The narrative truth about scientific misinformation.

Science and storytelling mean different things when they speak of truth. This difference leads some to blame storytelling for presenting a distorted view of science and contributing to misinformation. Yet others celebrate storytelling as a way to engage audiences and share accurate scientific information. This review disentangles the complexities of how storytelling intersects with scientific misinformation. Storytelling is the act of sharing a narrative, and science and narrative represent two distinct ways of constructing reality. Where science searches for broad patterns that capture general truths about the world, narratives search for connections through human experience that assign meaning and value to reality. I explore how these contrasting conceptions of truth manifest across different contexts to either promote or counter scientific misinformation. I also identify gaps in the literature and identify promising future areas of research. Even with their differences, the underlying purpose of both science and narrative seeks to make sense of the world and find our place within it. While narrative can indeed lead to scientific misinformation, narrative can also help science counter misinformation by providing meaning to reality that incorporates accurate science knowledge into human experience.

(Escaping) the paradox of scientific storytelling.

Compelling stories about science can motivate people to engage and respond to relevant problems facing society. While science plays a unique role in society, providing the best available evidence for policy choices, understanding the world, and informing citizens' daily lives, it does not hold any intrinsic advantage in creating captivating stories for mass audiences. Instead, science must compete with other storytellers, many of whom are not bound to scientific evidence. This presents a paradox-how can science preserve its credibility as curator of knowledge while engaging audiences with a communication format that is agnostic to truth?

Using narratives and storytelling to communicate science with nonexpert audiences.

Although storytelling often has negative connotations within science, narrative formats of communication should not be disregarded when communicating science to nonexpert audiences. Narratives offer increased comprehension, interest, and engagement. Nonexperts get most of their science information from mass media content, which is itself already biased toward narrative formats. Narratives are also intrinsically persuasive, which offers science communicators tactics for persuading otherwise resistant audiences, although such use also raises ethical considerations. Future intersections of narrative research with ongoing discussions in science communication are introduced.

Influence of evidence type and narrative type on HPV risk perception and intention to obtain the HPV vaccine.

This research examines the influence of evidence type (statistical, narrative, or hybrid) and narrative type (first-person or third-person) on risk perception about human papillomavirus (HPV) and behavioral intention to get the HPV vaccine. In total, 174 college students who had not received the HPV vaccine participated in a controlled experiment. Results show that the hybrid message containing both statistical and narrative descriptions of HPV resulted in greater perceived risk of getting HPV than either of the messages containing just one type of evidence--statistical or narrative. Moreover, the first-person narrative message led to greater risk perception about HPV than the third-person narrative message. Both evidence type and narrative type had an indirect effect on intention to get the HPV vaccine free of cost through HPV risk perception. Implications of the findings for vaccine risk communication are discussed.

Precision of information, sensational information, and self-efficacy information as message-level variables affecting risk perceptions.

Studies that investigate how the mass media cover risk issues often assume that certain characteristics of content are related to specific risk perceptions and behavioral intentions. However, these relationships have seldom been empirically assessed. This study tests the influence of three message-level media variables--risk precision information, sensational information, and self-efficacy information--on perceptions of risk, individual worry, and behavioral intentions toward a pervasive health risk. Results suggest that more precise risk information leads to increased risk perceptions and that the effect of sensational information is moderated by risk precision information. Greater self-efficacy information is associated with greater intention to change behavior, but none of the variables influence individual worry. The results provide a quantitative understanding of how specific characteristics of informational media content can influence individuals' responses to health threats of a global and uncertain nature.

Science communication challenges about antimicrobial resistance in animal agriculture: insights from stakeholders.

Background: Communicating about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) requires technical knowledge, consideration of audience values and appropriate identification of communication strategies for multiple audiences. Within the context of animal agriculture, communicating about AMR represents an important and complex endeavour for veterinarians, governmental agencies, producers and the industry to convey policy and practice information regarding the use of antimicrobials in food animals. Objectives: To assess the science communication challenges related to AMR by identifying the motivations, goals and struggles of animal agriculture stakeholders when communicating about AMR and AMS. Methods: Participants attending a meeting on AMR communication in animal agriculture (N = 80) completed a workshop on science communication, including small group meetings with oral/written comments collected. Participants included veterinarians, government agency representatives, industry stakeholders and producers. Results: Results indicated participants believed providing more accurate information would resolve misunderstanding and concern about AMR to other stakeholders, counter to recommendations of science communicators. Other participants noted beliefs about the utility of stories in trying to explain how AMS is normative and consistent with the values of all parties interested in animal agriculture. Participants noted the importance of public engagement, even if the participants' perceived target audiences did not include the public. Conclusions: Communicating about AMR and AMS in animal agriculture contexts provide unique challenges. Few evidence-based recommendations are available for science communicators in these contexts and more research is needed to improve the quality of communication about AMR and AMS in animal agriculture.

Addressing Individual Values to Impact Prudent Antimicrobial Prescribing in Animal Agriculture.

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health threat driven by antimicrobial use-both judicious and injudicious-in people and animals. In animal agriculture, antimicrobials are used to treat, control, and prevent disease in herds of animals. While such use generally occurs under the broad supervision of a veterinarian, individual animals are often treated by farm owners or managers. The decision to administer antimicrobials is therefore influenced not only by the clinical situation but also by the motivations and priorities of different individual actors. Many studies have examined the drivers of external forces such as costs, workload and time constraints, or social pressures on antimicrobial use by veterinarians and producers, but none have explored the role of individually held values in influencing decision-making related to antimicrobial use. Values are deeply held normative orientations that guide the formation of attitudes and behaviors across multiple contexts. Values have been shown to be strongly tied to perceptions of and attitudes toward polarizing topics such as climate change, and preliminary evidence suggests that values are also associated with attitudes to antimicrobial resistance and stewardship. In this article, we draw on lessons learned in other fields (human health care, climate change science) to explore how values could be tied to the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that drive antimicrobial use and prescribing in animal agriculture. We also provide suggestions for ways to build a bridge between the veterinary and social sciences and incorporate values into future research aimed at promoting antimicrobial stewardship in animal agriculture.

The Utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Patients With Clinical Suspicion of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: A Prospective, Observational, and Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To define the proportions of agreement between fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), clinical diagnosis, and temporal artery biopsy (TAB) in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). Furthermore, the association of 18F-FDG PET/CT uptake patterns and clinical presentation of newly diagnosed PMR and GCA was investigated. METHODS: Eighty patients newly suspected of having PMR, GCA, or concomitant PMR and GCA were included and followed for 40 weeks. Every patient underwent an 18F-FDG PET/CT scan before or within 3 days of initiation of steroids in case of GCA. FDG uptakes in 8 paired articular/periarticular sites and 14 arterial segments were evaluated based on a 4-point visual grading scale. RESULTS: Of the 80 patients (female: 50 [62.5%]; mean age ± SD: 72.0 ± 7.9), 64 (80.0%) patients were diagnosed with pure PMR, 3 (3.7%) with pure GCA, and 10 (12.5%) with concomitant PMR and GCA. Additionally, three (3.7%) patients were diagnosed with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis during the follow-up period. For the diagnosis of PMR, 18F-FDG PET/CT had a proportion of agreement of 75.3 (64.2-84.4), compared with clinical diagnosis. When comparing findings of 18F-FDG PET/CT with TAB, 18F-FDG PET/CT had a proportion of agreement of 93.0 (84.3-97.7) in all included patients and 69.2 (38.6-90.9) in the subgroup of patients with vasculitis. C-reactive protein was significantly higher in patients with PMR activity on 18F-FDG PET/CT compared with those without 18F-FDG PET/CT activity (P value = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: 18F-FDG PET/CT is a powerful imaging technique in PMR and GCA that was in good agreement with clinical diagnosis and TAB.

Evaluation of day-care tonsil surgery in young children.

INTRODUCTION: The National Clinical Guideline for Ton-sillectomy (Danish Health Authority, 2016) suggests inpatient admission after elective tonsil surgery in patients aged < 4 years at the time of surgery. We aimed to evaluate the safety of tonsil surgery as day surgery in children ≤ 4 years of age. METHODS: The charts of 414 patients aged 2-15 years who underwent elective tonsillectomy, adenotonsillectomy or tonsillotomy at Svendborg Hospital, Denmark, from February 2010 to April 2015 were reviewed in a retrospective cohort. We investigated post-operative complications, defined as post-operative haemorrhage and unplanned contacts or revisits to the hospital. RESULTS: A total of 389 patients were divided into two groups by age (≤ 4/> 4 years). In all, 108 patients contacted or revisited the hospital after discharge. Patients aged ≤ 4 years accounted for the majority of contacts unrelated to bleeding and associated with complaints of pain and pain medication. Haemorrhage occurred in 22 (5.7%) patients, 19 of whom were > 4 years. The rates of haemorrhage, readmission and secondary surgery were significantly higher in patients aged > 4 years than in the remaining patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients ≤ 4 years experienced significantly less haemorrhage but had more unplanned contacts than patients > 4 years. For reassurance of caretakers, easy access to telephone contact with hospital staff in the post-operative period is important. FUNDING: none. TRIAL REGISTRATION: not relevant.