Tumor necrosis factor-α upregulates polymeric immunoglobulin receptor expression by NF-κB signaling pathways in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) liver cells.

The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is essential for controlling polymeric immunoglobulin to defend species from invading pathogens. However, the modulation pathway of pIgR expression in teleosts remains unclear. In this paper, to define that the cytokine TNF-α impacted the expression of pIgR, the recombinant proteins of TNF-α of grass carp were first prepared after approving that natural pIgR was expressed in liver cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) (L8824). L8824 cells were incubated with variable amounts of recombinant TNF-α at various times, the results revealed that pIgR expressions showed a significant dose-dependent elevation at the gene and proteins, and a similar alteration trend was detected for the pIgR protein (secretory component: SC) secreted by L8824 cells into the culture supernatant. Moreover, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) inhibitors PDTC was used to study whether TNF-α regulated pIgR expressions through the NF-κB signaling pathways. L8824 cells were treated with TNF-α, inhibitor PDTC, and TNF-α + PDTC mixtures, respectively, and the levels of pIgR genes and pIgR protein in cells and SC in the culture supernatant decreased in cells treated with PDTC contrasted to the control, and subjected to reduced expression of PDTC + TNF-α reduced expression contrasted to that treated just with TNF-α, demonstrating that suppression of NF-κB obstructed the ability of TNF-α to elevate pIgR gene and pIgR protein in cells and SC in the culture supernatant. These outcomes indicated that TNF-α raised pIgR gene expression, pIgR protein, and SC creation, and this pIgR expression induced by TNF-α was modulated by complicated pathways that included NF-κB signaling mechanism, confirming TNF-α as a pIgR expression modulator and enhancing a deeper insight of the regulatory pathway for pIgR expression in teleosts.

The immune response of pIgR and Ig to Flavobacterium columnare in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).

The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) plays an important role in mediating the transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulins (pIgs) to protect organisms against pathogen invasion. Here, a polyclonal antibody against grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) recombinant pIgR was developed by immunizing New Zealand white rabbit, and the responses of pIgR, IgM and IgZ were analyzed after bath immunization and intraperitoneal administration with Flavobacterium columnare. The results showed that pIgR transcription level was similar to IgM and IgZ, but pIgR rose much faster and peaked earlier than IgM and IgZ; the pIgR mRNA levels were higher in the skin and spleen for both immunized groups, while IgM and IgZ mRNA expression were higher in skin, gills, and intestines in bath immersion group, or spleen and head kidney in intraperitoneal immunization group. ELISA revealed that the IgM, IgZ and pIgR protein levels were up-regulated in skin mucus, gill mucus, gut mucus and bile, reaching a higher peak level earlier in skin mucus and gill mucus in bath immersion group, but a higher peak level in bile in injection group. Moreover, secretory component molecules were detected in grass carp's skin, gill and intestine mucus and bile, but not in serum, which molecular mass was near the theoretical mass obtained from the sequence of grass carp pIgR. These results demonstrated that bath and intraperitoneal immunization up-regulated pIgR and secretory Ig expression in secretions, which provided more insights into the role of pIgR in immunity and offer insight into ways of protecting teleost against pathogen invasion.

Retraction of "circ_0062491 alleviates periodontitis via the miR-142-5p/IGF1 axis".

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0442.].

Interferon-γ mediating overexpression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) liver cells.

The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) have a vital function in transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulins in order to defense against invading microorganisms, however, the regulation pathway of pIgR expression in teleosts remains unclear. In this investigation, to examine if the cytokine IFN-γ affected the expression of pIgR, the recombinant proteins of IFN-γ of grass carp was first prepared, after validating that natural pIgR expressed on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) hepatocytes (L8824), the L8824 cells were supplemented by different recombinant IFN-γ concentrations at various times, the outcomes revealed a significant dose- and time-dependent increase in pIgR expressions at the gene and secretion component (SC) proteins levels. The levels of pIgR mRNA was measured increasing at 9 h, and increasing most significant during the 9-12 h period, the growth of SC was delayed until 24 h after IFN-γ stimulation. Moreover, protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide (CHX) was used to study on whether IFN-γ regulated pIgR expressions through a protein synthesis dependent pathway. Upon inhibitors CHX treatment, the expression of pIgR mRNA were inhibited significantly, and CHX treatment at any time during the first 9 h period demolished the growth in pIgR mRNA that was promoted by IFN-γ, suggesting that IFN-γ is required for the stimulation of pIgR mRNA, which needs de novo protein synthesis. All these outcomes revealed that IFN-γ could upregulate pIgR gene expression, and production of SC, and this IFN-γ stimulated pIgR expression through a protein synthesis dependent pathway, which provided evidences for IFN-γ serves as a regulator for the expression of pIgR, as well as our current knowledge of the expression of pIgR in teleost fish has been improved as a result.

The concordance and discordance of diabetic kidney disease and retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study of 26,809 patients from 5 primary hospitals in China.

Introduction: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) share similar pathophysiological mechanisms. However, signs of DKD may be present at diagnosis of diabetes without retinopathy. Risk factors for the development of DKD and DR may not be identical. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the concordance and discordance between DKD and DR by investigating the distribution of DKD and DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 5 Chinese cities. A total of 26,809 patients were involved in this study. The clinical characteristics were compared among patients based on the presence of DKD and DR. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the independent risk factors of DKD and DR. Results: The prevalence of DKD and DR was 32.3% and 34.6%, respectively. Among eligible patients, 1,752 patients without DR had an increased urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and 1,483 patients with DR had no DKD. The positive predictive value of DR for DKD was 47.4% and negative predictive value was 67.1%. Elder age, male gender, a longer duration of disease, higher values of waist circumference and HbA1c were associated with both DR and DKD. A lower educational level was associated with DR. Higher BP and TG would predict increased prevalence of DKD. Conclusions: DKD and DR shared many risk factors, but a significant discordance was present in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DKD was more strongly associated with blood pressure and triglycerides than DR.

Effects of Allocryptopine on the Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma through m6A Mediated Hedgehog Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Allocryptopine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Macleaya cordata. This study aimed to explore the effects of allocryptopine on the growth and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. METHODS: The human OSCC cell line HSC-3 and SAS were selected in this study. MTT assay was performed to measure cell viability. Western blot was used to detect protein expressions. transwell assay was conducted to determine the migrated and invaded cells. M6A modification was confirmed by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS: Compared with the NC group, the cell viability, migration and invasion ability of OSCC cells were suppressed after allocryptopine treatment in a dose dependent manner. Allocryptopine upregulated the E-cadherin expression and downregulated N-cadherin and Vimentin expressions in the OSCC cells. In addition, the protein expressions of patched receptor 1 (PTCH1), smoothened co-receptor (SMO) and Gli family (GLI1) were downregulated after allocryptopine treatment. Furthermore, allocryptopine treatment decreased the expression of Methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3) and inhibited N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of PTCH1. Moreover, overexpression of PTCH1 reversed the effects of allocryptopine and induced the aggressiveness of OSCC cells. CONCLUSION: Allocryptopine suppressed the proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of OSCC cells via m6A mediated Hedgehog signaling pathway, relieving the carcinogenic behaviors of OSCC.

circ_0062491 alleviates periodontitis via the miR-142-5p/IGF1 axis.

CircularRNAs (circRNAs) are collectively involved in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to explore the roles of circ_0062491 in osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and provide a novel method for periodontitis treatment. mRNA and protein expression levels were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red S (ARS) staining were used to detect the activity of osteogenesis. Furthermore, the interactions between miR-142-5p and circ_0062491/IGF1 were verified by a luciferase reporter assay. circ_0062491 was suppressed in PDL tissues of periodontitis patients and overexpressed in osteogenesis-induced PDLSCs. Upregulated circ_0062491 promoted osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. miR-142-5p was verified to be a target of circ_0062491, and the overexpression of miR-142-5p suppressed the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs induced by circ_0062491 Additionally, miR-142-5p targeted IGF1, and silenced IGF1 abrogated the effects of suppressed miR-142-5p on osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. In conclusion, circ_0062491 acted as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs via the miR-142-5p/IGF1 axis.