RESUMO
The Walker Bush dynasty has marked the last American century, promoting "corporate democracy" as a means to expand its wealth. As 43rd President of the United States, George Walker Bush's biography illustrates how the members of our powerful elite sacrifice the inner self of their own children for the sake of political success. In his case, the childrearing violence and emotional neglect he experienced created the psychological basis for his later re-enactments as commander-in-chief in the wake of 9/11. From that standpoint, his intergenerational legacy of trauma bears strong affinities with that of the nation as a whole. This paper examines George W. Bush's paternal inheritance, the problem of maternal abuse and its subsequent psychic wounds, as well as the impact of an unresolved grief after the loss of his younger sister, Robin. Restaging childhood traumas as a vengeful young adult at Yale, before getting involved in dirty politics, Bush supported unlawful hazing practices. Then, as Governor of Texas he promoted the death penalty and a zero-tolerance approach to juvenile offenders. Controversial decisions of the Bush administration regarding the Enhanced Interrogation Program, the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and many others are further scrutinized as collective re-enactments of abuse deeply engrained in American society.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/história , Pessoas Famosas , Governo/história , Poder Familiar/história , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Cristianismo/história , Cristianismo/psicologia , Feminino , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Masculino , Relações Mãe-Filho , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Ataques Terroristas de 11 de Setembro/história , Ataques Terroristas de 11 de Setembro/psicologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Human chromosome 2 is unique to the human lineage in being the product of a head-to-head fusion of two intermediate-sized ancestral chromosomes. Chromosome 4 has received attention primarily related to the search for the Huntington's disease gene, but also for genes associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, polycystic kidney disease and a form of muscular dystrophy. Here we present approximately 237 million base pairs of sequence for chromosome 2, and 186 million base pairs for chromosome 4, representing more than 99.6% of their euchromatic sequences. Our initial analyses have identified 1,346 protein-coding genes and 1,239 pseudogenes on chromosome 2, and 796 protein-coding genes and 778 pseudogenes on chromosome 4. Extensive analyses confirm the underlying construction of the sequence, and expand our understanding of the structure and evolution of mammalian chromosomes, including gene deserts, segmental duplications and highly variant regions.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 2/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 4/genética , Animais , Composição de Bases , Sequência de Bases , Centrômero/genética , Sequência Conservada/genética , Ilhas de CpG/genética , Eucromatina/genética , Etiquetas de Sequências Expressas , Duplicação Gênica , Variação Genética/genética , Genômica , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Primatas/genética , Proteínas/genética , Pseudogenes/genética , RNA Mensageiro/análise , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA não Traduzido/análise , RNA não Traduzido/genética , Recombinação Genética/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNAAssuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/história , Educação Infantil/história , Poder Familiar/história , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Educação Infantil/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Lactente , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Poder Familiar/tendências , SuíçaRESUMO
We report an improved draft nucleotide sequence of the 2.3-gigabase genome of maize, an important crop plant and model for biological research. Over 32,000 genes were predicted, of which 99.8% were placed on reference chromosomes. Nearly 85% of the genome is composed of hundreds of families of transposable elements, dispersed nonuniformly across the genome. These were responsible for the capture and amplification of numerous gene fragments and affect the composition, sizes, and positions of centromeres. We also report on the correlation of methylation-poor regions with Mu transposon insertions and recombination, and copy number variants with insertions and/or deletions, as well as how uneven gene losses between duplicated regions were involved in returning an ancient allotetraploid to a genetically diploid state. These analyses inform and set the stage for further investigations to improve our understanding of the domestication and agricultural improvements of maize.