Environmental impact of infant feeding type, accessories used and maternal dietary habits: The GREEN MOTHER-I project, a cross-sectional study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Breastfeeding (BF) is the healthiest form of nutrition for babies and is recommended exclusively (EBF) for at least the first six months of life. The carbon footprint of formula feeding (FF) has been studied, but that of BF is unknown. AIM: To identify the environmental impact of three types of infant feeding taking into account the accessories needed and the diet of postpartum women in the baby's first month of life. METHODS: This is a multicentre, cross-sectional study conducted in the Barcelona North Metropolitan Area (Catalonia, Spain). The participating sites are primary care settings that will recruit 408 postpartum women (4-6 weeks) as per inclusion/exclusion criteria. The data will be collected through a GREEN MOTHER Survey that includes 4 dimensions: 1) socio-demographic and clinical data; 2) data on the newborn and accessories used in infant feeding; 3) general data on the mother's diet (food consumption habits), and 4) recording of 24 h of the mother's diet. The data analysis will be performed to check the prevalence of infant feeding types at birth and month 1, as well as a comparative analysis of three types of infant feeding on environmental impact (climate change; water consumption, and scarcity). ETHICS: This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Jordi Gol i Gurina University Institute Foundation for Primary Health Care Research (IDIAP) under code 22/101-P dated 22/02/2023. DISCUSSION: A second phase of the GREEN MOTHER study is planned, which will consist of an educational intervention to promote breastfeeding, nutrition and sustainability. This intervention will be based on the results obtained in Phase I. We expect that the project results - through the publication and dissemination of scientific papers and reports among relevant stakeholders (association of community midwives, healthcare and primary care attention professionals and the public) - will increase public awareness of breastfeeding and its impact on sustainability. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Both phases of the GREEN MOTHER study protocol were registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05729581.

A Comprehensive Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Different Infant Feeding Types: The Observational Study GREEN MOTHER.

AIM(S): To observe and compare the environmental impacts of different types of infant feeding, considering the use of formula, infant feeding accessories, potentially increased maternal dietary intake during breastfeeding (BF) and food consumption habits. DESIGN: An observational cross-sectional multicentre study conducted in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area of the Catalan Institute of Health. METHODS: Data were collected from 419 postpartum women on infant feeding type (formula milk and accessories), maternal dietary intake (24-h register) and food consumption habits from November 2022 to April 2023. The environmental impacts (climate change (CC), water consumption and water scarcity) of the infant feeding types and maternal diet were calculated using the IPCC, ReCiPE and AWARE indicators, respectively. The differences in impacts were calculated by Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Significant differences for the three environmental impacts were observed. The CC impact of formula milk and feeding accessories was 0.01 kg CO2eq for exclusive BF, 1.55 kg CO2eq for mixed feeding and 4.98 kg CO2eq for formula feeding. While BF mothers consumed an extra 238 kcal, no significant differences were found related to maternal diet across feeding types. CONCLUSION: Exclusive BF was the most sustainable type of infant feeding, considering formula and infant feeding accessories. In our study, the difference between the impacts of BF and non-BF mothers' diet was insignificant. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Offer informative and educational support for midwives and other healthcare professionals on BF and a healthy, sustainable diet to transfer this knowledge to the general public. IMPACT: Raise the general public's awareness about BF and a healthy, sustainable diet. To reduce environmental impacts through behavioural changes. REPORTING METHOD: STROBE. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Patients of the Catalan Health Service reviewed the content of the data collection tools. TRIAL REGISTRATION: (for the whole GREEN MOTHER project): NCT05729581 (https://clinicaltrials.gov).

Estudio del interés sexual, la excitación y la percepción de las relaciones de pareja en mujeres primíparas lactantes en relación con las no lactantes / Study of the sexual interest, arousal and perception of the relationship in primiparae nursing women in relation to non-breast feeding women

Objetivo: Identificar las diferencias en la sexualidad de las mujeres primíparas con lactancia materna en relación con las no lactantes. Personas y método: Estudio analítico, longitudinal, prospectivo, realizado en el ámbito del PASSIR de Abrera y el PASSIR de Canovelles, del Instituto Catalán de Salud. Fueron sujetos de estudio 103 mujeres. La intervención consistió en aplicar un cuestionario de preguntas cerradas a las 16-18 semanas de gestación, a las 6 semanas posparto y a las 16 semanas posparto. Resultados: Se han estudiado la sexualidad previa al parto y el momento de reinicio de las relaciones coitales, las características de las relaciones sexuales y la percepción de la actitud de la pareja en una fase recientetras el parto y en otra posterior. El perfil fue el de una mujer de 29,65 (±4,130) años. Respecto al perfil obstétrico, el 76,7% de ellas tuvieron partos vaginales. La duración media de la lactancia materna se establece en 11,69 (±5,43) semanas. En la entrevista de las 6 semanas posparto, se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo de mujeres de lactancia materna y el grupo de fórmula para las variables apetencia de relaciones sexuales (p= 0,019), interés en el sexo (p= 0,04) y cambios en la excitación (p= 0,031). En la entrevista de las 16 semanas posparto no se constataron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo con lactancia materna y el grupo con fórmula para las mismas variables (AU)

Objective: To identify the differences in the sexuality of primiparas’women who are nursing in relation to the non-breast feeding women.People and method: Analytical Study, a prospective longitudinal conducted in the area of the PASSIR Abrera and PASSIR Canovelles ofthe Catalan Institute of Health. 103 women were subjects of study. The intervention consisted of applying a closed questionnaire at 16-18 weeks of gestation, at 6 weeks postpartum and 16 weeks postpartum. Results: The study of sexuality prior to delivery and the moment of timing reinitiating of coital relations, the characteristics of these sexual relations and the perception of the attitude of the couple in a phaserecent to childbirth and posterior to childbirth. The profile was of one woman of 29.65 (±4.130) years of age. Regarding to the obstetric profile 76.7% had vaginal births. The mean duration of breastfeeding is established at 11.69 (±5.43) weeks. In the interview at 6 weeks postpartum there have been found differences among the nursing women group and the group that used formula with the variables appetite for sexual relations (p= 0.019), interest in sex (p= 0.04) and changes in the sexual arousal of (p= 0.031). In the interview of women with 16 weeks of postpartum no differences were found between the nursing group and the group who fed their children formula for the same variables (AU)