Discovery of Gamma Rays from the Quiescent Sun with HAWC.

We report the first detection of a TeV γ-ray flux from the solar disk (6.3σ), based on 6.1 years of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory. The 0.5-2.6 TeV spectrum is well fit by a power law, dN/dE=A(E/1 TeV)^{-γ}, with A=(1.6±0.3)×10^{-12} TeV^{-1} cm^{-2} s^{-1} and γ=3.62±0.14. The flux shows a strong indication of anticorrelation with solar activity. These results extend the bright, hard GeV emission from the disk observed with Fermi-LAT, seemingly due to hadronic Galactic cosmic rays showering on nuclei in the solar atmosphere. However, current theoretical models are unable to explain the details of how solar magnetic fields shape these interactions. HAWC's TeV detection thus deepens the mysteries of the solar-disk emission.

Hong Kong needs a territory-wide registry for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is an urgent disease entity, and the outcomes of OHCA are poor. This causes a significant public health burden, with loss of life and productivity throughout society. Internationally, successful programmes have adopted various survival enhancement measures to improve outcomes of OHCA. A territory-wide organised survival enhancement campaign is required in Hong Kong to maintain OHCA survival rates that are comparable to those of other large cities. One key component is to establish an OHCA registry, such as those in Asia, the United States, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. An OHCA registry can provide benchmarking, auditing, and surveillance for identification of weak points within the chain of survival and evaluation of the effectiveness of survival enhancement measures. In Hong Kong, digitisation of records in prehospital and in-hospital care provides the infrastructure for an OHCA registry. Resources and governance to maintain a sustainable OHCA registry are necessary in Hong Kong as the first step to improve survival and outcomes of OHCA.

Public access defibrillation in Hong Kong in 2017.

The concept of public access defibrillation was proposed more than 20 years ago. Since then, various programmes have been implemented in many major cities although not all have been successful. Fourteen years ago, the question of whether Hong Kong needed public access defibrillation was raised. This article aimed to answer this question based on the best available evidence. Over the years, the clinical effectiveness of public access defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has been proven. Nonetheless various studies have indicated that among others, cost-effectiveness, knowledge and attitudes of the public, and incidence of ventricular fibrillation are important factors that will affect the likelihood of success of such programmes. In Hong Kong, because of the long interval between recognition of arrest and first defibrillation, public access defibrillation is probably needed. To ensure the success of such a programme, careful planning in addition to the installation of more automated external defibrillators are essential.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Hong Kong: a territory-wide study.

INTRODUCTION: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a global health care problem. Like other cities in the world, Hong Kong faces the impact of such events. This study is the first territory-wide investigation of the epidemiology and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Hong Kong. It is hoped that the findings can improve survival of patients with cardiac arrest. METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of the prospectively collected data on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest managed by the emergency medical service from 1 August 2012 to 31 July 2013. The characteristics of patients and cardiac arrests, timeliness of emergency medical service attendance, and survival rates were reported with descriptive statistics. Predictors of 30-day survival were evaluated with logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 5154 cases of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest were analysed. The median age of patients was 80 years. Most arrests occurred at the patient's home. Ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia was identified in 8.7% of patients. The median time taken for the emergency services to reach the patient was 9 minutes. The median time to first defibrillation was 12 minutes. Of note, 2.3% of patients were alive at 30 days or survived to hospital discharge; 1.5% had a good neurological outcome. Location of arrest, initial electrocardiogram rhythm, and time to first defibrillation were independent predictors of survival at 30 days. CONCLUSION: The survival rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Hong Kong is low. Territory-wide public access defibrillation programme and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training may help improve survival.

STAT1 inhibitor alleviates spinal cord injury by decreasing apoptosis.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is typically caused by trauma or disease, and it severely affects patients' motor function. The relationship between signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 (STAT1) and neuronal death after cerebral focal ischemia has been comprehensively studied, but its role in SCI remains largely unknown. This study investigated the protective effect of an STAT1 inhibitor on SCI. Thirty SD rats were SCI-induced and were then randomly divided into two groups (N = 15 each), either receiving STAT1 or the STAT1 inhibitor S1491 by intraperitoneal injection. The motor dysfunction of the rats was evaluated by behavioral scores, followed by the examination of SCI by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Apoptosis was also detected by Western blot and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. The motor functions of rats receiving STAT1 did not score as well as the STAT1 inhibitor group (P < 0.01). Further assays showed remarkable improvements in pathological damage to spinal code tissue in STAT1 inhibitor-treated rats, along with lower Bax and higher Bcl-2 expression. The STAT1 inhibitor also suppressed the occurrence of TUNEL-positive cells compared to the STAT1-treated group. In summary, we suggest that the STAT1 inhibitor alleviates SCI by decreasing apoptosis.

Public knowledge of how to use an automatic external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Hong Kong.

INTRODUCTION: The survival rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Hong Kong is low. A long delay between collapse and defibrillation is a contributing factor. Public access to defibrillation may shorten this delay. It is unknown, however, whether Hong Kong's public is willing or able to use an automatic external defibrillator. This study aimed to evaluate public knowledge of how to use an automatic external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS: A face-to-face semi-structured questionnaire survey of the public was conducted in six locations with a high pedestrian flow in Hong Kong. RESULTS: In this study, 401 members of the public were interviewed. Most had no training in first aid (65.8%) or in use of an automatic external defibrillator (85.3%). Nearly all (96.5%) would call for help for a victim of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest but only 18.0% would use an automatic external defibrillator. Public knowledge of automatic external defibrillator use was low: 77.6% did not know the location of an automatic external defibrillator in the vicinity of their home or workplace. People who had ever been trained in both first aid and use of an automatic external defibrillator were more likely to respond to and help a victim of cardiac arrest, and to use an automatic external defibrillator. CONCLUSION: Public knowledge of automatic external defibrillator use is low in Hong Kong. A combination of training in first aid and in the use of an automatic external defibrillator is better than either one alone.

Mercury exposure: the experience of the Hong Kong Poison Information Centre.

OBJECTIVES: To review the characteristics of the consultation about the management of mercury exposure and identify the controversial issues on the clinical management of individuals with a history of mercury exposure. DESIGN: Descriptive case series. SETTING: Hong Kong Poison Information Centre, Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS: Persons consulting the Hong Kong Poison Information Centre about individuals with possible or definitive mercury exposure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics of the consultations, including: the demographics of affected individuals, source and reason for the consultation, tissue mercury levels, the source of mercury exposure, specific intervention if any, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Forty-one consultations were analysed. Most consultations were from the public sector. Reasons of the consultation were very variable. Individuals with abnormal tissue mercury levels were uncommon. There was only one case of acute mercury poisoning. The majority of identified individuals were not subjected to specific interventions. Chelation therapy was given to three patients, but in one of them it was considered to be contra-indicated. CONCLUSION: The management of mercury exposure is highly variable. Recommendations were made on the approach to an individual with potential mercury exposure or poisoning.

Altered exosomal miR-181d and miR-30a related to the pathogenesis of CVB3 induced myocarditis by targeting SOCS3.

OBJECTIVE: MicroRNAs are a group of gene expression regulators and some of which have been confirmed to be associated with acute viral myocarditis (VM). This study aims to find new biomarkers for VM diagnosis and explore the roles of miRNAs during the pathogenesis of VM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 23 patients with acute myocarditis and 12 controls were included in this research. The expression of 10 candidate miRNAs in the serum exosome was examined by qRT-PCR. The direct targets were predicted using bioinformatics tools and then confirmed by dual luciferase assay and immunoblotting. Levels IL-6 of cell culture supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Six weeks old male mice were injected intraperitoneally with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and then treated by miRNA inhibitors through tail vein injection. RESULTS: Five miRNAs were found to have disturbed expression in the exosome and may have the potential to be used as biomarker for VM diagnosis. Meanwhile, the expression of miR-30a and -181d was also altered in the cells after CVB3 infection. We identified SOCS3 as a direct target of miR-30a and -181d. Furthermore, during CVB3 infection, up-regulated miR-30a and -181d are related to enhanced IL-6 level via modulating SOCS3 expression. miRNA inhibitors injection increased mice survival rate after CVB3 infection. CONCLUSIONS: miR-30a and -181d contribute to the over-activated inflammatory response to viral infection of the heart during coxsackievirus infection.

Who should be admitted to hospital? Evaluation of a screening tool.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a tool for evaluating the appropriateness of acute hospital admissions in Hong Kong and test its reliability. DESIGN: The tool was based on the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol and consensus of local Emergency Medicine specialists. Reliability was tested through retrospective chart review. SETTING: Tertiary teaching hospital, Hong Kong. PATIENTS: Seventy-five randomly selected patients, who were admitted to the specialty of Internal Medicine or General Surgery via the Accident and Emergency Department in 2006, were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The intra-rater and inter-rater agreement on appropriateness of an admission. RESULTS: A 19-criterion protocol for assessing the appropriateness of acute hospitalisations was constructed. The kappa coefficient for intra-rater agreement was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.88) and that for inter-rater agreement was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.83). CONCLUSION: The new protocol was shown to have substantial reliability for evaluating whether an acute hospital admission was appropriate. The findings in this study provide a basis for testing the validity of the new protocol as well as determining the extent of inappropriate acute hospital admissions in Hong Kong.

Using pulse oximetry level to indicate the occurrence of sleep apnoea events.

The aim of this research study was to identify an alternative to nasal airflow as a prompt and unobtrusive indicator of sleep apnoea events. This study attempted to select pulse oximetry (SpO2) level as an alternative parameter to indicate the occurrence of sleep apnoea. Ten subjects diagnosed with sleep apnoea underwent an overnight polysomnography (PSG) study. Signals of nasal flow and SpO2 level were recorded. Time differences were compared between the "onset of nasal airflow cessation" (ONAC) and the "onset of three percent oxygen desaturation from the baseline" (OOD) during sleep apnoea events. The results of this study showed that measuring SpO2 level was more comfortable for patients, but that there was around a twenty second delay after the onset of the cessation of nasal airflow. It was concluded that the measurement of SpO2 level was useful for screening suspected sleep apnoea patients, but it might not be able to provide "online detection" of the occurrence of sleep apnoea events.

Experience sharing on the implementation of telehealth system in Hong Kong.

With the growth of the ageing population in Hong Kong, healthcare professionals believe that there will be a great demand of healthcare service at the community level. In 2000, the first prototype of telehealth system was developed, tested and validated by the School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. With the advancement of information technology and inexpensive video- conference facility, an inter-clinic patient-centered healthcare information system has been evolved and used by a number of satellite clinics since 2003. In order to foster the importance of personal healthcare education at the community level, different versions of the telehealth system were designed and developed for school children and teenagers. Now the research team is focusing on the development of the pocket PC's version. Experience on the deployment of such technology-intensive system in healthcare was discussed in this paper.

Design and development of the pressure ulcer nursing information system for clinical risk management.

Since 2002, hospitals have to report to Nursing Service Department, Hospital Authority Head Office on the pressure ulcer trends for risk management in Hong Kong. In line with the strategy, hospitals have designed their own patient observation records and reporting forms for monthly analysis and reporting of in-patient hospital acquired pressure ulcers. The incidence rates of individual hospital and its specialties are then calculated manually or using electronic spread sheets. However, the diversity in data definition and vocabulary use generates difficulties in communication among professionals and hospital managers. The development of the system would help to standardize the requirements and to reduce the time required for generating trends and ulcer information. The system also lays the foundation for future systems integration with the changing information system infrastructure.

Prognosis of patients with ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Hong Kong: prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognosis of patients with ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Hong Kong and examine its relationship with the other links in the chain of survival. DESIGN: Prospective descriptive study. SETTING: Three accident and emergency departments, Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS: Patients older than 18 years with non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who were transported to the hospitals by ambulance between 15 March 1999 and 15 October 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic data, characteristics of the cardiac arrest and the response times of the emergency medical service according to the Utstein style, and survival to hospital discharge rate. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty patients were included. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation in this group of patients was 14.1%. The chance of survival to hospital discharge was significantly higher for patients with ventricular fibrillation than those with other rhythms of cardiac arrest (4.4% versus 0.7%). Approximately 40.0% of all cardiac arrests were witnessed. The bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rate was low at 15.6%. The median intervals for recognition to activation of the emergency medical service, time to cardiopulmonary resuscitation, time to defibrillation, and time to advanced life support were 1, 8, 9, and 27 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest have a better chance of survival than those with other cardiac rhythms. Further improvement requires simultaneous strengthening of all four links in the chain of survival.