A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Characteristics, Treatment Modalities and Outcome of the Patients With Infantile Hepatic Hemangiomas: Single-center Experience From Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatic hemangiomas (HH) are the most common vascular tumors of the liver. It is important to distinguish hemangiomas from malignant liver tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients 0 to 1 years old, were diagnosed with HH and followed up in the oncology outpatient clinic between 2009 and 2020 were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 127 patients with the diagnosis of HH were included in the study. Of the patients, 99 (78%) had focal, 20 (15.7%) had multifocal, and 8 (6.3%) had diffuse HHs. Surgery was performed and the diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically in 6 patients (4.7%). During the follow-up, 16 (12.5%) patients received medical treatment. Thirteen (10.2%) were treated with propranolol, 2 (1.5%) with corticosteroids, and 1 (0.8%) with propranolol and corticosteroids. Complete response was obtained in 9 (9/16) patients and partial response was obtained in 6 (6/16) patients with medical treatment. CONCLUSION: Although HH is a benign tumor, it is important to make its differential diagnosis with malignant tumors of the liver. Over the years, the need for histopathologic examination for diagnosis has decreased. The success rate of propranolol is high, and the need for other treatment options with a high side-effect profile has decreased significantly since 2008.

Efficacy of Teicoplanin Lock Therapy in the Treatment of Port-related Coagulase-negative Staphylococci Bacteremia in Pediatric Oncology Patients.

The number of studies evaluating teicoplanin lock therapy in coagulase-negative staphylococcus-associated catheter infection in pediatric malignancies is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of teicoplanin lock therapy in pediatric cancer cases. Twenty-two patients with coagulase-negative staphylococcus-associated totally implantable venous access device infection, who had undergone teicoplanin closure treatment, were included in the study. Demographic data, number of lock treatment days, and treatment success data were obtained from the medical files of the patients. Fourteen of the patients (63.6%) had acute lymphocytic leukemia, 3 (13.6%) had acute myelocytic leukemia, and 5 (22.7%) had solid cancer. The median neutrophil count was 240×10 3 /µL (interquartile range: 0 to 1195×10 3 /µL). Between patients with and without catheter removal, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of baseline C-reactive protein, absolute neutrophil count, and the day of starting systemic teicoplanin treatment ( P >0.05). The overall port survival rate of teicoplanin lock therapy was 72.7%. Within an average of 4 days, negative cultures of 16 (72.7%) patients whose catheters had not been removed were obtained. In conclusion, we suggest that teicoplanin lock therapy is an effective and safe treatment for catheter-related infections, caused by methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus.

Evaluation for Metastatic Candida Focus and Mortality at Candida-associated Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections at the Pediatric Hematology-oncology Patients.

BACKGROUND: Candidemia and Candida-associated catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) are the significant cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with malignancy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis including all pediatric hematologic/oncologic malignancies patients with CRBSIs treated in Dr. Behçet Uz Children Diseases and Surgery Training and Research Hospital between the period of 2009 and 2020. RESULTS: During the study period, 53 children with CRBSIs associated with Candida species were included. The most common malignancy was acute lymphoblastic leukemia (45.3%) and acute myeloid leukemia (15.1%). A total of 56 Candida isolates were present including non-albicans Candida species (80.4%) and Candida albicans (19.6%). The most common isolated Candida species was Candida parapsilosis (42.9%) and followed by C. albicans (19.6%). The ratio of azole prophylaxis was significantly higher in patients with the non-albicans Candida group (P=0.031). Candida-related endocarditis (vegetation) was present in 2 (3.8%) patients, and the overall rate of hepatosplenic candidiasis was 3.8%. Seven days Candida attributable mortality was 7.5% (4 patients) and 30 days Candida attributable mortality was 11.3% (6 patients). The Candida species responsible for the Candida-related deaths were as following: Candida tropicalis (n=3), C. parapsilosis (n=2), and C. lusitanae (n=1). CONCLUSION: In pediatric cancer patients with Candida-associated CRBSIs, evaluation of the patient for organ involvement including liver and spleen ultrasonography and cardiac involvement with echocardiography are essential regardless of the patients' clinical picture.

Central Nervous System Fungal Infections in Children With Leukemia and Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Central nervous system fungal infections (CNSFI) are seen in patients with hematologic malignancies and have high morbidity and mortality. Because of their rarity, there is limited data on CNSFI in children with no established treatment protocols or guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective study, 51 pediatric patients with leukemia, 6 of whom had undergone bone marrow transplantation, with proven or probable CNSFI were evaluated. Fungal infections were defined as proven or probable based on European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer criteria. Proven CNSFI was diagnosed by appropriate central nervous system (CNS) imaging or tissue sample findings in combination with positive microbiological results of cerebrospinal fluid. A positive culture, microscopic evidence of hyphae, a positive result of the galactomannan assays are defined as positive microbiological evidence. Probable CNSFI was defined as appropriate CNS imaging findings together with proven or probable invasive fungal infections at another focus without CNS when there is no other explanatory condition. Data was collected by using the questionnaire form (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JPHO/A541 ). RESULTS: Seventeen patients had proven, 34 patients had probable CNSFI. Headaches and seizures were the most common clinical findings. The median time between the onset of fever and diagnosis was 5 days. The most common fungal agent identified was Aspergillus . Sixteen patients received single-agent, 35 received combination antifungal therapy. Surgery was performed in 23 patients. Twenty-two patients (43%) died, 29 of the CNSFI episodes recovered with a 20% neurological sequelae. CONCLUSION: CNSFIs should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with leukemia and refractory/recurrent fever, headache, neurologicalocular symptoms, and a radiologic-serological evaluation should be performed immediately. Early diagnosis and prompt management, both medical and surgical, are essential for improving clinical outcomes.

Effect of pyridoxine plus pyridostigmine treatment on vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Vincristine (VCR), which is a key component of chemotherapy, is important for survival. VCR is associated with a well-known side effect, including neurotoxicity. AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the features of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) and the effectiveness of pyridoxine plus pyridostigmine therapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. METHODS: The WHO and NCI CTCAE neurotoxicity scorings were used to evaluate VIPN at diagnosis, in the first month, and after the third month of the treatment. The clinical features of 23 patients having acute lymphoblastic leukemia with VIPN during the period of July 2013-February 2016 were prospectively evaluated. RESULTS: The mean age was 72.8 ± 51.6 months, and 26.1%, 56.5%, and 17.4% were in standard, moderate, and high-risk groups, respectively. Neuropathy frequently occurred at induction (82.6%) and reinduction (17.4%) of the protocol. Drop foot (82.6%), leg pain (82.6%), and difficulty in walking (82.6%) were observed. The mean total cumulative dose of neuropathy occurrence was 5.6 ± 2.03 mg/m2. Our study showed that both the WHO and NCI CTCAE scorings were significantly improved via pyridoxine plus pyridostigmine therapy. CONCLUSION: The WHO and NCI CTCAE scorings may be used for evaluating neuropathy at diagnosis and follow-up of neurotoxicity with treatment. Pyridoxine plus pyridostigmine therapy may be an effective option in the treatment of VIPN.

Evaluation of clinical findings and neurofibromatosis type 1 bright objects on brain magnetic resonance images of 60 Turkish patients with NF1 gene variants.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. This retrospective study aims to evaluate the clinical manifestations and brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) analysis in 60 genetically confirmed NF1 patients. The results of next-generation sequencing (NGS), Sanger sequencing, and MLPA of NF1 gene were evaluated. A total of 54 different variants were identified. Fourteen out of them were novel variants (25.9%). Patients who complied with NIH criteria had most frequently frameshift variants (11/32 patients), and those with only CALMs had missense variants (9/28 patients). Neurofibromatosis type 1 bright objects (NBOs) on T2-weighted MRI were detected in 42 patients (42/56; 75%). These brain lesions were detected mostly in basal ganglia and in cerebellar vermis. NBOs were detected more in the patients who complied with NIH criteria (80.6%) compared to those who were only CALMs (68%). While frameshift variants (33.3%) were the most common type variants in the patients who had NBOs, the most common variants were splicing (35.7%) and missense (35.7%) variants in the patients whose MRIs were normal. Frameshift variants (11/28 patients; 39.3%) were the most common in the patients with more than one brain locus involvement. Therefore, we consider that frameshift variants may be associated with increased incidence of NBOs and involvement of more than one brain locus. In addition, NBOs may occur less frequently in the patients with splicing variants. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluated the relationship between NF1 gene variants and NBOs. Future studies may help us understand the etiology of NBOs.

Assessment of Serum Galactomannan Test Results of Pediatric Patients With Hematologic Malignancies According to Consecutive Positivity and Threshold Level in Terms of Invasive Aspergillosis Diagnosis: Cross-Sectional Research in a Tertiary Care Hospital.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of serum galactomannan (GM) positivity for invasive aspergillosis (IA) in children. Positive GM results between January 2015 and August 2017 were reviewed retrospectively in children with hematologic malignancies. Single and consecutive positive GM results were evaluated according to the different galactomannan index (GMI) (>0.5, >0.7, >1.0 and >1.5) values. There were 104 positive GM results of 70 patients. IA was identified in 29 patients (41.4%) (2 proven and 27 probable). For a single positive GMI of >0.5, >0.7, >1.0, and >1.5, the numbers were 104, 76, 57, and 32 and the positive predictive values (PPVs) were 39.4%, 43.2%, 47.2%, and 50.0%, respectively. The single GM positivity at different thresholds showed no difference between the IA and non-IA group (P>0.05). For 2 consecutive positive GMI values of >0.5, >0.7, >1.0, and >1.5, the numbers were 34, 20, 13, and 4, and the PPVs were 58.8%, 65.0%, 84.6%, and 100.0%, respectively. In the IA group, positivity was higher at all thresholds (P<0.05). According to our findings, consecutive GM positivity has higher PPVs independently from the cutoff value chosen. In pediatric patients with high risk, consecutive sampling should be preferred.

MicroRNA-17, MicroRNA-19b, MicroRNA-146a, MicroRNA-302d Expressions in Hepatoblastoma and Clinical Importance.

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common liver malignancy in children. The prognosis changes according to the histologic subtypes of HB. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the expression level of selected microRNAs (miRNAs) in HB as well as in histologic subtypes, and to consider the association with the prognosis. A total of 22 HB tumor samples, subtyped as fetal (n=16) and embryonal (n=6), and 10 nontumorous surrounding liver samples were evaluated in this study. Expressions of miR-17, miR-146a, miR-302d, and miR-19b were analyzed in 22 HB tumor samples and 10 nontumorous surrounding liver samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Lower miRNA-17 expression levels were obtained in tumor samples in comparison with nontumorous surrounding liver samples (P=0.028). Lower miRNA-17 expression was significant for predicting prognosis in HB patients (area under receiver-operator characteristic curve=0.875, P=0.044). A higher-level of miR-19b was found in embryonal samples (P=0.008). Overall and event-free survival was not found to correlate with miRNA expression levels (P>0.05). This research finds miRNA-17 and miRNA-19b expression levels can provide important data on diagnosis and prognosis in HB showing different clinical behaviors.

A 3-Year Retrospective Study of the Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Viral Infections in Pediatric Patients With Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Acute viral respiratory infections are common causes of febrile episodes in children. There are still limited data about distribution of acute viral respiratory infections in children with cancer. OBJECTIVE: The first aim of this study was to evaluate the viral etiology and seasonality of acute viral respiratory infection in pediatric patients with cancer in a 3-year study. Our second aim was to evaluate the impact of viral infections on delaying the patients' chemotherapy or radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2014 to July 2017. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analyzed in patients younger than 21 years with acute respiratory infections. Patients were treated in the Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department of Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Hospital with real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Data were analyzed to determine the frequency and seasonality of infections. The χ or the Fisher exact tests were used. RESULTS: A total of 219 samples of nasopharyngeal aspirates and blood were analyzed. The mean patient age was 76.8±59.3 months, with 46.3% female and 53.7% male children in a total of 108 patients. Of this total, 55% (60/108 cases) had multiple acute respiratory infections. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (48.1%) was the most prevalent disease. The 3 most prevalent viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV) (33.1%), parainfluenza (PI) (18.7%), and coronavirus (CoV) (14.8%). In terms of the seasonal distribution of viruses, PI was most common in winter 2014, HRV in spring 2014, HRV in fall 2014, PI in winter 2015 and summer 2015, CoV in spring 2015, HRV in fall 2015, both influenza and HRV in winter 2016, both human metapneumovirus and bocavirus in spring 2016, HRV in summer 2016, both HRV and PI in fall 2016, both respiratory syncytial virus and influenza in winter 2017, HRV in spring 2017, and both HRV and adenovirus in summer 2017. The mean duration of neutropenia for patients with viral respiratory infection was 17.1±13.8 (range: 2 to 90) days. The mean duration of symptoms of viral respiratory infection was 6.8±4.2 (range: 2 to 31) days. A delay in chemotherapy treatment owing to viral respiratory infection was detected in 73 (33.3%) patients. The mean duration of delay in chemotherapy treatment was 9.6±5.4 (range: 3 to 31) days. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we report our 3-year experience about the frequency and seasonality of respiratory viruses in children with cancer.

Aplastic Anemia as an Immune-mediated Complication of Thymoma: A Case Report.

Thymomas are the most common masses located in the anterior mediastinum, and they are often associated with autoimmune disorders including myasthenia gravis, polymyositis, and aplastic anemia (AA). Autoreactive T-cell clones generated by the thymoma may lead to autoimmune disorders. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy who was examined for AA, and the underlying cause was determined to be an immune-mediated complication of thymoma. He had no matched sibling donors. He underwent thymectomy, and 3 months later he was treated with immunosuppressive therapy (IST), consisting of antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine A. The duration of the IST was determined to be a period of 12 months. He has recently been in complete response condition for 6 months since IST stopped. IST is a successful treatment choice for thymomas associated with AA in childhood.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteraemia in paediatric leukaemia patients.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is an important pathogen that causes gastroenteritis, bacteraemia, and focal infections. Herein, we present our experience with bloodstream infections caused by Salmonella in paediatric leukaemia patients, which has been reported for the first time in both Europe and the US. According to our research, NTS might be a cause of serious infections in paediatric haematology-oncology patients. Following a low bacterial diet and increasing the hygiene of both the children and their surroundings would be beneficial in preventing these infections.

HAX1 mutation positive children presenting with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

The genetic basis of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) has not been elucidated in 10% of affected patients. In this study, we report four HLH episodes in three patients with HAX1 gene mutations. We screened the mutations associated with congenital neutropenia (CN) because the neutropenia persisted following HLH treatment. There were homozygous HAX1 mutations detected in all patients. This is the first case series of patients with CN caused by HAX1 mutation who presented with HLH. We hypothesize that severe neutropenia persists after an HLH episode in children without HLH mutations (especially infants) because these patients have CN caused by HAX1 mutations.

Massive pericardial effusion due to intrapericardial mixed germ cell tumor in a premature baby.

Primary cardiac tumor is uncommon in childhood, with an incidence of 0.06-0.32%, and intrapericardial teratoma represents an exceptional rarity among these entities. Germ cell tumors (GCT) are rare, representing only 1-3% of childhood tumors. Twenty per cent of GCT are malignant and are associated with age and location. Extragonadal involvement accounts for nearly half of the cases. Anterior mediastinum is a common location of malignant germ cell tumors, yet pericardial and aortic adventitia involvement have been rarely reported. Here we report the case of a preterm twin baby boy with intrapericardial mixed germ cell tumor who presented with hydrops fetalis and pericardial effusion.

A single center's experience with Candida parapsilosis related long-term central venous access device infections: the port removal decision and its outcomes.

Pediatric cancer patients have an increased risk of potentially life-threatening fungal infections such as Candida parapsilosis, associated with long-term CVADs. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines on Candida catheter-related bloodstream infections recommend systemic antifungal therapy and catheter removal. In this study, we focused on our experience with antifungal failure due to totally implanted catheter-associated C. parapsilosis bloodstream infections. We investigated cases leading to port removal in pediatric malignancy patients and the associated patient outcomes. In the first phase of the study, a retrospective chart review was performed to collect patient information, including primary disease; time from hospitalization to port-related candidemia; antifungal drug choice; and the time at which port removal occurred. During the second phase, antifungal susceptibility tests for C. parapsilosis were performed in our microbiology laboratory. All patients had fevers and were neutropenic at the time of candidemia diagnosis. The mean duration between the first isolation of Candida parapsilosis from the port samples to the port removal was 9.75 ± 5.29 days for 11 patients. Patient fevers lasted for a mean time of 16.22 ± 6.51 days. The median recovery duration from fever after CVC removal was four days (range 2-12 days). The median duration for achieving negative blood cultures, following antifungal treatment was 18 days (range 10-27 days). Our data favored the removal of catheters in the presence of ongoing fever, as suggested by the guidelines, independent of the chosen antifungal treatment. Future studies with large samples are needed to evaluate the effects of catheter removal on mortality rates and patient outcomes.

The evaluation of Candida-related central line-related bloodstream infections in pediatric cancer patients: A pre- and post-intervention study.

Aim/Objections: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a central line maintenance bundle in preventing catheter-related (implanted venous access devices, port) Candida bloodstream infections. Methods: The study encompassed two distinct time periods, namely, pre-bundle and bundle. The number of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) episodes per catheter days for each timeframe was determined. Findings/Results: Upon implementation of the central line bundle, the rate of CRBSI reduced significantly from 4.27 per 1000 central line days in the pre-bundle period to 1.0 per 1000 central line days in the bundle period (p < .001). Discussion: Using a central line bundle to avoid CRBSIs in pediatric cancer patients with ports led to a significant decrease in Candida species-related CRBSIs.

Evaluation of renal effects of liposomal amphotericin B in children with malignancies with KDIGO and RIFLE criteria.

BACKGROUND: Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent and is the backbone of the treatment for medically important opportunistic fungal pathogens in children. This study aimed to compare the nephrotoxicity associated with L-AmB in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 112 pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia patients who received treatment with L-AmB (Ambisome®) at the University of Health Sciences Dr Behcet Uz Children's Hospital over 7 years were included. The incidence of hypokalemia, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate and presence of acute kidney injury was recorded. RESULTS: The average L-AmB treatment duration was 17.1±15.0 days. Five patients (4.4%) of the patients had grade I acute renal injury according to KDIGO criteria and 16 patients (14.2%) had increased risk for kidney injury according to RIFLE criteria. There were no patients with eGFR decrease above 50% and no renal injury and failure were observed during L-AmB treatment. The rate of patients with hypokalemia in the pre-treatment was 17.9% and the post-L-AmB group was 50.0%. The rate of hypokalemia was higher in the post-treatment group (P=0.0015). Among the 112 patients, only two patients (1.7%) required cessation of L-AmB treatment due to resistant hypokalemia despite supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Hypokalemia was more common compared to glomerulotoxicity and acute renal injury (according to KDIGO and RIFLE criteria) in pediatric leukemia patients treated with L-AmB. Hypokalemia developed in nearly half of the patients and the study shows the need for randomized controlled trials and strategies for hypokalemia associated with L-AmB treatment.

Successful Management of l-Asparaginase-Associated Pancreatitis With Octreotide and Pegylated Asparaginase in 2 Patients With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Is There a Different Rare Warning Sign of Hypoglycemia for l-Asparaginase-Associated Pancreatitis?

l-Asparaginase (l-Asp) is a critical component of chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, toxic effects associated with l-Asp, such as hepatic dysfunction, pancreatitis, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia, have occurred. In addition, acute pancreatitis is a significant life-threatening adverse event associated with ALL. We describe 2 patients with ALL who had l-Asp-associated pancreatitis (AAP), with one patient presenting with hyperglycemia and the other presenting with hypoglycemia during induction treatment. When octreotide was administered to both of these patients, the clinical findings and laboratory data were improved. AAP was not repeated after treatment with pegylated asparaginase. Although AAP has a high risk of mortality and morbidity in childhood, APP treatment with appropriate agents, such as octreotide, can be successful.

Cytoprotective effects of amifostine in the treatment of childhood malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Multi-systemic acute side effects occur, in response to intensive therapies that have been applied in childhood malignancies in recent years. Amifostine has rarely been used in the childhood cancers as a multisystemic protective agent for minimizing these side effects. PROCEDURE: In this study, the effectiveness of amifostine in combination with chemotherapy for childhood cancer treatment has been researched. Of 11 subjects (2.5 months-17 years) 4 subjects had leukemia, 4 had solid tumor, and 3 had lymphoma. For these 11 subjects, 29 chemotherapy courses were given in combination with amifostine, and 20 without amifostine. Their hematological, gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicity were evaluated according to the WHO toxicity criteria. Amifostine was given intravenously in a dose of 740 mg/m(2), one to three consecutive days depending on the chemotherapy regimen. RESULTS: The hemoglobin, leukocyte, and platelet levels of the two groups were not statistically different. However, when comparing the courses of the patients receiving the same medications at the same doses, in the group with amifostine, mean erythrocyte transfusion requirement was significantly reduced (P = 0.025). In 31% of the courses with amifostine and 50% of the courses without amifostine, febrile neutropenia developed. Gastrointestinal system and hepatic toxicity was significantly reduced in the courses with amifostine with respect to those without it (P = 0.001). Vomiting, hypotension and nausea were the only side effects related to amifostine. CONCLUSION: Use of amifostine during the treatment of childhood cancers with intensive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy significantly reduced the erythrocyte transfusion requirements of the patients as well as gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicity.

Medulloblastoma: clinicopathologic evaluation of 42 pediatric cases.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of MIB-1 and p53 in the pediatric medulloblastoma group. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Forty-two pediatric medulloblastoma cases diagnosed in a single institution during the past 10 years were evaluated. Follow-up data were available for 35 patients. RESULTS: The immunoreactivity of MIB-1 ranged from 10% to 95%; p53 immunoreactivity was found in five cases. Of the 35 patients with follow-up, 34 patients received a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, while one received chemotherapy alone. The follow-up period ranged from 5 to 64 months. Of the 35 patients, 21 were alive without any evidence of recurrent disease, three were alive with evidence of recurrent disease and 11 died of disease during follow-up. The mean survival for these 11 patients was 21.9+/-10.4 months. Of the 35 cases, 16 had MIB-1 value of 25% or lower and 19 had a value of 26% or more. Of the 16 cases with low MIB-1 value, six died of disease; of the 19 cases with high MIB-1 value, five died of disease. The statistical difference between MIB-1 and prognosis was not significant. Three of the 35 (8.5%) cases were found to be positive with p53 protein; no correlation was observed between p53 immunoreactivity and prognosis. CONCLUSION: It appears that the MIB-1 value and p53 immunoreactivity have no relation with prognosis in pediatric medulloblastomas. However, it is convenient to support these findings with large series.

Long-term Dental Anomalies after Pediatric Cancer Treatment in Children

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of dental anomalies (DAs) (microdontia, hypodontia, hyperdontia, enamel defect, root malformation) in pediatric cancer patients at the ages <5 years and between 5 and 7 years, and understand their relationship with the received therapy. Materials and Methods: Pediatric patients who were diagnosed with cancer and treated before the age of 7 years were investigated in a case- control design. The study included 93 pediatric patients whose ages at diagnosis were between 9 months and 7 years and whose treatments were completed before 5-8 years. Group A consisted of patients in the age range of 9 months to 4 years and Group B consisted of patients in the age range of 5-7 years. Seventy-two siblings with compatible dental age ranges were included in the control group. For both groups, intraoral examinations were performed and panoramic radiographs were taken. Results: Among the 93 pediatric patients, the mean age was 9.54±1.25 (range: 8-13 years) and 48 (51.6%) patients were male. The most common diagnosis was hematologic malignancy with a rate of 65.5%. At least one DA was detected in 7 (9.7%) individuals of the control group and in 78 (83.9%) of the patient group. While the patients in the study group had all kinds of DAs, those in the control group had only enamel defects. The rates of microdontia (p=0.077) and hypodontia (p=0.058) were detected to be significantly higher in Group A than in Group B. Root malformation was more common in patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy than in those receiving only chemotherapy (p=0.006). Conclusion: In this study it was found that the pediatric patients who received cancer treatment before the age of 7 years constituted a high-risk group for DAs. The frequencies of microdontia and hypodontia were increased even more when the patient was treated for cancer before 5 years of age.