Effect of caloric restriction with or without physical activity on body composition and epicardial fat in type 2 diabetic patients: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is debate over the independent and combined effects of caloric restriction (CR) and physical activity (PA) on reduction in fat mass and in epicardial fat thickness. We compared the impact of a similar energy deficit prescription by CR or by CR combined with PA on total fat mass, epicardial fat thickness, and cardiometabolic profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this 16-week randomized controlled study, 73 individuals were randomly enrolled to receive: 1) a monthly motivational phone call (Control), 2) a caloric deficit of -700 kilocalories/day (CR), or 3) a caloric deficit of -500 kilocalories/day combined with a PA program of -200 kilocalories/day (CR&PA). Total fat mass, epicardial fat, and cardiometabolic profile were measured at baseline and after 16 weeks. While comparable weight loss occurred in both intervention groups (-3.9 ± 3.5 kg [CR], -5.1 ± 4.7 kg [CR&PA], -0.2 ± 2.9 kg [Control]), changes in total fat mass were significantly different between all groups (-2.4 ± 2.9 kg [CR], -4.5 ± 3.4 kg [CR&PA], +0.1 ± 2.1 kg [Control]; p < 0.05) as well as epicardial fat thickness (-0.4 ± 1.6 mm [CR], -1.4 ± 1.4 mm [CR&PA], +1.1 ± 1.3 mm [Control]; p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in trends for cardiometabolic parameters improvement between groups. CONCLUSIONS: For a similar energy deficit prescription and comparable weight loss, the combination of CR&PA provides a greater reduction in fat mass and epicardial fat thickness than CR alone in individuals with comparable weight loss and with a similar energy deficit prescription. These results, however, do not translate into significant improvements in cardiometabolic profiles. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01186952.

Relationship between the body adiposity index and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present secondary analysis study was to investigate the ability of the body adiposity index (BAI) to detect changes in % body fat levels before and after a weight loss intervention when compared to % body fat levels measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and to examine the relationship between the BAI with cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS: The study population for this secondary analysis included 132 non-diabetic obese sedentary postmenopausal women (age: 57.2 ± 4.7 years, BMI: 35.0 ± 3.7 kg/m(2)) participating in a weight loss intervention that consisted of a calorie-restricted diet with or without resistance training. We measured: (1) visceral fat using CT-scan, (2) body composition using DXA, (3) hip circumference and height from which the BAI was calculated, and (4) cardiometabolic risk factors such as insulin sensitivity (using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), blood pressure as well as fasting plasma lipids, hsC-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and glucose. RESULTS: Percent body fat levels for both methods significantly decreased after the weight loss intervention. In addition, the percent change in % body fat levels after the weight loss intervention was significantly different between % body fat measured using the DXA and the BAI (-4.5 ± 6.6 vs. -5.8 ± 5.9%; p = 0.03, respectively). However, we observed a good overall agreement between the two methods, as shown by the Bland-Altman analysis, for percent change in % body fat. Furthermore, similar correlations were observed between both measures of % body fat with cardiometabolic risk factors. However, results from the multiple linear regression analysis showed that % body fat using the BAI appeared to predict cardiometabolic risk factors differently than % body fat using the DXA in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Estimating % body fat using the BAI seems to accurately trace variations of % body fat after weight loss. However, this index showed differences in predicting cardiometabolic risk factors when compared to % body fat measured using DXA.

Relative contribution of muscle and liver insulin resistance to dysglycemia in postmenopausal overweight and obese women: A MONET group study.

OBJECTIVES: The relative contribution of muscle and liver insulin resistance (IR) in the development of dysglycemia and metabolic abnormalities is difficult to establish. The present study aimed to investigate the relative contribution of muscle IR vs. liver IR to dysglycemia in non-diabetic overweight or obese postmenopausal women and to determine differences in body composition and cardiometabolic indicators associated with hepatic or muscle IR. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Secondary analysis of 156 non-diabetic overweight or obese postmenopausal women. Glucose tolerance was measured using an oral glucose tolerance test. Whole-body insulin sensitivity (IS) was determined as glucose disposal rate during a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Muscle and liver IR have been calculated using Abdul-Ghani et al. OGTT-derived formulas. Participant's body compositions as well as cardiometabolic risk indicators were also determined. RESULTS: Overall, 57 (36.5%) of patients had dysglycemia, among them 25 (16.0%); 21 (13.5%); 11 (7.1%) had impaired fasting glycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and combined glucose intolerance respectively. Fifty-three (34.0%) participants were classified as combined IS while on the opposite 51 participants (32.7%) were classified as combined IR and 26 (16.7%) participants had either muscle IR or liver IR. For similar body mass index and total fat mass, participants with liver IR were more likely to have lower whole-body IS, dysglycemia and higher visceral fat, liver fat index, triglycerides and alanine aminotransferase than participants with muscle IR. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the presence of liver IR is associated with a higher prevalence of dysglycemia, ectopic fat accumulation and metabolic abnormalities than muscle IR.

Weight cycling and depressive symptoms in diabetes: a community-based study of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Quebec.

OBJECTIVE: The problems of obesity and depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus are well documented, yet the role of weight cycling in relation to these 2 chronic conditions has not been examined. The study objective was to determine whether weight cycling predicts the development of depressive symptoms in the course of 1 year. METHODS: A cohort study of 1100 adults with type 2 diabetes participating in the Diabetes Health and Well-Being Study (telephone survey using the random-digit-dialling method) had complete data at the 1-year follow up on depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire 9) and weight cycling frequency (going on a diet and losing >10 kg). RESULTS: At baseline, 56.5% of subjects reported weight cycling on at least 1 occasion in their lifetime; it was found to be associated with baseline body mass index, depression, sex and age (p<0.05). Regression analyses indicated that severe weight cycling (≥4 times) was not associated with the development of major depressive symptoms; however, it was associated with maintaining major depressive symptoms (p=0.038) but significance disappeared after adjusting for body mass index, physical activity, smoking and sociodemographic characteristics. Development and maintenance of major depressive symptoms were associated with physical inactivity (p<0.05); maintenance of major depressive symptoms was also associated with higher body mass index values (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Weight cycling is a widespread phenomenon in diabetes. It was associated with depression, but severe cycling was not an independent predictor of the development and maintenance of major depressive symptoms. Clinicians should consider physical inactivity when evaluating and addressing depression in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Changes in depressive symptoms and changes in lifestyle-related indicators: a 1-year follow-up study among adults with type 2 diabetes in Quebec.

OBJECTIVE: The study purpose was to examine the association between changes in depressive symptoms and changes in lifestyle-related indicators among adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A longitudinal survey was conducted among individuals with type 2 diabetes in Quebec. The sample consisted of 1183 subjects who responded to the baseline and 1-year follow-up telephone interviews, with complete data for depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire 9). Regression models were used to determine associations between changes in depressive symptoms and changes in lifestyle-related indicators (physical activity, body mass index (BMI)) and, perception-related indicators (control of body weight and of amount of food eaten). RESULTS: After 1 year, 136 subjects (11.5%) developed depression (major or minor), 118 (10%) remained depressed, 829 (70%) remained not depressed and 100 (8.5%) reverted to not depressed. Subjects who developed depression, compared with those who remained not depressed, were more likely to be inactive at baseline, remain inactive at 1 year, report a worsening of their perception of controlling body weight, report maintaining a poor perception of controlling amount of food eaten and report maintaining a poor perception of controlling body weight (p<0.05). The same factors were associated with maintenance of depression at 1 year (p<0.05). Changes in BMI were not associated with changes in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Physical inactivity, perception of poor control of body weight and amount of food eaten have been found to be associated prospectively with the development and persistence of depression and, therefore, should be considered priority targets for diabetes treatment. Depression is related to the continuation of poor lifestyle and perception-related indicators.

The Visceral Adiposity Index: Relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors in obese and overweight postmenopausal women--a MONET group study.

A recent study suggested visceral adipose index (VAI) as an indicator of adipose tissue distribution and function associated with cardiometabolic risk. We aim to examine the association between VAI and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), insulin sensitivity, and a large panel of associated cardiometabolic risk factors, and to determine if changes in VAI after weight loss intervention will reflect changes in VAT. We performed a secondary analysis using the data of 99 overweight and postmenopausal women that completed a 6-month weight loss program (Montreal Ottawa New Emerging Team Study). VAI was calculated according to the equation by Amato et al. (2010; Diabetes Care, 33(4):920-922). At baseline, VAI was associated with VAT (r = 0.284, p < 0.01) but not with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) while body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly related to both. BMI and WC demonstrated significantly stronger predictive value of VAT accumulation (area under the curve = 0.84 and 0.86, respectively) than VAI (area under the curve = 0.61; p < 0.01). However, VAT, BMI, WC, and VAI were similarly related to fasting insulin and glucose disposal rates. After a 6-month weight loss program, VAI decreased significantly and similarly in both intervention groups (p < 0.01). In addition, the percentage of change in VAI showed the significantly weakest correlation (r = 0.25) with the percentage of change in VAT than BMI (r = 0.56; p < 0.01 for r comparisons) and was not a significant predictor of interindividual percentage of change in VAT while BMI accounted for 33.7%. VAI is a weak indicator of VAT function and did not predict changes in VAT after weight loss. Furthermore, this index was not superior to BMI or WC. However, VAI is a good indicator of metabolic syndrome.

Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis-related glucose abnormalities: Can we shorten the standard oral glucose tolerance test?

Adult patients with cystic fibrosis (APCF) are at high risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and CF-related diabetes (CFRD) and thus an annual screening with a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is recommended. This population would greatly benefit from a simplified and harmless alternative to the standard OGTT. Thus, we aimed to compare the diagnostic values of HbA1c and glycemias at interval time points during the 2-h OGTT for IGT and CFRD detection in APCF. To do so, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 194 APCF with normal fasting plasma glucose values (≤ 7.0 mmol · L(-1)) who underwent a 2-h OGTT. Receivers operating characteristic area under the curves (ROC-AUC) were analyzed to assess the diagnostic value of HbA1c and intermediate OGTT glycemias using 2-h OGTT glycemia as reference. For both IGT and CFRD diagnoses, ROC-AUC values obtained from glycemia at 90 min were significantly higher than HbA1c and remaining intermediate glycemias (p < 0.001). The best 90-min OGTT cut-off values for these diagnoses were >9.3 mmol · L(-1) (IGT) and ≥ 11.5 mmol · L(-1) (CFRD). A 90-min OGTT glycemia might be a simplified alternative to 2-h OGTT glycemia for earlier glucose tolerance abnormalities diagnosis in APCF. This finding should be confirmed in other APCF cohorts and its predictive value should be established prospectively.

Menopause and sarcopenia: A potential role for sex hormones.

Menopause is associated with a decline in estrogen levels, which could lead to an increase in visceral adiposity as well as a decrease in bone density, muscle mass and muscle strength. This decline in muscle mass, known as sarcopenia, is frequently observed in postmenopausal women. Potential causes of sarcopenia include age-related changes in the hormonal status, low levels of physical activity, reduced protein intake and increased oxidative stress. However, the role of sex hormones, specifically estrogens, on the onset of sarcopenia is controversial. Preventing sarcopenia and preserving muscle strength are highly relevant in order to prevent functional impairment and physical disability. To date, resistance training has been shown to be effective in attenuating age-related muscle loss and strength. However, results on the effect of hormonal supplementation to treat or prevent sarcopenia are contradictory. Further research is needed to identify other potential mechanisms of sarcopenia as well as effective interventions for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Therefore, the purpose of this review will be to examine the role of sex hormonal status in the development of sarcopenia. We will also overview the physical as well as metabolic consequences of sarcopenia and the efficiency of different interventions for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.