The contribution of rescue dogs during natural disasters.

As a species, dogs are particularly suited to working with as well as working for humankind on a variety of tasks, including searching for victims of natural disasters. Their abilities are deeply seated within their genetic make-up and their domestication over thousands of years. Dogs display not only a natural ability to find people, but also to aid and protect them. Military organisations throughout the ages have recognised these traits and shaped canine behaviour to help them in their endeavours on and off the battlefield. Scientific discovery, genetics and breeding, as well as advances in positive training methods, combine to create a unique and unsurpassed search team - canine and handler. Nature and nurture have created more than a living mechanism for rescue workers, however. The emotional benefits and support provided by dogs for responders and victims alike are a profound adjunct to their work as search dogs.

L'espèce canine est particulièrement apte à travailler avec et pour l'être humain et à exercer diverses tâches dont la recherche des victimes de catastrophes naturelles. Ces capacités sont profondément ancrées chez le chien, de par son patrimoine génétique et sa domestication au fil des siècles. Les chiens font preuve d'une aptitude naturelle non seulement à rechercher et trouver des personnes mais aussi à les secourir et à les protéger. Les forces armées ont utilisé ces traits tout au long de l'histoire et modelé le comportement des chiens en vue d'en faire des alliés dans l'exercice de leurs propres tâches, aussi bien sur le champ de bataille qu'en dehors. Les découvertes scientifiques, la génétique et la sélection ainsi que les avancées enregistrées dans les méthodes de renforcement positif ont permis de constituer des équipes de recherche à la fois uniques en leur genre et aux résultats inégalés, à savoir les binômes chien et maître-chien. Ce que la nature et l'éducation ont créé va toutefois bien au-delà d'un simple mécanisme vivant dédié au sauvetage. Les bénéfices et le soutien émotionnels que les chiens apportent aux intervenants ainsi qu'aux victimes constituent un complément puissant de leur travail en tant que chiens de secours.

Las características del perro como especie lo hacen especialmente apto para trabajar con y para las personas cumpliendo muy diversas funciones, entre ellas la búsqueda de víctimas de catástrofes naturales. Sus aptitudes están profundamente ancladas en su configuración genética y en un proceso de domesticación iniciado hace miles de años. Los perros exhiben una habilidad natural no solo para encontrar a las personas, sino también para ayudarlas y protegerlas. En todas las épocas las organizaciones militares, conscientes de estos atributos, han moldeado el comportamiento canino para que las ayude en sus actividades, ya sea en el campo de batalla o fuera de él. Los descubrimientos científicos, la genética y la cría selectiva, junto con los avances realizados en métodos de adiestramiento positivo, se conjugan para crear un equipo de búsqueda único e insuperable: el binomio perro-entrenador. Pero la unión de «herencia¼ y «medio¼ ha dado lugar a algo más que a una máquina viviente al servicio del personal de rescate: el apoyo y los beneficios emocionales que el perro aporta a la vez a las víctimas y al personal de respuesta son una prolongación nada baladí de su trabajo de búsqueda.

Differences between bacterial species shown by simultaneous assessment of neutrophil phagocytosis and generation of reactive oxygen intermediates in trauma patients.

HYPOTHESIS: Previous studies on alterations in phagocytosis and bacterial killing after trauma have yielded conflicting results. We hypothesize that these changes are variable, depending on the species of bacteria used to assay these variables. DESIGN: Blood samples from patients were assayed by means of flow cytometry for phagocytosis and reactive oxygen intermediate generation. Several common clinical pathogens were used: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Results were compared with those from controls. SETTING: Regional level I trauma center. PATIENTS: Ten consecutive patients were studied with E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Five of these were also studied with S. aureus. Patients were 18 years of age or older, with an Injury Severity Score of 16 or more. Patients who were taking corticosteroids before hospital admission or who were administered corticosteroids before blood was drawn were not studied. Isolated head injuries or limb fractures were also excluded. Controls consisted of healthy volunteers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The ingestion of bacteria by neutrophils and the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates. RESULTS: After trauma, phagocytosis of E. coli was enhanced, whereas ingestion of K. pneumoniae was depressed. Ingestion of S aureus remained unchanged. The generation of reactive oxygen intermediates was depressed after incubation with E. coli and unchanged with K. pneumoniae, but enhanced with S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS: Neutrophil response to trauma is dependent on which bacterial species the cell is attempting to kill. This may, in part, explain why only a limited number of bacterial species cause a significant proportion of early infections after trauma.

High-rise syndrome in dogs: 81 cases (1985-1991).

We evaluated 81 dogs with high-rise syndrome. Dogs fell from 1 to 6 stories, and of 52 dogs for which the fall was witnessed, 39 had (75%) jumped. Dogs sustained a triad of injuries to the face, thorax, and extremities, similar to injuries seen in cats with high-rise syndrome, but with differences in degree and distribution. Height fallen and landing surface affected initial status and type and severity of injury. Cause of fall influenced distribution of extremity injury. Dogs falling < 3 stories had a high prevalence of extremity fractures. Higher falls resulted in more spinal injuries. We recommend initial treatment for shock and thoracic trauma followed by orthopedic and neurologic evaluation. Visceral trauma should be considered if response to emergency treatment is poor. All but 1 of the dogs survived.

Early decrease in surface expression of HLA-DQ predicts the development of infection in trauma patients.

The behaviour of human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) following injury has been extensively studied. However, the behaviour of other class II antigens following trauma has not been characterized as well, despite evidence that HLA-DQ genotype influences the response to several bacterial antigens. Our study attempts to characterize and analyse the behaviour of HLA-DQ after trauma in patients with and without infection. Twenty-five patients were studied following major injury. Fifteen of the 25 patients developed infection (men = 11, women = 4); 10 patients developed no infection (men = 9, women = 1). The mean age was 34 +/- 12 years for patients with no infection and 52 +/- 20 years for those with infection. Monocyte HLA-DQ surface expression was determined using FITC-labelled antibodies and flow cytometry. Expression was compared with a control population of 11 healthy volunteers. The percentage of monocytes expressing HLA-DQ following trauma was reduced in patients with infection and in those without infection, but returned to normal (days 8-14) only in those patients who did not develop infection. Monocyte HLA-DQ mean channel fluorescence was reduced on day 1, but quickly returned to normal in those patients who subsequently developed infection. Stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, the initial samples of 13 patients who developed infection showed that surface expression on these monocytes could be elevated into the normal range. We conclude that HLA-DQ is an additional early marker of outcome that may not function merely as an immune suppressor. The maintained ability of HLA-DQ to present self-antigens may be important in the initial stages of the host response to injury.

Social class background, sexual attitudes, and sexual behavior in a heterosexual undergraduate sample.

To further the understanding of the relationship between social class and sexual attitudes and behavior, we present data from a study of undergraduate students. We look at the education of students' fathers and how it relates to students' sexual profiles. Among the men, some traditional social class differences are found, indicating that class differences persist among some upwardly mobile men. For the women, fewer social class differences appear. Further, we compare our 1992 sample of 554 college students, 19-22 years old, with a university sample of 904 similar age students from 1967, and find our sample more coitally experienced. College students today are following norms that in the past were associated with a lower educational level. Implications of our findings for class convergence theory are addressed. Reliable birth control, gains in equality by women, and the sexual images of television and other media are discussed as major factors contributing to the increased sexual permissiveness among university students of the 1990s.

Endotoxin and muramyl dipeptide modulate surface receptor expression on human mononuclear cells.

Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 100 ng/ml) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP 100 ng/ml), two immunomodulatory bacterial cell wall products, were incubated with human whole blood, and the expression of receptors involved in antigen presentation, costimulation, and cell activation was investigated by use of flow cytometry. On monocytes, LPS and MDP increased surface expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), CD18, CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1), and CD86 (B7-2). On lymphocytes, LPS but not MDP increased HLA-DR expression after 18 h. The expression of CD28, CD49d/CD29, and CD106 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, VCAM-1) remained unchanged on both monocytes and lymphocytes. The early increase (1-6 h) of CD18 and ICAM-1 expression led us to hypothesize that CD18-dependent costimulatory signals were involved in the later (6 h) increase of monocyte HLA-DR expression. However, blocking studies using monoclonal antibodies against CD18 (IB4, 15 microg/ml) demonstrated that the LPS- and MDP-induced increase of HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression on monocytes was not mediated through CD18. LPS induced the expression of the early activation marker CD69 by a CD14-dependent but CD18-independent mechanism, whereas MDP did not induce CD69 expression. Analysis of leukocyte subsets demonstrated that CD4(+) T-cells, CD8(+) T-cell, CD19(+) B-cells, CD56(+) natural killer (NK)-cells, and CD14(+) monocytes increased the expression of CD69 after stimulation with LPS. Collectively, these data demonstrate a stronger immunomodulatory effect of LPS compared with MDP which may, in part, explain the established difference of toxicity between these two bacterial cell wall products.

Heparin binding protein (CAP37) differentially modulates endotoxin-induced cytokine production.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: CAP37, also known as heparin-binding protein (HBP), is neutrophil-derived protein with multifunctional properties that include monocyte chemotaxis and the enhancement of LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), IL-1, IL-6, and PGE2production from isolated monocytes, which suggest a generalized effect on LPS-induced monocyte activation. In this study, we tested whether HBP amplifies the release of other LPS-responsive cytokines from isolated human monocytes. METHODS: Freshly isolated monocytes from 5 healthy donors were stimulated for 24 h with saline, LPS (10 ng/ml), HBP (10 microg/ml), or a combination of LPS + HBP. Cytokine levels in the supernate were measured with ELISA. ANOVA and Fisher's posthoc test were used to determine significance (p < 0.05). Differential display was used to assess cellular mRNA levels. RESULTS: HBP alone induced the production of IL-8, macrophage inhibitory protein MIP-1alpha, and TNF-alpha. HBP increased the LPS-induced production of IL-8, MIP-1alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, but HBP did not increase the significant LPS-induced release of IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein MCP-1, and IL- 12. Differential display demonstrated that HBP induced an mRNA pattern that was different from the mRNA pattern induced by saline, LPS, or HBP + LPS, indicating multiple and different gene activation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that HBP is not a general amplificator of LPS-induced monocyte activation but rather a molecule that targets the production of a distinct set of mediators including pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, but not the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, nor IL-12 and MCP-1. The exact intracellular signaling pathways remain unknown but include mechanisms that alter gene transcription.

Results of craniotomy for the treatment of cerebral meningioma in 42 cats.

Forty-two cats underwent craniotomy for removal of a meningioma between 1985 and 1991. Median duration of clinical signs before examination was 1.25 months. All cats had inappropriate demeanor: 48% were dull and 38% were lethargic. Neurological deficits included impaired vision in 93%, paresis in 83%, and seizures in 19%. Computed tomography (CT) showed solitary masses in 86% and multiple masses in 14%. Intraoperative complications included hemorrhage and difficulty excising deep or adherent masses. Anemia in 13 of 42 cats was the most common immediate postoperative complication. Ten of 42 cats had no improvement or a more severe neurological status after surgery. Eight of 42 cats died immediately after surgery; 6 of these were anemic. Of the cats that survived the immediate postoperative period, evaluation 10 to 14 days after surgery showed that 97% (33 of 34) were alert and 79% (27 of 34) had returned to normal behavior. Neurological deficits, except for vision impairment, had resolved in most cats. The duration of follow-up varied from 1.3 months to 55.1 months. Ten cats developed neurological abnormalities from 1 month to 44.2 months after surgery; of these, 6 had tumor recurrence or new growth confirmed by CT scan or necropsy. Overall survival was 71% at 6 months, 66% at 1 year, and 50% at 2 years. Age of cat and location of tumor did not significantly affect survival (P = .1034 and .1851, respectively). There were too few precise measurements of tumor size to make a valid statistical comparison of the effect of size on survival. Location or presence of multiple tumors did not affect final outcome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Heparin and enoxaparin enhance endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in human monocytes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether heparin or the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin alter lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced monocyte activation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Heparin is widely used in clinical practice to inhibit the coagulation cascade. However, heparin also is a naturally occurring glucosaminoglycan and a pleiotropic immunomodulator that binds to a variety of proteins. LPS is a component of gram-negative bacteria and is thought to be responsible for many of the deleterious effects seen in sepsis. The binding of LPS to CD14 induces a signaling cascade that results in the release of many inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). METHODS: Monocytes from healthy volunteers were isolated and cultured in the presence of saline, LPS (10 ng/ml), heparin (0.1 to 1000 microg/ml), or enoxaparin (0.1 to 1000 microg/ml). In blocking experiments, cells were pretreated for 60 minutes with the monoclonal anti-CD14 antibody MY4 (10 microg/ml) or with isotype-matched control IgG2 (10 microg/ml). TNF-alpha values were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significance was assessed with analysis of variance. RESULTS: Heparin (10 to 1000 microg/ml) and enoxaparin (1000 microg/ml) significantly enhanced LPS-induced TNF-alpha release. Heparin (1000 microg/ml) or enoxaparin (1000 microg/ml) did not produce TNF-alpha in the absence of LPS. Blockade of CD14 abrogated both LPS-induced TNF-alpha release and the effect of heparin or enoxaparin to enhance LPS-induced TNF-alpha release. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of heparin to enhance LPS-induced TNF-alpha release is a biologic phenomenon that reveals a novel and potentially important host defense mechanism during endotoxemia and sepsis. Binding of LPS to CD14 is necessary to induce this phenomenon, suggesting that both heparin and enoxaparin induce signaling mechanisms that are downstream from the initial binding of LPS on CD14.