clinical settings. RESULTS: In total, 362 practitioners (physicians 38.7%, nurses 46.7%, allied health professionals 14.6%) completed the survey, representing 41 countries (Asia-Pacific 42.5%, North America 30.1%, Europe 24.0%, others 3.3%). One quarter (25.4%) identified themselves as "high frequency users" who conducted PRO assessments on > 80% of their patients. Practitioners commonly used PROs to facilitate communication (60.2%) and monitor treatment responses (52.6%). The most commonly reported implementation barriers were a lack of technological support (70.4%) and absence of a robust workflow to integrate PROs in clinical care (61.5%). Compared to practitioners from high-income countries, more practitioners in low-middle income countries reported not having access to a local PRO expert (P < .0001) and difficulty in identifying the appropriate PRO domains (P = .006). Compared with nurses and allied health professionals, physicians were more likely to perceive disruptions in clinical care during PRO collection (P = .001) as an implementation barrier. CONCLUSIONS: Only a quarter of the surveyed practitioners reported capturing PROs in routine clinical practice. The implementation barriers to PRO use varied across respondents in different professions and levels of socioeconomic resources. Our findings can be applied to guide planning and implementation of PRO collection in cancer care.

Neurocognitive impairment in Asian childhood cancer survivors: a systematic review.

Childhood cancer survivors are at higher risk of developing neurocognitive deficits due to the intensive treatment they received at an early age. Most studies on childhood cancer survivorship have so far focused on the Western populations. Due to the ethnic, genetic, environmental, and cultural differences, clinical data of the Western populations may not be representative of Asian countries. This scoping review systematically summarized the existing clinical evidence of the neurocognitive impairment of Asian childhood cancer survivors. We searched the Embase and Medline databases for studies assessing the neurocognitive functions of survivors in Asia, who were diagnosed with cancer before the age of 19 and completed active treatment. The literature search identified 13 studies involving 2212 participants from five Asian countries: South Korea (n = 4, 30.8%), Taiwan (n = 3, 23.1%), Japan (n = 3, 23.1%), Hong Kong (n = 2, 15.4%), and Thailand (n = 1, 7.7%). The included studies focused on CNS tumors (n = 10, 76.9%), hematological malignancies (n = 7, 53.8%), or heterogeneous cancer diagnoses (n = 3, 23.1%). Collectively, mild-to-moderate impairment in intelligence was observed in 10.0 to 42.8% of survivors, which seemed higher than the reported rate in Western survivors. We speculate that the ethnic and genetic variations in drug responses and susceptibility to adverse chronic toxicities may have contributed to the differences in the prevalence and severity of neurocognitive impairment between these two populations. To better understand the effects of culturally relevant and region-specific environmental risk factors on the post-treatment neurocognitive development in cancer survivors, a holistic approach that addresses the complex interactions between biological, physical, and psychosocial factors is needed. This will aid the development of effective intervention strategies to improve the functional and psychosocial outcomes of cancer survivors in Asian societies.

Cancer-related cognitive impairment in patients with non-central nervous system malignancies: an overview for oncology providers from the MASCC Neurological Complications Study Group.

Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is commonly experienced by individuals with non-central nervous system cancers throughout the disease and treatment trajectory. CRCI can have a substantial impact on the functional ability and quality of life of patients and their families. To mitigate the impact, oncology providers must know how to identify, assess, and educate patients and caregivers. The objective of this review is to provide oncology clinicians with an overview of CRCI in the context of adults with non-central nervous system cancers, with a particular focus on current approaches in its identification, assessment, and management.

Awareness of diagnosis, treatment and risk of late effects in Chinese survivors of childhood cancer in Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND: For survivors of childhood cancer, awareness of personal health risks is a critical component of long-term health management. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the awareness of the diagnosis, treatment and risk of late effects among survivors of childhood cancer in Hong Kong. METHODS: Between June 2019 and March 2020, this cross-sectional study recruited 155 adult survivors (mean age = 26.9, standard deviation [SD] = 6.4 years) and 45 parents of paediatric survivors (mean age = 11.1, SD = 3.6 years) from a long-term follow-up clinic. At >10 years post-treatment (mean = 13.4, SD = 7.6 years), they completed a structured questionnaire to report their cancer-specific knowledge. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to identify clinical, socioeconomic and behavioural factors associated with poor awareness. RESULTS: The majority of participants accurately recalled their diagnoses (73.5%) and major treatment modalities (chemotherapy 92.4%, radiation 82.9% and surgery 88.2%). However, less than half (45%) of the participants recognized more than 25% of the total late effects for which they were at risk. The highest levels of awareness were reported for endocrine problems (49%), neurocognitive impairment (44%) and secondary cancers (43%), and the lowest for peripheral neuropathy (21%) and vision problems (23%). Compared with survivors of haematological malignancies, those of central nervous system (CNS) tumours (standardized estimate [B] = -9.33, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: -13.41 to -5.26) and non-CNS solid tumours (B = -8.47, 95% CI: -12.39 to -4.94) had less knowledge about their diagnosis. Retaining medical records (P < .0001) and better medical information-seeking habits (P = .048) were associated with better awareness. CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of childhood cancer in Hong Kong have deficient awareness of their personal health risks. They may benefit from the provision of a survivorship care plan and personalized education regarding treatment-related late effects. PATIENT CONTRIBUTION: Patients contributed in designing the study tools. Results were presented at a non-governmental organization.

Neuroanatomical abnormalities related to dexamethasone exposure in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with chemotherapy only are at risk for neurocognitive impairment. Regions of interest were identified a priori based on glucocorticoid receptor distribution, and sex-stratified multivariable linear regression models were used to test associations between brain MRI morphology and total number of intrathecal injections, and serum concentration of dexamethasone and methotrexate. Compared with controls, ALL survivors have persistently smaller volumes in the bilateral cerebellum (P < 0.005), hippocampal subregions (P < 0.03), temporal lobe regions (P < 0.03), frontal lobe regions (P < 0.04), and parietal lobe regions (precuneus; P < 0.002). Long-term problems with learning may be related to residual posttreatment brain differences.

Pharmacists' Perceptions of the Benefits and Challenges of Electronic Product Information System Implementation in Hong Kong: Mixed-Method Study.

BACKGROUND: With the advancement of technology, more countries are now adopting the use of electronic product information (ePI), which refer to an electronic version of physical product inserts in a semistructured format optimized for electronic manipulation. The successful implementation of ePI has led to advantages and convenience to patients, health care professionals, and pharmaceutical companies in many regions and countries. In the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), there is currently no citywide implementation of ePI. The SAR exhibits conditions that would favor the implementation of an ePI system, as well as existing barriers hindering its implementation. However, no study has been performed to examine the specific situation in Hong Kong. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to explore working pharmacists' overall perception of ePI and to identify potential challenges to the implementation of an ePI system in Hong Kong. METHODS: This mixed-method study involved a structured survey and interview with practicing pharmacists in Hong Kong. Pharmacists were eligible if they were licensed to practice in Hong Kong, and currently working locally in any pharmacy-related sectors and institutions. Respondents completed a survey to indicate their level of agreement with statements regarding the potential advantages of ePI over paper PI. A structured interview was conducted to gather respondents' perceived advantages of ePI over paper PI in different aspects, such as professionalism, usability, presentation, and environment, as well as challenges of citywide ePI implementation in Hong Kong. Thematic analysis was adopted to analyze the qualitative data. Grounded theory was used to generate themes and identify specific outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 16 pharmacists were recruited, comprising 4 community pharmacists, 5 hospital pharmacists, and 7 industrial pharmacists. All of them used electronic platforms at least once per month on average. Respondents identified many flaws in physical package inserts that can potentially be mitigated using ePI. The speed with which drug information can be retrieved and the degree to which the drug information can be readily updated and disseminated were considered the greatest strengths of ePI. The clarity with which ePI present drug information to patients was considered as the weakest aspect of ePI. Many respondents highlighted concerns about the security risks and high cost associated with system maintenance and that certain subpopulations may not be sufficiently computer literate to navigate the ePI system. Respondents also voiced many concerns about the implementation and maintenance of a local ePI system. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that an ePI system is generally supported by pharmacists but concerns about implementation process and maintenance of the system has been raised. The perceived benefits of ePI gathered from this study, as well as collective evidence from other countries with mature ePI systems, confirm that more efforts should be made to promote optimized development and implementation of an ePI system in Hong Kong.

Growth hormone deficiency and neurocognitive function in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: The impact of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) on neurocognitive function is poorly understood in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study examined the contribution of GHD to functional outcomes while adjusting for cranial radiation therapy (CRT). METHODS: Adult survivors of ALL (N = 571; 49% female; mean age, 37.4 years; age range, 19.4-62.2 years) completed neurocognitive tests and self-reported neurocognitive symptoms, emotional distress, and quality of life. GHD was defined as a previous diagnosis of GHD or a plasma insulin-like growth factor1 level less than -2.0 standard deviations for sex and age at the time of neurocognitive testing. Hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, sex, age at diagnosis, CRT dose, and intrathecal and high-dose intravenous methotrexate were included as covariates in multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS: Of the 571 survivors, 298 (52%) had GHD, and those with GHD received higher doses of CRT (P = .002). Survivors who had GHD, irrespective of prior growth hormone treatment, demonstrated poorer vocabulary (z-score, -0.84 vs -0.61; P = .02), processing speed (z-score, -0.49 vs -0.30; P = .04), cognitive flexibility (z-score, -1.37 vs -0.94; P = .01), and verbal fluency (z-score, -0.74 vs -0.44; P = .001), and they self-reported more neurocognitive problems and poorer quality of life compared with survivors who did not have GHD. Multivariable and mediation models revealed that GHD was associated with small effects on quality of life (general health, P = .01; vitality, P = .01; mental health, P = .01); and CRT dose accounted for the lower neurocognitive outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Adult survivors of childhood ALL who receive CRT are at risk for GHD, although poor neurocognitive outcomes are determined by CRT dose and not by the presence of GHD.