New Frontiers on ER Stress Modulation: Are TRP Channels the Leading Actors?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic structure, playing multiple roles including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. During cellular stress, variations in ER homeostasis and its functioning occur. This condition is referred as ER stress and generates a cascade of signaling events termed unfolded protein response (UPR), activated as adaptative response to mitigate the ER stress condition. In this regard, calcium levels play a pivotal role in ER homeostasis and therefore in cell fate regulation since calcium signaling is implicated in a plethora of physiological processes, but also in disease conditions such as neurodegeneration, cancer and metabolic disorders. A large body of emerging evidence highlighted the functional role of TRP channels and their ability to promote cell survival or death depending on endoplasmic reticulum stress resolution, making them an attractive target. Thus, in this review we focused on the TRP channels' correlation to UPR-mediated ER stress in disease pathogenesis, providing an overview of their implication in the activation of this cellular response.

In Silico Identification and In Vitro Evaluation of New ABCG2 Transporter Inhibitors as Potential Anticancer Agents.

Different molecular mechanisms contribute to the development of multidrug resistance in cancer, including increased drug efflux, enhanced cellular repair mechanisms and alterations of drug metabolism or drug targets. ABCG2 is a member of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily transporters that promotes drug efflux, inducing chemotherapeutic resistance in malignant cells. In this context, the development of selective ABCG2 inhibitors might be a suitable strategy to improve chemotherapy efficacy. Thus, through a multidisciplinary approach, we identified a new ABCG2 selective inhibitor (8), highlighting its ability to increase mitoxantrone cytotoxicity in both hepatocellular carcinoma (EC50from 8.67 ± 2.65 to 1.25 ± 0.80 µM) and transfected breast cancer cell lines (EC50from 9.92 ± 2.32 to 2.45 ± 1.40 µM). Moreover, mitoxantrone co-administration in both transfected and non-transfected HEK293 revealed that compound 8 notably lowered the mitoxantrone EC50, demonstrating its efficacy along with the importance of the ABCG2 extrusion pump overexpression in MDR reversion. These results were corroborated by evaluating the effect of inhibitor 8 on mitoxantrone cell uptake in multicellular tumor spheroids and via proteomic experiments.

Quercetin Administration Suppresses the Cytokine Storm in Myeloid and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be divided by lineage into myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). They both are present in mucosal tissues and regulate the immune response by secreting chemokines and cytokines. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by a leaky intestinal barrier and the consequent translocation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the basolateral side. This results in DCs activation, but the response of pDCs is still poorly characterized. In the present study, we compared mDCs and pDCs responses to LPS administration. We present a broad panel of DCs secreted factors, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Our recent studies demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin administration, but to date, there is no evidence about quercetin's effects on pDCs. The results of the present study demonstrate that pDCs can respond to LPS and that quercetin exposure modulates soluble factors release through the same molecular pathway used by mDCs (Slpi, Hmox1, and AP-1).

New 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Nortopsentin Derivatives with Cytotoxic Activity.

New analogs of nortopsentin, a natural 2,4-bis(3'-indolyl)imidazole alkaloid, in which the central imidazole ring of the natural lead was replaced by a 1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety, and in which a 7-azaindole portion substituted the original indole moiety, were efficiently synthesized. Among all derivatives, prescreened against the HCT-116 colon rectal carcinoma cell line, the two most active compounds were selected and further investigated in different human tumor cells showing IC50 values in the micromolar and submicromolar range. Flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide-stained MCF-7 cells demonstrated that both the active derivatives caused cell cycle arrest in the G0⁻G1 phase. The cell death mechanism induced by the compounds was considered to be apoptotic by measuring the exposure of phosphatidylserine to the outer membrane and observed morphological evaluation using acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining. Moreover, further tested on intestinal normal-like differentiated Caco-2 cell line, they exhibited preferential toxicity towards cancer cells.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Dehydrated Potato-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Intestinal Cells.

Inflammation and oxidative stress are always more recognized as responsible for chronic disease at the intestinal level. Currently, a growing interest is addressed to the discovery of diet-derived products which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This work aims to characterize the pharmacological potential of dehydrated potatoes. For this purpose, a simulated gastrointestinal digestion was carried out. The bioaccessible peptides were fractionated on the basis of their molecular weight and tested on intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) under oxidative and inflammatory conditions. Our results demonstrate that the tested peptide fractions were able to significantly inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α release and cycloxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. The tested peptides also showed significant antioxidant activity, being able to both reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) release, also from mitochondria, and nitrotyrosine formation, and increase the antioxidant response by heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutase expression. Moreover, the peptide fractions were able to significantly increase the wound repair in IEC-6. The obtained results indicate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of dehydrated potatoes at the intestinal level.

Ring-Fused Cyclic Aminals from Tetrahydro-ß-carboline-Based Dipeptide Compounds.

An acid- and oxidant-promoted intramolecular cyclization of a tetrahydro-ß-carboline-based dipeptide has been developed to prepare new indole-fused aminoacetals. This approach involves N-acyliminium formation from readily available precursors and cyclization under mild reaction conditions. The diastereoselectivity in the formation of the products is influenced by the specific substituents of the starting reagents, which has been rationalized analyzing the energy profile of the related reactions and the relative stability of the proposed structures based on DFT computational methods.

In Silico Assisted Identification, Synthesis, and In Vitro Pharmacological Characterization of Potent and Selective Blockers of the Epilepsy-Associated KCNT1 Channel.

Gain-of-function (GoF) variants in KCNT1 channels cause severe, drug-resistant forms of epilepsy. Quinidine is a known KCNT1 blocker, but its clinical use is limited due to severe drawbacks. To identify novel KCNT1 blockers, a homology model of human KCNT1 was built and used to screen an in-house library of compounds. Among the 20 molecules selected, five (CPK4, 13, 16, 18, and 20) showed strong KCNT1-blocking ability in an in vitro fluorescence-based assay. Patch-clamp experiments confirmed a higher KCNT1-blocking potency of these compounds when compared to quinidine, and their selectivity for KCNT1 over hERG and Kv7.2 channels. Among identified molecules, CPK20 displayed the highest metabolic stability; this compound also blocked KCNT2 currents, although with a lower potency, and counteracted GoF effects prompted by 2 recurrent epilepsy-causing KCNT1 variants (G288S and A934T). The present results provide solid rational basis for future design of novel compounds to counteract KCNT1-related neurological disorders.

Peptidomimetics as potent dual SARS-CoV-2 cathepsin-L and main protease inhibitors: In silico design, synthesis and pharmacological characterization.

In this paper we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of peptidomimetics acting as potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Starting from our previously described Main Protease (MPro) and Papain Like Protease (PLPro) dual inhibitor, CV11, here we disclose its high inhibitory activity against cathepsin L (CTSL) (IC50 = 19.80 ± 4.44 nM), an emerging target in SARS-CoV-2 infection machinery. An in silico design, inspired by the structure of CV11, led to the development of a library of peptidomimetics showing interesting activities against CTSL and Mpro, allowing us to trace the chemical requirements for the binding to both enzymes. The screening in Vero cells infected with 5 different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns, highlighted sub-micromolar activities for most of the synthesized compounds (13, 15, 16, 17 and 31) in agreement with the enzymatic inhibition assays results. The compounds showed lack of activity against several different RNA viruses except for the 229E and OC43 human coronavirus strains, also characterized by a cathepsin-L dependent release into the host cells. The most promising derivatives were also evaluated for their chemical and metabolic in-vitro stability, with derivatives 15 and 17 showing a suitable profile for further preclinical characterization.

Novel pyrrole based CB2 agonists: New insights on CB2 receptor role in regulating neurotransmitters' tone.

The cannabinoid system is one of the most investigated neuromodulatory systems because of its involvement in multiple pathologies such as cancer, inflammation, and psychiatric diseases. Recently, the CB2 receptor has gained increased attention considering its crucial role in modulating neuroinflammation in several pathological conditions like neurodegenerative diseases. Here we describe the rational design of pyrrole-based analogues, which led to a potent and pharmacokinetically suitable CB2 full agonist particularly effective in improving cognitive functions in a scopolamine-induced amnesia murine model. Therefore, we extended our study by investigating the interconnection between CB2 activation and neurotransmission in this experimental paradigm. To this purpose, we performed a MALDI imaging analysis on mice brains, observing that the administration of our lead compound was able to revert the effect of scopolamine on different neurotransmitter tones, such as acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA, shedding light on important networks not fully explored, so far.

Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of a Potent Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially life-threatening illness characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory response with limited options for pharmacological treatment. Here, we describe the rational development of a library of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors for the treatment of AP. Synthesized compounds were screened in vitro for their sEH inhibitory potency and selectivity, and the results were rationalized by means of molecular modeling studies. The most potent compounds were studied in vitro for their pharmacokinetic profile, where compound 28 emerged as a promising lead. In fact, compound 28 demonstrated a remarkable in vivo efficacy in reducing the inflammatory damage in cerulein-induced AP in mice. Targeted metabololipidomic analysis further substantiated sEH inhibition as a molecular mechanism of the compound underlying anti-AP activity in vivo. Finally, pharmacokinetic assessment demonstrated a suitable profile of 28 in vivo. Collectively, compound 28 displays strong effectiveness as sEH inhibitor with potential for pharmacological AP treatment.

The Longevity-Associated Variant of BPIFB4 Reduces Senescence in Glioma Cells and in Patients' Lymphocytes Favoring Chemotherapy Efficacy.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer with the median age at diagnosis around 64 years, thus pointing to aging as an important risk factor. Indeed, aging, by increasing the senescence burden, is configured as a negative prognostic factor for GBM stage. Furthermore, several anti-GBM therapies exist, such as temozolomide (TMZ) and etoposide (ETP), that unfortunately trigger senescence and the secretion of proinflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors that are responsible for the improper burst of (i) tumorigenesis, (ii) cancer metastasis, (iii) immunosuppression, and (iv) tissue dysfunction. Thus, adjuvant therapies that limit senescence are urgently needed. The longevity-associated variant (LAV) of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing family B member 4 (BPIFB4) gene previously demonstrated a modulatory activity in restoring age-related immune dysfunction and in balancing the low-grade inflammatory status of elderly people. Based on the above findings, we tested LAV-BPIFB4 senotherapeutic effects on senescent glioblastoma U87-MG cells and on T cells from GBM patients. We interrogated SA-ß-gal and HLA-E senescence markers, SASP factors, and proliferation and apoptosis assays. The results highlighted a LAV-BPIFB4 remodeling of the senescent phenotype of GBM cells, enhancement of their sensitivity to temozolomide and a selective reduction of the T cells' senescence from GBM patients. Overall, these findings candidate LAV-BPIFB4 as an adjuvant therapy for GBM.

Corrigendum: Overcome Chemoresistance: Biophysical and Structural Analysis of Synthetic FHIT-Derived Peptides.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.715263.].

New TRPM8 blockers exert anticancer activity over castration-resistant prostate cancer models.

TRPM8 has recently emerged as a druggable target in prostate cancer (PC) and TRPM8 modulators have been proposed as potential anticancer agents in this pathology. We have recently demonstrated their effectiveness in a castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) model that is usually resistant to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and is considered the most aggressive form of PC. This is why the discovery of selective, effective, and potent TRPM8 modulators would improve the molecular arsenal in support of PC standard-of-care treatments. In the present paper we describe the design and the synthesis of a new series of TRPM8 antagonists, preliminarily characterized in vitro for their potency and selectivity by fluorimetric calcium assays. The preliminary screening allowed the identification of several potent (0.11 µM < IC50 < 0.49 µM) and selective compounds. The most potent derivatives were further characterized by patch-clamp electrophysiology assays, confirming their noteworthy activity. Moreover, the behavior of these compounds was investigated in 2D and 3D models of PC. These TRPM8 antagonists showed remarkable efficacy in inhibiting the growth induced by androgen in various PC cells as well as in CRPC models, confirming their potential as anticancer agents.

Beyond Retigabine: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of a Potent and Chemically Stable Neuronal Kv7 Channel Activator with Anticonvulsant Activity.

Neuronal Kv7 channels represent important pharmacological targets for hyperexcitability disorders including epilepsy. Retigabine is the prototype Kv7 activator clinically approved for seizure treatment; however, severe side effects associated with long-term use have led to its market discontinuation. Building upon the recently described cryoEM structure of Kv7.2 complexed with retigabine and on previous structure-activity relationship studies, a small library of retigabine analogues has been designed, synthesized, and characterized for their Kv7 opening ability using both fluorescence- and electrophysiology-based assays. Among all tested compounds, 60 emerged as a potent and photochemically stable neuronal Kv7 channel activator. Compared to retigabine, compound 60 displayed a higher brain/plasma distribution ratio, a longer elimination half-life, and more potent and effective anticonvulsant effects in an acute seizure model in mice. Collectively, these data highlight compound 60 as a promising lead compound for the development of novel Kv7 activators for the treatment of hyperexcitability diseases.

Discovery and Optimization of Indoline-Based Compounds as Dual 5-LOX/sEH Inhibitors: In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Characterization.

The design of multitarget drugs represents a promising strategy in medicinal chemistry and seems particularly suitable for the discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs. Here, we describe the identification of an indoline-based compound inhibiting both 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). In silico analysis of an in-house library identified nine compounds as potential 5-LOX inhibitors. Enzymatic and cellular assays revealed the indoline derivative 43 as a notable 5-LOX inhibitor, guiding the design of new analogues. These compounds underwent extensive in vitro investigation revealing dual 5-LOX/sEH inhibitors, with 73 showing the most promising activity (IC50s of 0.41 ± 0.01 and 0.43 ± 0.10 µM for 5-LOX and sEH, respectively). When challenged in vivo in zymosan-induced peritonitis and experimental asthma in mice, compound 73 showed remarkable anti-inflammatory efficacy. These results pave the way for the rational design of 5-LOX/sEH dual inhibitors and for further investigation of their potential use as anti-inflammatory agents.

Analysis of the metabolic switch induced by the spirulina peptide SP6 in high fat diet ApoE-/- mice model: A direct infusion FT-ICR-MS based approach.

Atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia and hypertension are comorbid diseases often found in combination. Among different pharmacological approaches the employment of natural multifunctional peptides is an attractive option as side therapy. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics provide valuable information on metabolic changes and can be useful to elucidate peptide pharmacodynamics. In this this work we performed a preliminary investigation on the potential effect of a recently characterized Spirulina platensis peptide named SP6 (GIVAGDVTPI) on the modulation of metabolism in a high fat diet ApoE-/- mice atherosclerotic model. A direct infusion Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DI-FT-ICR-MS) approach was used to elucidate polar and non-polar metabolites extracted by mice plasma following four weeks SP6 treatment. The method delivered fast analysis time, repeatability, high mass accuracy and resolution for unambiguous molecular formula assignment. Multivariate statistical analysis (PLS-DA) highlighted a clear class separation, revealing the alteration of numerous metabolites levels belonging to different classes. In particular sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, TCA cycle intermediates, and amino acids, which are key players in the atherosclerotic process and progression, were upregulated in saline alone HFD ApoE-/- group, while were sensibly decreased after treatment with SP6 peptide. These results could open the way to further, large-scale, investigation of SP6 peptide effects in the regulation of atherosclerotic disease development and progression, and show the potential of DI-FT-ICR as fast analytical tool to take snaphshots of metabolic changes before moving to targeted MS-based approaches.

A Novel Three-Polysaccharide Blend In Situ Gelling Powder for Wound Healing Applications.

In this paper, alginate/pectin and alginate/pectin/chitosan blend particles, in the form of an in situ forming hydrogel, intended for wound repair applications, have been successfully developed. Particles have been used to encapsulate doxycycline in order to control the delivery of the drug, enhance its antimicrobial properties, and the ability to inhibit host matrix metalloproteinases. The presence of chitosan in the particles strongly influenced their size, morphology, and fluid uptake properties, as well as drug encapsulation efficiency and release, due to both chemical interactions between the polymers in the blend and interactions with the drug demonstrated by FTIR studies. In vitro antimicrobial studies highlighted an increase in antibacterial activity related to the chitosan amount in the powders. Moreover, in situ gelling powders are able to induce a higher release of IL-8 from the human keratinocytes that could stimulate the wound healing process in difficult-healing. Interestingly, doxycycline-loaded particles are able to increase drug activity against MMPs, with good activity against MMP-9 even at 0.5 µg/mL over 72 h. Such results suggest that such powders rich in chitosan could be a promising dressing for exudating wounds.

Discovery of a Novel Tetrapeptide against Influenza A Virus: Rational Design, Synthesis, Bioactivity Evaluation and Computational Studies.

Influenza is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness, which represents one of the main health issues worldwide. Even though some antivirals are available, the alarming increase in virus strains resistant to them highlights the need to find new drugs. Previously, Superti et al. deeply investigated the mechanism of the anti-influenza virus effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) and the role of its tryptic fragments (the N- and C-lobes) in antiviral activity. Recently, through a truncation library, we identified the tetrapeptides, Ac-SKHS-NH2 (1) and Ac-SLDC-NH2 (2), derived from bLf C-lobe fragment 418-429, which were able to bind hemagglutinin (HA) and inhibit cell infection in a concentration range of femto- to picomolar. Starting from these results, in this work, we initiated a systematic SAR study on the peptides mentioned above, through an alanine scanning approach. We carried out binding affinity measurements by microscale thermophoresis (MST) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), as well as hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (NT) assays on synthesized peptides. Computational studies were performed to identify possible ligand-HA interactions. Results obtained led to the identification of an interesting peptide endowed with broad anti-influenza activity and able to inhibit viral infection to a greater extent of reference peptide.

Therapeutic potential of TRPM8 antagonists in prostate cancer.

Transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) represents an emerging target in prostate cancer, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we have characterized and investigated the effects of TRPM8 modulators in prostate cancer aggressiveness disclosing the molecular mechanism underlying their biological activity. Patch-clamp and calcium fluorometric assays were used to characterize the synthesized compounds. Androgen-stimulated prostate cancer-derived cells were challenged with the compounds and the DNA synthesis was investigated in a preliminary screening. The most effective compounds were then employed to inhibit the pro-metastatic behavior of in various PC-derived cells, at different degree of malignancy. The effect of the compounds was then assayed in prostate cancer cell-derived 3D model and the molecular targets of selected compounds were lastly identified using transcriptional and non-transcriptional reporter assays. TRPM8 antagonists inhibit the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness. They are highly effective in reverting the androgen-induced increase in prostate cancer cell spheroid size. The compounds also revert the proliferation of castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells, provided they express the androgen receptor. In contrast, no effects were recorded in prostate cancer cells devoid of the receptor. Selected antagonists interfere in non-genomic androgen action and abolish the androgen-induced androgen receptor/TRPM8 complex assembly as well as the increase in intracellular calcium levels in prostate cancer cells. Our results shed light in the processes controlling prostate cancer progression and make the transient receptor potential melastatin-8 as a 'druggable' target in the androgen receptor-expressing prostate cancers.

Characterization of phase I and phase II metabolites of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) bitter acids: In vitro and in vivo metabolic profiling by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap.

Bitter acids are a class of prenylated phloroglucinol derivatives present in Humulus lupulus L., known for their multiple healthy properties, nevertheless, research regarding their metabolism and stability is lacking. This study was aimed to elucidate the metabolic stability of hop α- and ß-acids and characterize I and II phase metabolites in vitro and in vivo. For this purpose, an ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) method was developed and validated. Mice liver microsomes were used to assess metabolic stability; in vitro t1/2 and clearance values were calculated, showing a moderate metabolism for α-acids (avgt1/2: 120.01 min, avgCLint 11.96 µL/min/mg), while ß-acids were metabolized faster (avgt1/2: 103.01 min, avgCLint: 13.83 µL/min/mg). I and II phase metabolites were characterized both in in vitro, and in vivo, in mouse plasma and urine after oral administration. A combined full scan/data dependent/precursor ion list-triggered neutral loss (FS/dd-MS2/PIL-tNL) strategy was used to detect unknown and expected metabolites. As a result, 33 compounds were detected, including novel metabolites, such as 9 potential oxidized metabolites of humulones (M6-M14), and 10 glucuronide conjugates of α-acids, comprising 7 glucuronide derivatives of oxidized phase I metabolites (M26-M32). The proposed method extends the current knowledge regarding metabolization of hop α- and ß-acids and could be applied for the comprehension of the metabolic fate of this class of compounds in different species, as well as for in vivo pharmacokinetic studies.