Biochemical features of eugonadal patients with idiopathic gynaecomastia: A retrospective cross-sectional study.

Patients with idiopathic gynaecomastia have greater BMI and an unfavourable lipid profile compared with age-matched controls. Twenty-five adult eugonadal patients with idiopathic gynaecomastia and 50 age- and BMI-matched controls were selected. Clinical and biochemical parameters and ultrasound testis volume were reviewed retrospectively. Patients and controls differed for no biochemical parameter, except for LH levels, which were 31% higher in patients (p = 0.019), although within the normal range. Compared with controls, patients had a threefold greater rate of elevated LDL-c (p = 0.025). Patients ≥ 25 years had higher levels of serum LDL-c compared with either patients < 25 years (p = 0.006) or controls ≥ 25 years (p = 0.012). In patients, both at bivariate analysis and at linear regression, age correlated positively with total cholesterol and LDL-c, the latter correlated inversely with total testosterone. Negative interactions were found for age and total testosterone with LDL-c, for LH and estradiol to testosterone ratio (E2:T) with LDL-c, and for age and E2:T with total cholesterol. Our data suggest inadequate local androgen action in patients with idiopathic gynaecomastia. This partial androgen resistance might blunt the beneficial effects of testosterone on lipid metabolism. Further studies are needed to verify whether this metabolic derangement impacts the cardiovascular health of these patients.

A patient-specific treatment model for Graves' hyperthyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Graves' is disease an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland caused by circulating anti-thyroid receptor antibodies (TRAb) in the serum. TRAb mimics the action of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and stimulates the thyroid hormone receptor (TSHR), which results in hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland) and goiter. Methimazole (MMI) is used for hyperthyroidism treatment for patients with Graves' disease. METHODS: We have developed a model using a system of ordinary differential equations for hyperthyroidism treatment with MMI. The model has four state variables, namely concentration of MMI (in mg/L), concentration of free thyroxine - FT4 (in pg/mL), and concentration of TRAb (in U/mL) and the functional size of the thyroid gland (in mL) with thirteen parameters. With a treatment parameter, we simulate the time-course of patients' progression from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism (normal condition). We validated the model predictions with data from four patients. RESULTS: When there is no MMI treatment, there is a unique asymptotically stable hyperthyroid state. After the initiation of MMI treatment, the hyperthyroid state moves towards subclinical hyperthyroidism and then euthyroidism. CONCLUSION: We can use the model to describe or test and predict patient treatment schedules. More specifically, we can fit the model to individual patients' data including loading and maintenance doses and describe the mechanism, hyperthyroidism→euthyroidism. The model can be used to predict when to discontinue the treatment based on FT4 levels within the physiological range, which in turn help maintain the remittance of euthyroidism and avoid relapses of hyperthyroidism. Basically, the model can guide with decision-making on oral intake of MMI based on FT4 levels.

Fatigue in patients with systemic sclerosis and hypothyroidism. A review of the literature and report of our experience.

Persistent fatigue (defined as ongoing exhaustion, disproportionate to exertion and not adequately alleviated by rest) reduces health-related quality of life of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. Fatigue in SSc is associated with reduced capacity to carry out daily activities, work disability and impaired physical function. Clinical studies demonstrated a high prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism in patients with SSc. Since hypothyroidism and the associated fatigue symptoms could be cured by L-thyroxine (L-T4) substitutive therapy, the evolution of fatigue symptoms in SSc hypothyroid patients treated with substitutive therapy has been recently evaluated, showing an amelioration of the fatigue symptoms. We have treated 10 clinical hypothyroid and 23 subclinical hypothyroid female SSc patients (all with diffuse scleroderma) with L-T4 substitutive therapy. Mean baseline General Fatigue Index scores in hypothyroid SSc (15.7±5.1) were significantly higher (greater fatigue; p<0.01) than in the same patients after reaching euthyroidism at 4 months (9.6±3.1). The results suggest that female SSc patients could be screened for thyroid function, overall in presence of fatigue symptoms, and that an appropriate L-T4 substitutive therapy could be useful to mitigate these symptoms. Further studies are needed in larger samples of hypothyroid patients with SSc to confirm these data. Further longitudinal studies could be also aimed to evaluate if L-T4 therapy could be useful in alleviating complications of SSc (such as skin thickness, pulmonary hypertension, etc.).

Myo-inositol and melatonin in the menopausal transition.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects on serum insulin and serum thyroid profile of a dietary supplement, myo-inositol, given alone or in combination with melatonin to women during menopausal transition. METHODS: Forty women aged 45-55 years and at least 6 months of amenorrhea were enrolled in this study. They were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 each. One group took myo-inositol (myo-Ins) (2 g twice a day) and the other group took 2 g/d myo-Ins plus 3 g/d melatonin before sleeping. At the beginning of the study and after 6 months, all women were evaluated for the following indices: waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure, endometrial thickness, as well as serum concentrations of TSH, FT3, FT4 and insulin. RESULTS: Both at baseline and at 6 months, the two groups were statistically similar for each of the considered indices. If percent changes (Δ%, 6 months over baseline) are contrasted in the two groups, serum TSH decreased in the myo-Ins group but increased in the latter, while serum insulin decreased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of myo-Ins plus melatonin seems to affect positively glucose metabolism, while myo-Ins only seems to improve thyroid function.

The micropapillary/hobnail variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A review of series described in the literature compared to a series from one southern Italy pathology institution.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has a good prognosis with a 10-yr survival greater than 90%. Recently, a micro-papillary pattern with hobnail appearance (MPHC) in PTC has been indicated as associated with poor prognosis, but this suggestion is based only on a few cases from geographical areas different from ours. Two-hundred ninety-nine consecutive PTC cases were collected between the years of 1992 and 2014 at our institution. The corresponding histologic sections (at least 6 for each case) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and reviewed independently by two pathologists to reach a consensus on the identification and quantification of the MPHC. As done in other cohorts, parallel serial sections were stained with antisera for thyroglobulin, epithelial membrane antigen, thyroid-transcription-factor-1 and Ki 67. BRAF gene mutation at codon 600 and RET/PTC1 gene rearrangements were searched. A comparative statistical analysis was done between the present series and previously published series. Of the 295 PTC, 124 (42.5%) were follicular, 104 (35%) classic, 34 (11.5%) sclerosing, 15 (5%) tall cells, 10 (3.4%) Warthin-like, and 8 (2.7%) MPHC. Four MHPC cases (50%) harbored the BRAF V600E variant, while one was positive for RET/PTC1 rearrangement. Our rate of MPHC-PTC (2.7%) is 2X to 8X greater than those reported previously for cohorts from North America + North Italy, Korea and Mexico. MPHC prognosis appears to be better compared to other cohorts, probably due to not only to the lower rate of the vascular invasion, but also to the smaller size of the MPHC-PTC nodule.

Vitamin D, Bone Metabolism, and Fracture Risk in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among premenopausal women. PCOS may have reproductive, metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychological implications. Vitamin D deficit is often encountered in PCOS women and may contribute to the pathophysiology of this disorder. As of the key role of vitamin D in bone and mineral metabolism, and because the vitamin D status appears to be closely linked with the PCOS manifestations including insulin resistance, obesity, ovulatory and menstrual irregularities, oxidative stress and PTH elevation, hypovitaminosis D may directly and indirectly via the different facets of PCOS impair bone health in these women. Although limited data are available on life-long fracture risk in women with PCOS, the importance of preserving bone health in youth and adults to prevent osteoporosis and related fractures is also recognized in PCOS women. Evidence of the association between vitamin D and the clinical hallmarks of PCOS are summarized and discussed. Vitamin D arises as a cornerstone in women with PCOS and contributes to the pathophysiological link between PCOS and bone metabolism.

Conservative Management of Gestational Hypercalcemia Due to Primary Hyperparathyroidism with Lack of Complications.

INTRODUCTION: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is rare in pregnancy. PHPT and hypercalcemia are associated with negative maternofetal outcomes. Therefore, an early diagnosis and adequate treatment are essential. CASE PRESENTATION: We described the case of a pregnant woman complaining of nausea, vomiting and weight loss. Diagnosis of gestational PHPT (GPHPT) was made based on elevated serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels (3.4 mmol/L and 41.6 pmol/L). Neck ultrasound documented a nodule suggestive of enlarged parathyroid, whereas the abdomen ultrasound revealed renal microlithiasis. Conservative treatment was started with oral hydration and a low-calcium diet. Clinical and biochemical monitoring was weekly and multidisciplinary. Despite our suggestion, the patient refused parathyroidectomy in the second trimester. Additional intravenous fluid rehydration from the 15th to the 25th week of gestation ameliorated the symptoms rapidly, and reduced calcium levels progressively from the 23rd week. At week 40, the woman gave birth to a healthy girl. At month 8 postpartum, calcemia and PTH were still elevated, and accompanied by osteoporosis and nephrocalcinosis. Surgery was accepted, and a parathyroid adenoma was removed. CONCLUSION: In the absence of guidelines for GPHPT management, its treatment should be individualized. In our case, despite high calcium levels, conservative treatment with strict monitoring led to a positive outcome of pregnancy.

Rates of lymphocytic thyroiditis and ultrasound features of citologically-interrogated thyroid nodules based on the area of residence in a Sicily province.

PURPOSE: To verify the prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and the ultrasound characteristics (composition and volume) of thyroid nodules with respect to the area of residence in the province of Messina, some areas having environmental issues. METHODS: Fine-needle aspiration-interrogated nodules (n = 902) of 809 patients were evaluated upon stratification into 8 areas of residence. RESULTS: Overall, women were younger than men (55.3 ± 14.0 vs. 58.6 ± 12.6 years, P = 0.0083). Patients residing in three areas (one hosting two garbage dumps, one hosting a petrochemical complex and a thermoelectrical power plant, and one hosting several ceramic factories [CFA]) were younger than those residing in the city of Messina (MEA) (52.9 ± 13.4 vs. 57.7 ± 13.6 years, P < 0.0001). Also, patients residing in those three areas had a greater rate of AIT, diagnosed either ultrasonographically/serologically (22.2% of patients) or cytologically (26.3% of nodules), compared with MEA (11.7% of patients, P = 0.0007 or 20.2% of nodules, P = 0.0815). Rates of AIT ranged 12.5-28.6% in the remaining four areas. Overall, nodules in women were smaller than in men (3.6 ± 5.7 vs. 6.1 ± 9.4 ml, P = 0.0006). Compared with the other seven areas, patients living in CFA had the largest nodules (6.8 ± 6.8 ml, P = 0.0040-0.0291), with the nodule volume being inversely correlated to patient's age (r = -0.4955, P = 0.0431). CONCLUSION: Rates of AIT and associated ultrasound features of thyroid nodules vary in different areas of our province. Further studies correlating these rates and features with exposure to specific toxicants are warranted.

Thyroid vascularization is an important ultrasonographic parameter in untreated Graves' disease patients.

Graves' disease is characterized by two sonographic features, hypoechogenicity and increased blood flow. The aim of this study was to review retrospectively ultrasound features and biochemical data of a cohort of untreated Graves' disease patients. We reviewed charts of 42 such patients, who were referred to our Endocrinology Unit from January 2013 to May 2018. One operator performed all the thyroid sonographic scans. Serum TSH, FT3, FT4 and TSH-receptor antibodies (TRAb) levels at the time of ultrasound examination were evaluated. Over a mean follow-up of 30.9 months, about one in three patients (38%) experienced at least one recurrence of hyperthyroidism (1.4 ±â€¯0.6 recurrence per patient), either on or off antithyroid drugs. We found that thyroid vascularization correlated directly with thyroid volume and that larger thyroids tended to be more vascularized. We also found that greater vascularization was associated with marked hypoechogenicity, and greater FT4 and TRAb levels. Patients who experienced recurrence(s) had 1.7-fold higher levels of TRAb at onset. In conclusion, thyroid hypervascularization at onset of Graves' disease is an important sonographic feature.

Stable consumption of swordfish favors, whereas stable consumption of oily fish protects from, development of postpartum thyroiditis.

PURPOSE: In 236 pregnant women, we showed that selective or predominant consumption of swordfish (group A) was associated with high rates of positivity for serum thyroid autoantibodies (TPOAb and TgAb) throughout day 4 postpartum. In contrast, selective or predominant consumption of oily fish (group B) was associated with TPOAb and TgAb negativity. Rates were intermediate in group C (scanty consumption of swordfish) and group D (consumption of fish other than swordfish and oily fish). Gestational TPOAb positivity is a risk factor for postpartum thyroiditis (PPT), which evolves into permanent hypothyroidism (PH) in about 50% of cases. Purpose of this study was to verify that the different rates of thyroid autoantibodies in the four groups translated into different PPT rates. METHODS: We expanded our previous cohort (n = 412) and duration of follow-up (month 12 postpartum), and measured frequency of PPT and PH. RESULTS: At first timester of gestation, we confirmed the different Ab positivity rates in group A vs. group B (TPOAb = 21.7% vs. 4.7%, P < 0.0001; TgAb = 14.1% vs. 2.4%, P < 0.05). Overall, PPT prevalence was 63/412 (15.3%), but 22/92 in group A (23.9%), 4/85 in group B (4.7%; P < 0.0001 vs. group A), 17/108 (15.7%) in group C, and 16/117 (13.7%) in group D. Approximately half of the PPT women had PH, regardless of fish group. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, stable consumption of oily fish (which is enriched in polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids) protects from PPT, while stable consumption of swordfish (which is enriched in pollutants) favors PPT. Thus, a dietary prophylaxis of PPT is possible.

Assessment of serum thyroid hormone autoantibodies in the first trimester of gestation as predictors of postpartum thyroiditis.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of serum thyroperoxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb) during gestation as a classical marker for the risk of postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) predicts PPT in 1/3 to 1/2 of women. Very few studies have measured serum thyroid hormone Ab (THAb) during gestation, and none as a possible marker for PPT. METHODS: In 412 women who were followed up from 7 to 11 weeks of gestation through 12 months after delivery, we measured THAb (T3.IgM, T3.IgG, T4.IgM, T4.IgG), thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) and TPOAb at study entry (7-11 week of gestation). RESULTS: Sixty-three women (15.3%) developed PPT, which progressed to permanent hypothyroidism (PH) in 34/63 (54%). THAb+ve were 21/412 women (5.1%), the frequency being greater in those who then developed PPT (12/63 [19.0%] vs. 9/349 [2.6%], P = 4.6 × 10-8), and in the PH subgroup (26.5% [9/34] vs. 10.3% [10/29], P = 0.12). THAb positivity occurred in 9/76 women (11.8%) who were TgAb and/or TPOAb+ve compared to 12/336 women who were TgAb and TPOAb negative (3.6%, P = 0.0031). Of these 9 THAb+ve, TgAb and/or TPOAb+ve women, all (100%) developed PPT compared to 3/11 (27.3%, P = 0.0011) THAb+ve, TgAb and/or TPOAb negative women. Of these 9 and 3 PPT women, 8 and 1 progressed to PH (88.9% and 33.3%, respectively, P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: Gestational positivity of THAb enhance enormously the predictivity for PPT of gestational positivity of TPOAb/TgAb. However, their low frequency (5.1%) and their sensitivity (17.5% [21/63]) go against their application in lieu of TPOAb/TgAb.

Relatively high rate of postpartum thyroiditis in the Straits of Messina area. Predictivity of both postpartum thyroiditis and permanent hypothyroidism by performing, in the first trimester of gestation, thyroid ultrasonography and measurement of serum thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin autoantibodies.

The prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) averages 5%, with a range from 1% (Thailand) to 22% (Wales, UK, and Liguria, Italy), but 3.6% in another Italian region (Puglia). Evolution of PPT into permanent hypothyroidism (PH) occurs in approximately 50% of cases. Positive thyroperoxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb) in a pregnant woman is a strong predictor of PPT. Because in previous gestational cohorts we found an approximate 12% rate of TPOAb positivity, which compares with 15% in the Liguria cohort and 6% in the Puglia cohort, we hypothesized that the currently unknown prevalence of PPT in Sicily would approximate the said Liguria prevalence. We also explored the predictive value of serum thyroglobulin Ab (TgAb) positivity and ultrasonographic signs suggestive of thyroiditis (UST) at first trimester of gestation for PPT. Of 412 pregnant women who were followed-up for 1 year after delivery, 63 (15.3%) developed PPT, and 54% of them had PH. Gestational rates of TPOAb positivity alone, TgAb positivity alone or UST were 11.4%, 7.8% or 35.0%, with associated PPT rates of 66%, 45% or 36%. TgAb assay allowed detection of 9/63 PPT women (14.3%) who were TPOAb-negative. However, TPOAb remained a better predictor compared to TgAb or UST (odds ratio = 32 vs 10 or 13). Lowering the positivity threshold for either Ab to ≥61 U/ml, Ab-positive were 23.8% of PPT women and 17.7% of pH women. UST was detected in 82.5% of women who developed PPT, precisely 88% of those who evolved into PH and 75.9% of those who did not. Ours is the second study of the new millennium showing a PPT frequency >10%. The dual Ab and lowered threshold strategy correctly predicts more cases of PPT and PH compared to the sole TPOAb strategy. We confirm that half of the PPT women will have PH.

Influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ exon 2 and exon 6 and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 Gly972Arg polymorphisms on insulin resistance and beta-cell function in southern mediterranean women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The Pro12Ala (exon 2) and His447His (exon 6) polymorphisms of PPAR-γ, and Gly972Arg polymorphism of IRS-1 have been implicated in insulin resistance (IR) and adiposity. Our aim was to investigate the influence of these polymorphisms on metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Fifty-three PCOS women and 26 control women underwent a clinical and biochemical evaluation, including a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity indices were calculated. RESULTS: Frequencies of PPAR-γ polymorphisms did not differ from those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Instead, the IRS-1 Gly972Arg allele was significantly more frequent in the PCOS group compared to controls. The most frequent allelic combinations were IRS1+/exon2-/exon6- (which prevailed in PCOS) and IRS-1-/exon2-/exon6- (which prevailed in controls). Among PCOS women, compared with the wild type patients, carriers of the Gly972Arg IRS-1 allele had lower E2 levels, while carriers of the Pro12Ala PPAR-γ (exon 2) allele had lower free testosterone levels. No other significant relationships were noted. When compared with the wild type, in PCOS group IR and beta-cell function were: (i) trendwise greater in carriers of the variant IRS-1 allele; (ii) trendwise lower in carriers of the variant PPAR-γ exon 6 allele; (iii) significantly lower in carriers of the variant PPAR-γ exon 2 allele. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the protective influence of PPAR-γ-exon 2 and exon 6 variants on IR and beta cell function, whereas IRS-1 polymorphism is associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile. However, these associations do not fully explain the high metabolic risk associated with PCOS.

Circulating thyrotropin is upregulated by estradiol.

After encountering two women with serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels greater in periovulatory phase than in other days of the menstrual cycle, we hypothesized that TSH levels could be sensitive to changes in circulating estrogens in women. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether serum TSH increases after an induced acute increase of serum estradiol, and compare serum TSH increase with that of prolactin (PRL) which is a classic estradiol-upregulated pituitary hormone. In this retrospective study, we resorted to stored frozen sera from 55 women who had undergone the GnRH agonist (buserelin)-acute stimulation test of ovarian steroidogenesis. This test, that is preceded by dexamethasone administration to suppress adrenal steroidogenesis, had been performed to show an increased buserelin-stimulated response of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, a response that is frequent in polycystic ovary syndrome. Fifty-five women had enough serum volume at pertinent times (first observation early in the follicular phase and all times of the test) to permit assay of serum estradiol, TSH and PRL. Before dexamethasone administration, estradiol averaged 26.4 ±â€¯15.5 pg/ml (reference range 23-139, follicular phase), TSH 1.78 ±â€¯0.86 mU/L (reference range 0.3-4.2) and PRL 409.4 ±â€¯356 mU/L (reference range 70.8-556) (mean ±â€¯SD). Serum estradiol, TSH and PRL averaged 47.2 ±â€¯27 pg/ml, 0.77 ±â€¯0.48 mU/L and 246.4 ±â€¯206.8 mU/L just prior to the buserelin injection, but they peaked at 253.4 ±â€¯113.5 pg/ml (nv 83-495, midcycle), 3.30 ±â€¯1.65 mU/L and 540.3 ±â€¯695.2 mU/L after injection. The responses to buserelin of estradiol, TSH and PRL were of wide magnitude. There was a significant correlation between TSH peak and serum estradiol peak, betweeen AUC0-24 h-TSH and AUC0-24 h-estradiol, or between PRL peak and estradiol peak and AUC0-24 h -PRL and AUC0-24 h-estradiol in only a subgroup of women. Therefore, women with estradiol-dependent increase in serum TSH do exist. Reference bands of serum TSH dependent on the phases of the menstrual cycle should be available.

Oral liquid levothyroxine solves the problem of tablet levothyroxine malabsorption due to concomitant intake of multiple drugs.

BACKGROUND: Unlike the tablet (TAB) formulation, liquid L-T4 (LIQ) is directly absorbed in the intestine. The aim of this study was to assess whether LIQ was superior to TAB, such that it would overcome the interference induced by co-ingestion of multiple interfering drugs (ID). METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, we recruited 11 patients with apparent reduced TAB absorption due to ≥ 2 ID, and switched them to LIQ while maintaining the daily dose and the co-ingestion of the ID. Serum TSH was assayed at least twice every eight weeks. RESULTS: Serum TSH was significantly lower on LIQ compared with TAB (P < 0.0001), in patients who took L-T4 for either replacement (P = 0.002) or TSH-suppression (P < 0.0001). This difference was evident already at the first measurement post-switch (P = 0.008 or P = 0.03). Regardless of the purpose of L-T4 therapy, patients who took two ID had lower serum TSH on LIQ compared with patients who took three ID (P = 0.0006). Interestingly, 2/3 patients who failed to reach target TSH levels while on LIQ took three ID. CONCLUSIONS: LIQ overcomes the concurrent interference exerted by the ingestion of multiple ID. In such cases, switching from TAB to LIQ permits patients to reach target TSH within 8 weeks.

Undertreated hypothyroidism due to calcium or iron supplementation corrected by oral liquid levothyroxine.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess whether oral liquid levothyroxine would correct tablet levothyroxine malabsorption induced by calcium or iron, two sequestrants of levothyroxine. METHODS: Nineteen adult hypothyroid patients with tablet levothyroxine malabsorption caused by calcium and/or iron supplements were switched from tablet to liquid levothyroxine at the same dose. Primary outcomes were: (1) significantly lower mean serum thyroid-stimulating hormone with the liquid compared with the tablet formulation, and (2) significantly greater rate of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone less than or equal to 4.12 or 2.5 mU/L.The mean follow-up was 25.2 ± 16.5 weeks. RESULTS: TSH was lower with liquid levothyroxine compared with tablet levothyroxine (7.48 ± 5.8 vs. 1.95 ± 1.3 mU/L, P < 0.001), both in the calcium group (8.74 ± 7.2 vs. 2.15 ± 1.4, P < 0.001) and iron group (8.74 ± 7.2 vs. 1.68 ± 0.9, P < 0.001). Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels ≤4.12 mU/L in all patients, calcium group and iron group were more frequent post-switch (95, 87 and 100%) compared to pre-switch (26, 22 and 29%, P < 0.001), and so were thyroid-stimulating hormone levels ≤2.50 mU/L (66, 59 and 76% compared to 5, 9 and 0%, P < 0.001). The pattern held comparing the first liquid levothyroxine thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and the first tablet levothyroxine thyroid-stimulating hormone levels or the corresponding rates of thyroid-stimulating hormone levels below the target. CONCLUSIONS: Liquid levothyroxine is resistant to the sequestration by calcium or iron. The high rate of thyroid-stimulating hormone normalization already at the first check (6-8 weeks) should avoid frequent adjustments in levothyroxine doses and assays of thyroid-stimulating hormone, with consequent financial savings.

Serum Thyrotropin and Phase of the Menstrual Cycle.

About one-fifth of patients treated with levothyroxine have serum thyrotropin (TSH) above target concentrations but, in approximately 15% of them, the cause of this TSH insufficient normalization remains unknown. We report the cases of two regularly menstruating women with known thyroid disease who had TSH levels consistently >3 mU/L (and sometimes above target levels) during mid-cycle, but consistently lower serum levels during the follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle. A major TSH release by the thyrotrophs in response to high circulating levels of estradiol (E2) at mid-cycle may increase levels of TSH compared to other phases of the cycle. The increased TSH can be misinterpreted as refractory hypothyroidism if the woman is under L-T4 replacement therapy or as subclinical hypothyroidism if the woman is not. Our findings might have important implications for diagnosis and management of thyroid disease, suggesting to request serum TSH measurements outside of the periovulatory days.

Thyroid Autoimmunity and Lichen.

Lichen planus (LP) and lichen sclerosus (LS) are cutaneous-mucous diseases with uncertain epidemiology. Current data, which are likely to be underestimated, suggest a prevalence in the general population of 0.1-4% for cutaneous LP, 1.27-2.0% for oral LP, and 0.1-3.3% for LS. While etiology of lichen is still unknown, clinical and histological evidence show an (auto)immune pathogenesis. Association of lichen with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) has been investigated in few studies. This association appears better defined in the case of LS, while is more controversial for LP. In both situations, the frequency of the association is higher in females. We review the available literature on the correlation between the different types of lichen and AITD, and the literature on the genetic risk factors which are shared by both conditions. Such data suggest that a common pathogenic mechanism could be the cause for co-occurrence of lichen and AITD, at least in some patients. Additionally, analyzing literature data and in continuity with our previous work on other autoimmune diseases, we suggest that molecular mimicry could trigger both diseases, and thus explain their co-occurrence.

Autoimmune Abnormalities of Postpartum Thyroid Diseases.

The year following parturition is a critical time for the de novo appearance or exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease. The vast majority of postpartum thyroid disease consists of postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) and the minority by Graves' disease and non-autoimmune thyroiditis. PPT has a worldwide prevalence ranging from 1 to 22% and averaging 5% based on a review published in 2012. Several factors confer risk for the development of PPT. Typically, the clinical course of PPT is characterized by three phases: thyrotoxic, hypothyroid, and euthyroid phase. Approximately half of PPT women will have permanent hypothyroidism. The best humoral marker for predictivity, already during the first trimester of gestation, is considered positivity for thyroperoxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb), though only one-third to half of such TPOAb-positive pregnant women will develop PPT. Nutraceuticals (such as selenium) or omega-3-fatty acid supplements seem to have a role in prevention of PPT. In a recent study on pregnant women with stable dietary habits, we found that the fish consumers had lower rates of positivity (and lower serum levels) of both TPOAb and thyroglobulin Ab compared to meat eaters. Finally, we remind the reader of other diseases that can be observed in the postpartum period, either autoimmune or non-autoimmune, thyroid or non-thyroid.

One-third of an Archivial Series of Papillary Thyroid Cancer (Years 2007-2015) Has Coexistent Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis, Which Is Associated with a More Favorable Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging.

The significance and impact of the coexistence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) with thyroid cancer is still debated. To verify the influence of CLT on papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), we retrospectively collected 505 PTC cases and analyzed age at diagnosis, sex, size, lymph node status, and staging. We found that CLT was present in 168 PTC (33.3%). Compared with the 337 patients without CLT (non-CLT), CLT patients were younger (44.42 ± 13.72 vs. 47.21 ± 13.76 years, P = 0.03), had smaller tumors (9.39 ± 6.10 vs. 12 ± 9.71 mm, P = 0.002), and lower rate of lymph node metastases (12.5 vs. 21.96%, P = 0.01, OR = 0.508). Tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging (T1a through T4) was more favorable for the CLT group compared to the non-CLT group (for instance, T1a = 65.5 vs. 49.8%, T3 = 4.8 vs. 23.4%). This study shows that one in three patients with PTC harbors CLT, which is associated with a more favorable TNM staging, consistently with a favorable outlook of PTC.