Acute monocular vision loss as presenting symptom of delayed stroke from internal carotid occlusion in COVID-19.

Covid-19 infection has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. We present a unique case of a middle-aged gentleman, who recovered from asymptomatic Covid-19 infection and presented again with delayed stroke. He had vision loss secondary to internal carotid artery occlusion in the absence of neurological symptoms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case that describes cerebrovascular stroke due to delayed large vessel occlusion secondary to Covid-19 infection presenting as monocular vision loss.

Evaluation of ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in the diagnosis of preperimetric glaucoma and comparison to retinal nerve fiber layer.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic ability of optic nerve head (ONH), RNFL, and GC-IPL parameters in differentiating eyes with PPG from normals. Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study. We studied 73 eyes of 41 patients and compared them to 65 eyes of 34 normal persons. Each patient underwent detailed ocular examination, standard automated perimetry, GC-IPL, ONH, and RNFL analysis. PPG was defined as eyes with normal visual field results and one or more localized RNFL defects that were associated with a glaucomatous disc appearance (e.g., notching or thinning of neuroretinal rim) and IOP more than 21 mm Hg. Diagnostic abilities of GC-IPL, ONH, and RNFL parameters were computed using area under receiver-operating curve (AUROC), sensitivity and specificity, and likelihood ratios (LRs). Results: All GC-IPL parameters differed significantly from normal. The ONH, RNFL, and GC-IPL parameters with best area under curves (AUCs) to differentiate PPG were vertical cup to disc ratio (0.76), inferior quadrant RNFL thickness (0.79), and inferotemporal quadrant GC-IPL thickness (0.73), respectively. Similarly, best LRs were found for clock hour 5, 6, and 12 thicknesses among RNFL; inferior sector and inferotemporal sector thicknesses among GC-IPL parameters. Conclusion: Diagnostic abilities of GC-IPL parameters were comparable to RNFL parameters in differentiating PPG patients from normals. The likelihood of ruling in a disease was greater with GC-IPL parameters.

Epidemiology, clinical profile, management, and outcome of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in 2826 patients in India - Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC), Report 1.

Purpose: COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) has reached epidemic proportion during India's second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, with several risk factors being implicated in its pathogenesis. This study aimed to determine the patient demographics, risk factors including comorbidities, and medications used to treat COVID-19, presenting symptoms and signs, and the outcome of management. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study of patients with COVID-19-associated ROCM managed or co-managed by ophthalmologists in India from January 1, 2020 to May 26, 2021. Results: Of the 2826 patients, the states of Gujarat (22%) and Maharashtra (21%) reported the highest number of ROCM. The mean age of patients was 51.9 years with a male preponderance (71%). While 57% of the patients needed oxygen support for COVID-19 infection, 87% of the patients were treated with corticosteroids, (21% for > 10 days). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was present in 78% of all patients. Most of the cases showed onset of symptoms of ROCM between day 10 and day 15 from the diagnosis of COVID-19, 56% developed within 14 days after COVID-19 diagnosis, while 44% had delayed onset beyond 14 days. Orbit was involved in 72% of patients, with stage 3c forming the bulk (27%). Overall treatment included intravenous amphotericin B in 73%, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)/paranasal sinus (PNS) debridement in 56%, orbital exenteration in 15%, and both FESS/PNS debridement and orbital exenteration in 17%. Intraorbital injection of amphotericin B was administered in 22%. At final follow-up, mortality was 14%. Disease stage >3b had poorer prognosis. Paranasal sinus debridement and orbital exenteration reduced the mortality rate from 52% to 39% in patients with stage 4 disease with intracranial extension (p < 0.05). Conclusion: : Corticosteroids and DM are the most important predisposing factors in the development of COVID-19-associated ROCM. COVID-19 patients must be followed up beyond recovery. Awareness of red flag symptoms and signs, high index of clinical suspicion, prompt diagnosis, and early initiation of treatment with amphotericin B, aggressive surgical debridement of the PNS, and orbital exenteration, where indicated, are essential for successful outcome.

Structural evaluation of preperimetric and perimetric glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate diagnostic ability of macular ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) for detection of preperimetric glaucoma (PPG) and perimetric glaucoma and comparison with peripapillary RNFL. Methods: Three hundred and thirty seven eyes of 190 patients were enrolled (127 normals, 70 PPG, 140 perimetric glaucoma). Each patient underwent detailed ocular evaluation, standard automated perimetry, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Diagnostic abilities of GCL-IPL and RNFL parameters were determined. Data were compared using one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's Chi-square test, and area under the curve (AUC). Results: After adjusting for age, gender, and signal strength, all GCL-IPL and RNFL parameters except mean thickness and disc area differed significantly. Among GCL-IPL thicknesses, inferotemporal had the highest AUC (0.865) for classifying perimetric glaucoma from normals, inferior (0.746) for PPG from normals, and inferotemporal (0.750) for perimetric glaucoma from PPG. When using RNFL, inferior thickness had the highest AUC (0.922) in discriminating POAG from normal, while the same parameter had lower AUC (0.813) in discriminating PPG from normal. The average thickness had maximum AUC (0.775) for discriminating POAG from PPG. For discriminating perimetric glaucoma and normals, inferotemporal GCL-IPL had the highest strength (sensitivity 81.43% and specificity 77.96%), slightly lower than inferior RNFL thickness (sensitivity 87.85% and specificity 84.26%). The same parameters were sensitive in discriminating perimetric glaucoma from PPG (87.14% and 92.85%, respectively). However, their specificities were poor (56.43% both). Conclusion: RNFL had better diagnostic ability, when compared with GCL-IPL for detecting PPG and perimetric glaucoma. However, difference was small and may not be clinically relevant.

Structural evaluation of perimetrically normal and affected hemifields in open angle glaucoma.

Purpose: To study macular ganglion cell layer--inner plexiform layer complex (GCL + IPL) in relation to peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in glaucomatous eyes with superior or inferior hemifield defects (HD) and to study structural configuration in normal hemifield. Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study. Data from consecutive 45 superior HD (SHD) and 50 inferior HD (IHD) eyes were analyzed. Each patient underwent detailed ocular examination, standard automated perimetry, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). After adjusting for age, gender, and signal strength, area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated to determine diagnostic ability of GCL + IPL and peripapillary RNFL. Apparently normal hemifield was compared with true normal hemifield. Data were analyzed with SPSS, analysis of variance, t-test, Chi-square test, and receiver operating curve. Results: In the SHD glaucoma group, best parameters for discriminating normal eyes from glaucomatous eyes were inferotemporal GCL + IPL thickness (0.935) and inferior quadrant RNFL thickness (0.971). For IHD glaucoma, average GCL + IPL thickness (0.877) and average RNFL thickness (0.950) had best AUC values. When evaluating apparently normal hemifield in both groups, statistically significant difference was found in inferior GCL + IPL sector (0.865) and inferior quadrant RNFL (0.883) in IHD and superonasal GCL + IPL (0.725) and superior quadrant RNFL (0.842) in SHD groups. Conclusion: SD-OCT may be a useful ancillary diagnostic tool for evaluation of early macular and circumpapillary structural changes in glaucomatous eyes with localized visual field defects. Apparently normal hemifields show structural damage and should be considered in management of glaucoma.

Linear discriminant score for differentiating early primary open angle glaucoma from glaucoma suspects.

PURPOSE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of a linear discriminant function (LDF) based on macular ganglion cell complex (GCC), optic nerve head (ONH) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) for differentiating early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) from glaucoma suspects. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, data from consecutive 127 glaucoma suspects and 74 early POAG eyes were analysed. Each patient underwent detailed ocular examination, standard automated perimetry, GCC and ONH and RNFL analysis. After adjusting for age, gender and signal strength using the analysis of covariance; Benjamin-Hochberg multiple testing correction was performed to detect truly significant parameters to calculate the LDF. Subsequently, diagnostic accuracy of GCC and ONH and RNFL were determined. The obtained LDF score was evaluated for diagnostic accuracy in another test set of 32 suspect and 19 glaucomatous eyes. Data were analysed with the R-3.2.1 (R Core Team 2015), analysis of variance, t-test, Chi-square test and receiver operating curve. RESULTS: Among all GCC parameters, infero temporal had the best discriminating power and average RNFL thickness and vertical CDR among ONH and RNFL parameters. LDF scores for GCC had AUROC of 0.809 for a cut-off value 0.07, while scores for ONH and RNFL had AUROC of 0.903 for a cut-off value - 0.24. Analysis on combined parametric space resulted in avg RNFL thickness, vertical CDR, min GCC + IPL and superior GCC + IPL as key parameters. LDF scores obtained had AUROC of 0.924 for a cut-off value 0.1. The LDF was applied to a test set with an accuracy of 84.31%. CONCLUSION: The LDF had a better accuracy than individual GCC and ONH and RNFL parameters and can be used for diagnosis of glaucoma.