Clinical outcomes after implantation of extended depth-of-focus AcrySof® Vivity® intraocular lens in eyes with low-grade epiretinal membrane.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of extended depth-of-focus (EDoF) AcrySof® Vivity® intraocular lens in eyes with low-grade epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS: Forty-five eyes with low-grade ERM and history of Vivity implantation were compared with 50 age-matched controls with Vivity implantation and no ERM. Eyes with ERM showing widening of the outer nuclear layer and loss of the foveal depression, but no ectopic inner foveal layer or outer retinal defect were eligible. Corrected and uncorrected distant visual acuity (CDVA and UDVA), uncorrected intermediate and near visual acuity (UIVA and UNVA), contrast sensitivity detected by area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF), Strehl ratio, area ratio, and occurrence of dysphotopsia were compared between groups. RESULTS: UDVA and CDVA were similar between groups (UDVA: 0.01 ± 0.05 vs 0.03 ± 0.06, P = 0.154; CDVA: 0.00 ± 0.00 vs 0.00 ± 0.02, P = 0.125). UIVA and mesopic AULCSF were significantly worse in eyes with ERM compared to those with no ERM (UIVA: 0.09 ± 0.09 vs 0.14 ± 0.10, P = 0.028; mesopic AULCSF: 1.26 ± 0.15 vs 1.17 ± 0.10, P = 0.013). The occurrence of dysphotopsia was similar in both groups (glare: P = 0.465; halo: P = 0.218; starburst: P = 0.457). DISCUSSION: Eyes with low-grade ERM showed comparable outcomes to eyes without ERM after Vivity IOL implantation. Implantation of this newly developed EDoF IOL with low addition can be of benefit to eyes with low-grade, reversible ERM that is limited to the inner retina.

Influence of mild non-foveal involving epiretinal membrane on visual quality in eyes with multifocal intraocular lens implantation.

PURPOSE: To determine the influence of mild non-foveal involving epiretinal membrane (ERM) on visual outcome in eyes with multifocal intraocular lens (MIOL) implantation. METHODS: Patients with history of MIOL implantation were screened for the presence of ERM using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at postoperative 6 months. Ninety-one eyes with mild non-foveal involving ERM and history of MIOL implantation were compared with 83 age-matched controls without ERM and history of MIOL implantation. The visual acuity (corrected and uncorrected) and visual quality (contrast sensitivity, Strehl ratio, area ratio, and higher-order aberrations; HOAs) of the eyes with mild non-foveal involving ERM were compared with the data of the age-matched control group. RESULTS: There was no difference in visual acuity between the groups at baseline and postoperative 6 months. The mild non-foveal involving ERM group showed significantly low contrast sensitivity at a visual angle of 4.0°, 2.5°, 1.0°, and 0.64° under scotopic conditions (P = .048, P = .025, P = .003, and P = .02, respectively) and 4.0°, 1.0°, and 0.64° under photopic conditions (P = .028, P = .002, and P = .001, respectively). The mean area ratio of the mild non-foveal involving ERM group was 45.13 ± 10.93, which was significantly lower than that of the control group, which measured 50.34 ± 12.66 (P = .044). CONCLUSION: A mild non-foveal involving ERM has no effect on visual acuity, but it reduces visual quality in eyes with MIOL implantation. A thorough screening using SD-OCT is warranted for this condition when considering MIOL implantation.

Correction to: Licochalcone A induces apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress via a phospholipase Cγ1-, Ca2+-, and reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

The original version of this article contained mistakes in figures. The western blot data for pro-caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 (Fig. 1d), ß-actin (Fig. 1d), PLCγ1 (Fig. 5d), and eIF2α (Fig. 7d) are incorrect. The corrected Figs. 1d, 5d, and 7d are shown below. The corrections do not influence either the validity of the published data or the conclusion described in the article.

Correction to: Apicidin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress- and mitochondrial dysfunction-associated apoptosis via phospholipase Cγ1- and Ca2+-dependent pathway in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells.

The original version of this article contained a mistake in the figure. The Ca2 + confocal image for the 2-APB/Apicidin-120 min in Fig. 5d is incorrect. The correction does not influence either the validity of the published data or the conclusion described in the article. The corrected Fig. 5d is given below.

Integrative analysis of genes and miRNA alterations in human embryonic stem cells-derived neural cells after exposure to silver nanoparticles.

Given the rapid growth of engineered and customer products made of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), understanding their biological and toxicological effects on humans is critically important. The molecular developmental neurotoxic effects associated with exposure to Ag NPs were analyzed at the physiological and molecular levels, using an alternative cell model: human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs). In this study, the cytotoxic effects of Ag NPs (10-200µg/ml) were examined in these hESC-derived NPCs, which have a capacity for neurogenesis in vitro, at 6 and 24h. The results showed that Ag NPs evoked significant toxicity in hESC-derived NPCs at 24h in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Ag NPs induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis following a significant increase in oxidative stress in these cells. To further clarify the molecular mechanisms of the toxicological effects of Ag NPs at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, the global expression profiles of genes and miRNAs were analyzed in hESC-derived NPCs after Ag NP exposure. The results showed that Ag NPs induced oxidative stress and dysfunctional neurogenesis at the molecular level in hESC-derived NPCs. Based on this hESC-derived neural cell model, these findings have increased our understanding of the molecular events underlying developmental neurotoxicity induced by Ag NPs in humans.

Licochalcone A induces apoptosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress via a phospholipase Cγ1-, Ca(2+)-, and reactive oxygen species-dependent pathway in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Licochalcone A (LicA), an estrogenic flavonoid, induces apoptosis in multiple types of cancer cells. In this study, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of LicA were investigated in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. LicA induced apoptotic cell death, activation of caspase-4, -9, and -3, and expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated proteins, including C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Inhibition of ER stress by CHOP knockdown or treatment with the ER stress inhibitors, salubrinal and 4-phenylbutyric acid, reduced LicA-induced cell death. LicA also induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and the anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine reduced LicA-induced cell death and CHOP expression. In addition, LicA increased the levels of cytosolic Ca(2+), which was blocked by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (an antagonist of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor) and BAPTA-AM (an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator). 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and BAPTA-AM inhibited LicA-induced cell death. Interestingly, LicA induced phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) and inhibition of PLCγ1 reduced cell death and ER stress. Moreover, the multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, sorafenib and sunitinib, reduced LicA-induced cell death, ER stress, and cytosolic Ca(2+) and ROS accumulation. Finally, LicA induced phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and c-Met receptor and inhibition of both receptors by co-transfection with VEGFR2 and c-Met siRNAs reversed LicA-induced cell death, Ca(2+) increase, and CHOP expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that induction of ER stress via a PLCγ1-, Ca(2+)-, and ROS-dependent pathway may be an important mechanism by which LicA induces apoptosis in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Apicidin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress- and mitochondrial dysfunction-associated apoptosis via phospholipase Cγ1- and Ca(2+)-dependent pathway in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells.

Apicidin, a fungal metabolite that functions as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induces apoptosis in cancer cells. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects of apicidin in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells. Apicidin induced apoptotic cell death and activation of caspase-12, -9, and -3. Apicidin induced expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated proteins, including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), cleavage of activating transcription factor 6α, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α. Inhibition of ER stress by CHOP knockdown or using the ER stress inhibitors, salubrinal and 4-phenylbutyric acid, reduced apicidin-induced cell death. Apicidin induced reactive oxygen species accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. An antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine, reduced apicidin-induced cell death, CHOP expression, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, apicidin increased cytosolic Ca(2+), which was blocked by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, an antagonist of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, and BAPTA-AM, an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and BAPTA-AM inhibited apicidin-induced cell death and ER stress. Interestingly, apicidin induced phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and inhibition of PLCγ1 and EGFR reduced cell death and ER stress. Finally, apicidin-induced histone H3 hyperacetylation and reduction of histone deacetylase 2 mRNA expression were not affected by either a PLCγ1 inhibitor, U73122, or the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine. Taken together, the results suggest that apicidin induces apoptosis by ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction via PLCγ1 activation, Ca(2+) release, and reactive oxygen species accumulation in Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells.

Analysis of uncorrected near visual acuity after extended depth-of-focus AcrySof® Vivity™ intraocular lens implantation.

A newly developed extended-depth-of-focus AcrySof® Vivity™ intraocular lens (IOL), which has a wavefront-shaped anterior surface, has shown a promising outcome in minimizing dysphotopsia, the biggest issue after diffractive type IOL implantation. On the contrary, relatively low uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) has been raised as a demerit of this IOL. However, there is only limited information about the UNVA after Vivity implantation. In the present study, we compared the uncorrected distant and intermediate visual acuity (UDVA and UIVA) and UNVA according to the range of refractive error (RE) from 91 eyes from 91 patients implanted with Vivity IOL. Then we assessed the biometric factors for their association with UNVA from 66 eyes with a RE within ± 0.25 D. The UDVA was worst in eyes with RE < -0.50 D (0.17 ± 0.21), which was significantly worse than in any other group (P < 0.001 for every analysis). The UIVA was worst in eyes with RE of 0.25 to 0.50 D (0.35 ± 0.07 D), which was significantly worse than in eyes with RE of -0.50 to -0.26 D (P = 0.020) and in eyes with RE of -0.25 to -0.01 D (P = 0.028). The UNVA was worst in eyes with RE of 0.25 to 0.50 D (0.40 ± 0.14 D), which was significantly worse than in eyes with RE of -0.50 to -0.26 D (P = 0.022), which suggests that the extent of monovision should be limited up to -0.50 diopter. On univariate analysis for UNVA in eyes with a RE within ± 0.25 D, the anterior chamber depth (R = 0.257; P = 0.037) and pupil size (R = 0.451; P < 0.001) had a statistically significant relation to UNVA, while multivariate analysis showed the pupil size (ß = 0.451; P < 0.001) as the sole indicator, suggesting eyes with a small pupil size might receive a UNVA benefit.

Risk Factor for Transient Hyperopic Refractive Outcome at Acute Postoperative Period After Panoptix Intraocular Lens Implantation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate transient hyperopic refractive outcomes after Acrysof IQ Panoptix TFNT intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and risk factors for transient hyperopia. METHODS: This was a retrospective case review conducted from July 5, 2019, to February 28, 2020, of 203 eyes from 203 patients. The spherical equivalent (SE) on postoperative day 1, week 1, month 1, month 2, and month 6 was evaluated, and the difference between SE (dSE) on postoperative day 1 and month 6 was calculated. Ocular parameters that were associated with a high dSE were evaluated. RESULTS: This study evaluated 203 eyes from 203 patients (mean age ± SD, 59.14 ± 5.78 years; 129 women [63.5%]). The dSE ± SD was 0.07 ± 0.30 D, 0.14 ± 0.34 D, 0.12 ± 0.35 D, and 0.08 ± 0.35 D for postoperative week 1, month 1, month 2, and month 6, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that the anterior chamber depth and white-to-white (WTW) corneal diameter were associated with a larger dSE (P = 0.048 and P = 0.03, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that the WTW diameter was independently associated with the large amount of dSE at 6 months (r = -0.162; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that a smaller WTW corneal diameter was associated with a large dSE between postoperative day 1 and postoperative month 6.

Accuracy of Total Corneal Power Calculation for Multifocal Toric Intraocular Lens Implantation: Swept-Source OCT-Based Biometer vs Scheimpflug Tomographer.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of total corneal power calculation from a swept-source optical coherence tomography-based biometer and a rotating Scheimpflug tomographer for the Acrysof IQ Panoptix toric TFNT intraocular lens (IOL) (Alcon Labroatories, Inc). METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken on 145 eyes implanted with the TFNT IOL. The accuracy of total corneal power calculation from a SS-OCT-based biometer (IOLMaster 700; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG; total keratometry [TK]) and a rotating Scheimpflug tomographer (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH; total corneal refractive power at 3 mm [TCRP3] and at 4 mm [TCRP4]) were compared. The surgically induced astigmatism vector, difference vector, angle of vector, correction index, index of success, coefficient of adjustment, and flattening index were analyzed using the VectrAK analysis program (ASSORT). RESULTS: The index of success showed a significant difference between the three methods (P = .035, analysis of variance test). The mean ± standard deviation of the index of success was the best in TK (0.43 ± 0.20), followed by TCRP4 (0.47 ± 0.24, P = .400, Bonferroni HSD test) and TCRP3 (0.50 ± 0.22, P = .030, Bonferroni HSD test). The preoperative refractive astigmatism prediction error was within ±0.50 diopters (D) in 62 eyes (42.8%) when using TCRP4 and in 66 eyes (45.5%) when using TK. CONCLUSIONS: These study results suggest that the refractive accuracy of TFNT implantation using total corneal power from TCRP4 and TK was favorable. [J Refract Surg. 2021;37(10):686-692.].

Accuracy of theoretical IOL formulas for Panoptix intraocular lens according to axial length.

The accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) calculations is suboptimal for long or short eyes, which results in a low visual quality after multifocal IOL implantation. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the accuracy of IOL formulas (Barrett Universal II, SRK/T, Holladay 1, Hoffer Q, and Haigis) for the Acrysof IQ Panoptix TFNT IOL (Alcon Laboratories, Inc, Fort Worth, Texas, United States) implantation based on the axial length (AXL) from a large cohort of 2018 cases and identify the factors that are associated with a high mean absolute error (MAE). The Barrett Universal II showed the lowest MAE in the normal AXL group (0.30 ± 0.23), whereas the Holladay 1 and Hoffer Q showed the lowest MAE in the short AXL group (0.32 ± 0.22 D and 0.32 ± 0.21 D, respectively). The Haigis showed the lowest MAE in the long AXL group (0.24 ± 0.19 D). The Barrett Universal II did not perform well in short AXL eyes with higher astigmatism (P = 0.013), wider white-to-white (WTW; P < 0.001), and shorter AXL (P = 0.016). Study results suggest that the Barrett Universal II performed best for the TFNT IOL in the overall study population, except for the eyes with short AXL, particularly when the eyes had higher astigmatism, wider WTW, and shorter AXL.

Effect of Capsular Tension Ring on Refractive Outcomes in Patients With Implantation of the Quadrifocal Acrysof PanOptix TFNT00 IOL.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a capsular tension ring (CTR) on refractive outcomes in eyes undergoing implantation of the quadrifocal Acrysof PanOptix TFNT00 intraocular lens (IOL) (Alcon Laboratories, Inc). METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was undertaken of 91 eyes implanted with the TFNT00 IOL. Of these 91 eyes, a CTR was implanted in 33 and these eyes were compared to the 58 eyes in which a CTR was not implanted. The main outcome measure was the mean absolute error (MAE) of the refractive prediction error. To evaluate the consistency of refractive outcomes, variance of MAE was measured. Using a swept-source optical coherence tomography device, postoperative aqueous depth (AQD) was measured to estimate the position of the IOL. RESULTS: Eyes with a CTR showed a significantly smaller MAE when compared with eyes without a CTR (P = .038 at 1 m, P = .003 at 2 m, and P = .001 at 6 m). There was a lower variance of MAE in the eyes implanted with a CTR, with higher precision of refraction (P = .058 at 1 m, P = .007 at 2 m, and P = .001 at 6 m). There was a significant difference in the percentage of the eyes showing more than 0.50 D from the estimated target of the Barrett Universal II formula (P = .007 at 1 m, P = .064 at 2 m, and P = .004 at 6 m, respectively). AQD was significantly shallower in eyes with a CTR than in eyes without a CTR (P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Use of the CTR enhanced the accuracy of postoperative refractive outcomes after TFNT00 IOL implantation by preventing the posterior bowing of the optic-haptic junction. [J Refract Surg. 2021;37(3):174-179.].

Prevalence of epiretinal membrane in the phakic eyes based on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

The prevalence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) and associated factors in the phakic eyes have not been fully elucidated yet. This cross-sectional study included 2,354 phakic eyes without retinal diseases or surgical history. Ocular parameters, such as uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), spherical equivalent (SE), intraocular pressure (IOP), white-to-white corneal diameter (WTW), mean keratometric value (Km) of total corneal refractive power at 4-mm diameter (TCRP4), astigmatism of TCRP4, total corneal irregular astigmatism (TCIA), pupil diameter, axial length (AXL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) were compared between ERM group and control group. Additionally, an age-matched control group was selected by individual matching and compared with the ERM group to eliminate the confounders. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the factors associated with the presence of ERM. Among 2,354 eyes, 429 eyes (18.2%) had ERM based on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The ERM group showed higher prevalence of PVD, worse CDVA, higher astigmatism of TCRP4, higher TCIA, smaller pupil size, longer AXL, and thicker LT than control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.011, P < 0.001, P = 0.023, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). Only PVD, CDVA, SE, astigmatism of TCRP4, TCIA, and AXL maintained the significance when compared with the age-matched control group (P < 0.001, P = 0.026, P < 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.003, and P < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, PVD, CDVA, and TCIA were independently associated with the presence of ERM (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.011, and P = 0.002). The prevalence of ERM detected using SD-OCT was 18.2% in the middle aged phakic population. Eyes with TCIA, in addition to older age and PVD, were more likely to have ERM.

Accuracy of IOL Power Calculation Formulas for Quadrifocal Acrysof IQ PanOptix TFNT Implantation in Patients With Previous Corneal Refractive Surgery: Comparison of SS-OCT-Based Biometers.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas from two biometers using swept-source optical coherence tomography for quadrifocal Acrysof IQ Panoptix TFNT IOL (Alcon Laboratories, Inc) implantation in patients with visually significant cataract with previous corneal refractive surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study comprised 50 eyes from 50 patients with a history of corneal refractive surgery and TFNT IOL implantation. Candidate formulas were Shammas-PL and Barrett True-K in the Argos (Movu, Inc), Barret True-K and Haigis-L in the IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG), and Haigis using the total keratometry (TK) mode in the IOLMaster 700. The main outcome measure was the mean absolute error (MAE) detected at postoperative 6 months. The refractive accuracy was also evaluated as number and percentage of eyes within ±0.25, ±0.50, and ±0.75 diopters (D) of the prediction error. RESULTS: The uncorrected distance and near visual acuity were 0.32 ± 0.34 and 0.46 ± 0.20 logMAR at baseline, and significantly improved to 0.04 ± 0.07 and 0.03 ± 0.06 logMAR at postoperative 6 months (P < .001 for all analysis) with a mean spherical equivalent of -0.20 ± 0.39 D. The MAE was smallest for the Barrett True-K formula in the IOLMaster 700 (0.36 ± 0.26 D) and largest for the Shammas-PL formula in the Argos (0.59 ± 0.37 D). The Barrett True-K formula from both devices showed that 90% of eyes were within ±0.75 D of MAE. CONCLUSIONS: The visual and refractive outcomes of TFNT IOL implantation in patients with previous corneal refractive surgery were favorable. The Barrett True-K formula in the IOLMaster 700 showed the best refractive outcome for TFNT IOL implantation. [J Refract Surg. 2021;37(11):836-841.].

Ultra-Widefield Fluorescein Angiography Findings in Patients with Macular Edema Following Cataract Surgery.

Purpose: To evaluate the ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) findings in patients with macular edema (ME) following cataract surgery.Methods: Thirty-three eyes from patients who showed greater than a 30% increase in the central subfield thickness following cataract surgery were included. UWFA scored according to a system suggested by the Angiography Scoring for Uveitis Working Group (ASUWG). Factors associated with a high ASUWG score were evaluated.Results: Thirty-three (100.0%) of the 33 eyes showed abnormal UWFA findings, including optic disc staining (81.8%), capillary leakage (100.0%), pinpoint leakage (84.8%), peripheral retinal vascular leakage (24.2%) and retinal staining (6.1%). Multiple regression analysis reveals that following adjustment for other factors, younger age was independently associated with a higher ASUWG score (R2 = 0.476, p = .001).Conclusions: Patients with ME following cataract surgery show generalized inner and outer blood-retinal barrier breakage. Particular attention is required during cataract surgery in young patients.

AMP-activated protein kinase mediates T cell activation-induced expression of FasL and COX-2 via protein kinase C theta-dependent pathway in human Jurkat T leukemia cells.

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important regulator of energy homeostasis, is known to be activated during T cell activation. T cell activation by T cell receptor (TCR) engagement or its pharmacological mimics, PMA plus ionomycin (PMA/Io), induces immunomodulatory FasL and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. In this study, we examined the role and mechanisms of AMPK in PMA/Io-induced expression of FasL and COX-2 in Jurkat T human leukemic cells. Inhibition of AMPK by a pharmacological agent, compound C, or AMPKα1 siRNA suppressed expression of FasL and COX-2 mRNAs and proteins in PMA/Io-activated Jurkat cells. It also reduced secretion of FasL protein and prostaglandin E2, a main product of COX-2, in Jurkat cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes activated with PMA/Io or monoclonal anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28. Consistently, inhibition of AMPK blocked promoter activities of FasL and COX-2 in activated Jurkat cells. As protein kinase C theta (PKCθ) is a central molecule for TCR signaling, we examined any possible cross-talk between AMPK and PKCθ in activated T cells. Of particular importance, we found that inhibition of AMPK blocked phosphorylation and activation of PKCθ, suggesting that AMPK is an upstream kinase of PKCθ. Moreover, we showed that AMPK was directly associated with PKCθ and phosphorylated Thr538 of PKCθ in PMA/Io-stimulated Jurkat cells. We also showed that inhibition of PKCθ by rottlerin or dominant negative PKCθ reduced AMPK-mediated transcriptional activation of NF-AT and AP-1 in activated Jurkat cells. Taken together, these results suggest that AMPK regulates expression of FasL and COX-2 via the PKCθ and NF-AT and AP-1 pathways in activated Jurkat cells.