Children's appraisals as mediators of the relationship between domestic violence and child adjustment.

This study examines the relationships among variables that were likely to mediate the effects of exposure to domestic violence on children's internalizing problems (i.e., children's appraisals of domestic violence and their perceptions of family relationships). The study was conducted with 79 children exposed to domestic violence, including 41 boys and 38 girls, aged between 9 and 12 years old. Indicators used for children's appraisals of violence were attribution of blame and perceived threat. Children's perceptions of family relationships were based on their levels of parentification and the degree of their loyalty conflicts. A path analysis was used to verify the predictive model's pathways and to test the multiple mediator effects. Findings confirm the contribution of mediating variables and also reflect the association between self-blame and children's parentification. The results stress the relevance of evaluating the combined role of different potential mediators to provide a better understanding of the impact of domestic violence on children.

Differential expression of adenosine receptors in human neutrophils: up-regulation by specific Th1 cytokines and lipopolysaccharide.

Four types of adenosine receptors have been identified in different tissues and cell types, namely, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors. We report that A2AR but not A2BR mRNA in freshly isolated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) is maximally up-regulated after 4 h stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and to a lesser extent, with interleukin (IL)-1beta. These effects were maintained up to 21 h. Consistent with changes in A2AR mRNA expression, up-regulation of A2AR protein was also detected after 4 h of LPS or TNF-alpha exposure. Up-regulation of A2AR protein expression was transient and returned to near basal levels after 12 h or 16 h stimulation with TNF-alpha or LPS, respectively. Conversely, IL-1beta failed to promote A2AR protein expression. Suppression of thapsigargin-induced leukotriene synthesis by the selective A2AR agonist CGS-21680 was found to be more pronounced when PMN were cultured for 4 h with LPS or TNF-alpha. In contrast, the up-regulation of A2AR has no impact on CGS-21680-induced inhibition of phospholipase D activation and superoxide production in response to formyl-Met-Leu-Phe. These results demonstrate that the A2AR is up-regulated by specific T helper cell type 1 cytokines and LPS. Although this could represent a potential feedback mechanism to control inflammation, the effect of A2AR up-regulation varied depending on the stimulus used to stimulate PMN functional responses after their incubation with proinflammatory mediators.

Men's recognition of violence against women and spousal abuse: comparison of three groups of men.

Our goal was to assess whether men in the following three groups differ in their ability to recognize and judge the severity of diverse forms of aggressive behavior: (a) men who reported being physically aggressive toward their spouses and who were entering treatment for domestic violence; (b) men who, after participating in a treatment program, were no longer physically violent; and (c) men who reported never having been physically violent towards their spouses (NPV group-non-physically violent). All 81 men in the study reported being verbally aggressive toward their spouses. Men who had been in treatment for spousal abuse and who had not been physically violent toward their spouses since finishing the program were better able than the other two groups to recognize emotionally abusive behaviors.

The intrasplenic circulation of three formulations of the same protein antigen.

This paper presents a kinetic study of the intrasplenic circulation of three formulations of the protein antigen conalbumin including the soluble form and two liposomal formulations, one encapsulated in the internal aqueous milieu and one surface-linked to the liposomal vehicle. These formulations differ not only in their physical status but also in their immunostimulating properties and were chosen in an attempt to correlate the movements of antigen in lymphoid tissues with the immune response elicited. The presence of conalbumin was followed over a period of 21 days using, as a detection system, an antibody that we developed and which allows for the visualization of antigenic peptides such as those presented at the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC). The results demonstrate that the amount of antigen accessing to the spleen, its time of residency and the pathway it follows are all profoundly influenced by the form under which it penetrates the immune system. The results also indicate that the marked initial preferences of an antigen for either B cells, marginal zone macrophages (MZM) or metallophilic macrophages (MM) are of fundamental importance in determining the fate of this antigen in the spleen. It is concluded that the exact formulation of an antigen is as crucial to the regulation of the immune response as is the nature of this antigen. It is further concluded that liposomes can be used efficiently to modify the formulation of an antigen and can contribute as such to the induction of specific immune functions by driving the antigen towards some privileged immune cell populations.

[Justification of violence toward the child by mothers victimized by spousal violence]. / Justification de la violence envers l'enfant chez des mères victimes de violence conjugale.

This study deals with a major social problem, parental violence towards children. It aims to determine whether justification of violence towards children is associated with the use of parental violence in a population at high risk for child abuse. The participants in the study were 41 mothers between the ages of 24 and 46, recruited through a shelter for women who are victims of domestic violence. Results indicate a specific relationship between justification of violence and use of violence towards children, independent of the predictive power of already known risk factors. Among the three dimensions of justification, tolerance appears to be the best predictor: a mother who expresses a higher level of tolerance of violence towards children is more likely to use violence towards her own child. Results of the present study also reflect the already reported high concurrent rates between child abuse and domestic violence. However, contrary to what could be expected, our results reveal that women who suffer the most severe violence from their partners are the ones who use the least severe violence against their children. In all, these results reflect the complexity of the relationship between domestic violence and child abuse.

Differential contribution of bacterial N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl- phenylalanine and host-derived CXC chemokines to neutrophil infiltration into pulmonary alveoli during murine pneumococcal pneumonia.

Despite the development of new potent antibiotics, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the leading cause of death from bacterial pneumonia. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment into the lungs is a primordial step towards host survival. Bacterium-derived N-formyl peptides (N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine [fMLP]) and host-derived chemokines (KC and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 [MIP-2]) are likely candidates among chemoattractants to coordinate PMN infiltration into alveolar spaces. To investigate the contribution of each in the context of pneumococcal pneumonia, CD1, BALB/c, CBA/ca, C57BL/6, and formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-knockout C57BL/6 mice were infected with 10(6) or 10(7) CFU of penicillin/erythromycin-susceptible or -resistant serotype 3 or 14 S. pneumoniae strains. Antagonists to the FPR, such as cyclosporine H (CsH) and chenodeoxycholic acid, or neutralizing antibodies to KC and MIP-2 were injected either 1 h before or 30 min after infection, and then bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were obtained for quantification of bacteria, leukocytes, and chemokines. CsH was effective over a short period after infection with a high inoculum, while anti-CXC chemokine antibodies were effective after challenge with a low inoculum. CsH prevented PMN infiltration in CD1 mice infected with either serotype 3 or 14, whereas antichemokine antibodies showed better efficacy against the serotype 3 strain. When different mouse strains were challenged with serotype 3 bacteria, CsH prevented PMN migration in the CD1 mice only, whereas the antibodies were effective against CD1 and C57BL/6 mice. Our results suggest that fMLP and chemokines play important roles in pneumococcal pneumonia and that these roles vary according to bacterial and host genetic backgrounds, implying redundancy among chemoattractant molecules.