Myocardial Injury by COVID-19 Infection Assessed by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging　- A Prospective Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: This prospective multicenter study assessed the prevalence of myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR).Methods and Results: We prospectively screened 505 patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease from 7 hospitals in Japan. Of these patients, 31 (mean [±SD] age 63.5±10.4 years, 23 [74%] male) suspected of myocardial injury, based on elevated serum troponin or B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations either upon admission or 3 months after discharge, underwent CMR 3 months after discharge. The primary endpoint was the presence of myocardial injury, defined by any of the following: (1) contrast enhancement in the left or right ventricle myocardium on late gadolinium enhancement CMR; (2) left or right ventricular dysfunction (defined as <50% and <45%, respectively); and (3) pericardial thickening on contrast enhancement. The mean (±SD) duration between diagnosis and CMR was 117±16 days. The primary endpoint was observed in 13 of 31 individuals (42%), with 8 (26%) satisfying the modified Lake Louise Criteria for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a high incidence of myocardial injury identified by CMR in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and abnormal findings for cardiac biomarkers.

Longitudinal changes in serum immunoglobulin G testing in patients with fibrotic avian hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of the antigen responsible for fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is challenging. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G testing against HP-associated antigens is performed. Although single-serum IgG testing has been investigated, multiple-serum IgG testing has not yet been studied. METHODS: This study included patients who underwent histopathological examination and positive inhalation challenge test as well as those with moderate or high HP guideline confidence level. Serum IgG testing against pigeon serum was conducted twice using two methods: enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ImmunoCAP. The association between changes in serum IgG antibody titers and changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) and other parameters was investigated. RESULTS: In this study, 28 patients (mean age, 64.5 years; mean FVC, 85.3%) with fibrotic avian HP were selected, of whom 20 and 8 underwent surgical lung biopsy and transbronchial lung cryobiopsy, respectively. Of the 28 patients, 19 had been keeping birds for more than 6 months. A correlation was observed between the annual changes in serum IgG antibody titers by ELISA and changes in relative FVC (r = - 0.6221, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a correlation between the annual changes in serum IgG antibody titers by ImmunoCAP and changes in relative FVC (r = - 0.4302, p = 0.022). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the change in serum IgG antibody titers by both ELISA and ImmunoCAP also influenced the relative FVC change (p = 0.012 and p = 0.015, respectively). Moreover, 13 patients were given additional treatments between the first and second blood test; however, the additional treatment group was not significantly different in relative FVC change compared to the group with no additional treatment (p = 0.982). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with fibrotic avian HP, the annual changes in serum IgG testing were correlated with FVC changes, highlighting the importance of serum IgG testing over time.

Serum Immunoglobulin G Testing against Pigeon Egg in Stable Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.

INTRODUCTION: The accuracy of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G testing for diagnosis of stable bird-related fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is controversial. Furthermore, avian serum, extracts, or feathers were employed as antigens in bird-related HP; however, the usage of egg whites has not been reported. We investigated the utility of IgG testing against pigeon egg whites in patients with stable bird-related fibrotic HP. METHODS: Patients having a positive inhalation test for pigeon antigen and a histological investigation with diagnostic confidence of fibrotic HP greater than moderate confidence were included. The control group consisted of patients with interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) other than HP. To select patients in the stable phase, patients with fibrotic HP were excluded if they were clinically considered to be in the acute exacerbation or acute phase. The IgG testing against pigeon egg whites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the commercialized anti-pigeon IgG testing by fluorescence enzyme immunoassay were investigated. RESULTS: In this study, 37 patients with stable bird-related fibrotic HP and 32 patients with ILDs other than HP participated. Serum IgG testing for pigeon egg whites revealed that the control group's optical density was 0.147 and the group with bird-related fibrotic HP had a mean value of 0.207 (p = 0.011). IgG testing in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid was not significantly higher in the bird-related fibrotic HP group than in controls (p = 0.42). No significant difference in area under the curve between an IgG testing against pigeon egg whites and a commercialized anti-pigeon IgG testing was observed (p = 0.24). Test accuracy for stable bird-related fibrotic HP ranged from 62% to 76% sensitivity and 59-66% specificity. CONCLUSION: IgG testing to identify the inciting antigen in patients with stable bird-related fibrotic HP had relatively low accuracy.

Acute Exacerbation and Proposed Criteria for Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Patients with Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Acute exacerbation (AE) occasionally develops in the course of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare AE of fibrotic HP with that of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS: Consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed fibrotic HP and IPF diagnosed based on a multidisciplinary discussion were included in the analysis. AE in patients with fibrotic HP and IPF was evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: This study included 309 and 160 patients with fibrotic HP and IPF, respectively. Their 50% survival times were 96.1 and 78.0 months, respectively (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.54 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.36-0.77], log-rank test; p < 0.001). Notably, the cumulative AE rates of fibrotic HP were 3% at 1 year and 10% at 3 years. Moreover, the corresponding rates of IPF were 8% at 1 year and 20% at 3 years (HR: 0.66 [95% CI: 0.45-0.93], log-rank test; p = 0.034). The 90-day survival rates from the AE onset of fibrotic HP and IPF were 75% and 64%, respectively (HR: 0.51 [95% CI: 0.31-0.83], log-rank test; p = 0.006). The respiratory function test on the physiological criteria of progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) was a predictor of AE in fibrotic HP. However, the high-resolution CT (HRCT) changes in the criteria of PPF were not. Nevertheless, both the physiological and radiological criteria of PPF were a predictor of AE of IPF. CONCLUSION: AE of fibrotic HP has a lesser prognostic effect than that of IPF. HRCT criteria for PPF were not a risk factor for AE in patients with fibrotic HP.

Incidence of acute exacerbation in patients with interstitial lung disease after COVID-19 vaccination.

Acute exacerbations due to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) have been reported, but their incidence is unknown. We investigated the incidence of exacerbations of ILD and respiratory symptoms due to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. A questionnaire survey was conducted on adverse reactions to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in 545 patients with ILD attending our hospital and retrospectively examined whether the eligible patients actually developed acute exacerbations of ILD induced by the vaccine. Of the 545 patients, 17 (3.1%) patients were aware of the exacerbation of respiratory symptoms, and four (0.7%) patients developed an acute ILD exacerbation after vaccination. Of the four patients who experienced exacerbations, two had collagen vascular disease-associated ILD, one had nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, another had unclassifiable idiopathic pneumonia, and none had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Four patients were treated using steroid pulse therapy with a steroid taper, and two of the four also received intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy. Tacrolimus was started in one patient with myositis-associated interstitial lung disease. Eventually, all patients exhibited improvement with immunosuppressive treatment and were discharged. COVID-19 vaccination for patients with ILD should be noted for developing acute exacerbations of ILD with low incidence, although manageable with early diagnosis and treatment.

Validation of inhalation challenge test and serum immunoglobulin G test for bird-related fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

BACKGROUND: The inhalation challenge test is considered to be the item for diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and identifying the causative antigen in patients with fibrotic HP. However, the inhalation challenge test is not widely used. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the values of the inhalation challenge test by comparing with serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G test. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective study. The patients with fibrotic HP were diagnosed pathologically by surgical lung biopsy or transbronchial lung cryobiopsy and were assumed to have bird-related fibrotic HP if they had a history of obvious avian exposure. RESULTS: On the basis of pathologic findings and history of avian exposure, 43 of 86 patients were diagnosed with having bird-related fibrotic HP. In 43 patients with bird-related fibrotic HP, 15 (35%) were positive for anti-bird IgG antibody and 36 (84%) were positive for the inhalation challenge test; in addition, the specificity of the inhalation challenge test was 67%. Patients with both positive results from inhalation challenge test and anti-bird IgG antibodies had a 2.7% decline in annual forced vital capacity (FVC) before the inhalation (P = .02). In patients with positive result from inhalation challenge test and negative result from anti-bird IgG antibodies, the annual FVC decreased by 5.8% (P = .03). FVC was not consistent in patients with positive result from the anti-bird IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION: The inhalation challenge test for bird-related fibrotic HP was more sensitive than the anti-bird IgG antibodies. Furthermore, the inhalation challenge test could select patients with similar disease progression.

Cardiac involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analysis.

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we sought to evaluate the prevalence of cardiac involvement in patients with COVID-19 using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. A literature review was performed to investigate the left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) ejection fraction (EF), the prevalence of LV late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), pericardial enhancement, abnormality on T1 mapping, and T2 mapping/T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), and myocarditis (defined by modified Lake Louis criteria). Pooled mean differences (MD) between COVID-19 patients and controls for LVEF and RVEF were estimated using random-effects models. We included data from 10.462 patients with COVID-19, comprising 1.010 non-athletes and 9.452 athletes from 29 eligible studies. The meta-analysis showed a significant difference between COVID-19 patients and controls in terms of LVEF [MD = - 2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 5.11 to - 0.56, p < 0.001] and RVEF (MD = - 2.69%, 95% CI - 4.41 to - 1.27, p < 0.001). However, in athletes, no significant difference was identified in LVEF (MD = - 0.74%, 95% CI - 2.41 to - 0.93, p = 0.39) or RVEF (MD = - 1.88%, 95% CI - 5.21 to 1.46, p = 0.27). In non-athletes, the prevalence of LV LGE abnormalities, pericardial enhancement, T1 mapping, T2 mapping/T2WI, myocarditis were 27.5% (95%CI 17.4-37.6%), 11.9% (95%CI 4.1-19.6%), 39.5% (95%CI 16.2-62.8%), 38.1% (95%CI 19.0-57.1%) and 17.6% (95%CI 6.3-28.9%), respectively. In athletes, these values were 10.8% (95%CI 2.3-19.4%), 35.4% (95%CI - 3.2 to 73.9%), 5.7% (95%CI - 2.9 to 14.2%), 1.9% (95%CI 1.1-2.7%), 0.9% (0.3-1.6%), respectively. Both LVEF and RVEF were significantly impaired in COVID-19 patients compared to controls, but not in athletes. In addition, the prevalence of myocardial involvement is not negligible in patients with COVID-19.

Outcome of COVID-19 in interstitial lung disease patients treated with anti-inflammatory drugs and antiviral drugs.

A recent study reported that patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) are at increased risk of death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there are no studies on the outcome of COVID-19 patients with preexisting ILD treated with corticosteroids or antiviral drugs. We extracted 26 patients with preexisting ILD by medical records and HRCT pattern. Of 503 patients with COVID-19, we selected 52 patients as control matched for age and sex. Twenty out of the 26 ILD patients (76.9%) received corticosteroid therapy, and 23 patients (88.5%) also received antiviral treatment with remdesivir or favipiravir. Although no statistical difference was found, the proportion of severe patients in ILD group tended to be higher than in non-ILD group (23.1% vs. 42.3%; p = 0.114). Also, mortality rate in ILD group tended to be higher than in non-ILD patients (11.5% vs. 3.8%; p = 0.326). In univariate analysis to evaluate risk factors for severe condition, diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, usual interstitial pneumonia pattern, and honeycomb lung were not risk factors of severe disease. Treatment with corticosteroids, antiviral drugs, and immunosuppressive agents may affect the outcome of COVID-19 patients with ILD.

Usefulness and safety of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy for reassessment of treatment in the clinical course of diffuse parenchymal lung disease.

BACKGROUND: The usefulness and safety of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) for reassessment of diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD) with progression is still unknown. Our purpose was to clarify the usefulness and safety of TBLC for reassessment of DPLD with progression. METHODS: This retrospective study included 31 patients with DPLD diagnosed by surgical lung biopsy who progressed in the clinical course and underwent TBLC for reassessment between January 2017 and September 2019 at Kanagawa Cardiovascular & Respiratory Center. Two pulmonologists independently selected the clinical diagnosis, treatment strategy, and confidence level of the treatment strategy based on clinical and radiological information with and without pathological information from TBLC. A consensus was reached among the pulmonologists regarding the clinical diagnosis, treatment strategy, and confidence level of the treatment strategy. Complications of TBLC were also examined. RESULTS: Seven (22.6%), 5 (16.1%), and 6 (19.4%) of clinical diagnosis was changed after TBLC for Pulmonologist A, for Pulmonologist B, and for consensus, respectively. The treatment strategy was changed in 7 (22.6%), 8 (25.9%), and 6 (19.4%) cases after TBLC for Pulmonologist A, for Pulmonologist B and for consensus, respectively. The definite or high confidence level of the consensus treatment strategy was 54.8% (17/31) without TBLC and 83.9% (26/31) with TBLC. There were 6 cases of moderate bleeding, but no other complications were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Pathological information from TBLC may contribute to decision-making in treatment strategies for the progression of DPLD, and it may be safely performed.

Clinical characteristics of Japanese patients with moderate to severe COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: Although several reports on the risk factors for severe disease of COVID-19 already exist, reports on effective early indicators are still limited, especially from Japan. This study was conducted to clarify the patient's characteristics whose disease progressed to severe status. METHODS: The medical records of all consecutive 300 Japanese patients hospitalized at our institution between February and November 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical characteristics were evaluated to compare between mild (no oxygen needed), moderate (oxygen needs of 1-4 L/min), and severe diseases (oxygen needs of 5 L/min or more). RESULTS: The median age was 68 years old, with 123 (41.0%) males and 177 (59.0%) females. Of these, 199 patients (66.3%), 55 patients (18.3%), 46 patients (15.3%) patients were in the mild disease, moderate disease, severe disease groups, respectively. Patients with severe disease were more likely to be older, have more comorbidities, and tended to have higher body mass index. In laboratory data, lymphocyte count, levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), LDH, and AST on admission were significantly associated with the severity. In multivariate analysis, age and CRP were the independent risk factors for severe disease (OR = 1.050, 1.130, respectively). The optimal cut-off value for age was 74 years old and that for CRP was 3.15 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Age and CRP were independently associated with disease severity of COVID-19 in multivariate analysis. Additionally, the numbers of underlying disease, lymphocyte count, and inflammatory markers such as LDH and D-dimer may also be related to disease severity.

Inhalation challenge test using pigeon eggs for chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) remains a diagnostic challenge. The process of collecting and extracting serum and droppings from causative animals for the inhalation challenge test is complicated and the risk of inducing disease progression exists. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the utility and safety of an inhalation challenge test using pigeon eggs. METHODS: Pigeon eggs were pasteurized and mixed with a saline solution to produce an inhalation fluid. An inhalation challenge test was conducted on 19 patients with bird-related CHP and 17 patients with interstitial lung disease other than bird-related CHP. To identify antigens in pigeon eggs, the antigen-antibody responses of the pigeon eggs and serum from patients were evaluated using Western blotting. RESULTS: The mean changes in C-reactive protein, alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and lactate dehydrogenase significantly increased by 0.32 mg/dL (P = .014), 7.8 Torr (P = .002), 1.4 mm/h (P = .012), and 5.4 U/mL (P = .0019), respectively, in bird-related CHP group compared to the control 24 hours after the inhalation challenge test. Furthermore, within 24 hours of the inhalation test, the mean forced vital capacity decreased by 2.3% in the bird-related CHP group compared with a decline of 0.05% in the control group (P = .035). Serum collected from seven bird-related CHP patients who underwent the inhalation challenge test and reacted to antigens with molecular weights of 37-75 KDa, and these molecular weights were consistent with egg albumin and globulin. CONCLUSION: Since a mild response was observed after the inhalation challenge test using pigeon eggs, this test was an obvious candidate for diagnosing bird-related CHP.

Effectiveness and Safety of Bronchial Thermoplasty in the Treatment of Severe Asthma with Smoking History: A Single-Center Experience.

INTRODUCTION: Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) improves asthma-related quality of life and decreases the number of asthma exacerbations. However, the effectiveness of BT in the treatment of severe asthma with smoking history is unclear because previous studies have excluded patients with smoking history of more than 10 pack-years. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to clarify the effectiveness and safety of BT for severe asthma with smoking history. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who received BT and compared its effectiveness and safety with and without smoking history. RESULTS: Seven patients were assigned to the smoking group and 9 to the nonsmoking group. Before BT, despite Global Initiative for Asthma step 4 or 5 treatment including oral corticosteroids (OCS) or monoclonal antibody drugs, most patients in both groups had asthma-related symptoms every day (85.7 vs. 77.8%; p = 0.475) and frequent asthma exacerbations. After BT, in the smoking group, 3 patients could discontinue or reduce OCS and all 3 patients treated with monoclonal antibody drugs could discontinue them. In the smoking group, 6 patients (85.7%) experienced a reduction in the rate of symptoms, of which 3 patients (42.9%) had a disappearance of symptoms, similar to the nonsmoking group. BT was effective in 5 patients (83.3%) in the smoking group and 6 patients (75.0%) in the nonsmoking group. There were no severe complications. CONCLUSIONS: BT was found to be effective and safe for treatment of severe asthma with smoking history. Our results suggest that BT may be a therapeutic option for asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap.

Relationship of flow-volume curve pattern on pulmonary function test with clinical and radiological features in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The flow-volume (FV) curve pattern in the pulmonary function test (PFT) for obstructive lung diseases is widely recognized. However, there are few reports on FV curve pattern in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In this study, we investigated the relationship between FV curve pattern and clinical or radiological features in IPF. METHODS: The FV curves on PFTs and chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images of 130 patients with IPF were retrospectively evaluated. The FV curves were divided into four groups based on the presence or absence of the convex and concave patterns: convex/concave, non-convex/concave, convex/non-concave, and non-convex/non-concave. Using a computer-aided system, CT honeycombing area (%HA) and subtracted low attenuation area (%sLAA) were quantitatively measured. To assess the distribution of CT findings, the lung area was divided into upper, lower, central, and peripheral areas. The relationships of FV curve patterns with patient characteristics, spirometry results, and quantitative CT findings were evaluated. RESULTS: The patients with convex pattern was identified in 93 (71.5%) and concave pattern in 72 (55.4%). Among the four groups, patients with the convex/non-concave pattern had significantly lower forced vital capacity (FVC) and higher %HA of the upper/peripheral lung area (p = 0.018, and p = 0.005, respectively). The convex/non-concave pattern was a significant predictor of mortality for IPF (hazard ratio, 2.19; p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with convex/non-concave pattern in FV curve have lower FVC and poorer prognosis with distinct distribution of fibrosis. Hence, FV curve pattern might be a useful predictor of mortality in IPF.

Evaluation of lymphocytic infiltration in the bronchial glands of Sjögren's syndrome in transbronchial lung cryobiopsy.

BACKGROUND: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by deteriorated exocrine gland function with associated lymphocytic infiltration. However, there are few pathological studies on bronchial glands in SS. In this study, we aimed to clarify pathological features of bronchial glands in SS. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated infiltration of lymphocytes in the bronchial glands incidentally collected by transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC), which were performed for the diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases. The degrees of lymphocyte infiltration in the bronchial glands were classified into four grades (grade 0-3). We compared the degrees of infiltration of SS with those of other diffuse lung diseases. RESULTS: TBLC for diagnosis of diffuse lung diseases were performed on 432 cases during the study period. The samples of 50 cases included bronchial glands. Of those, 20 cases were excluded due to insufficient size or influence of therapy. The remaining 30 cases included 17 of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, 5 of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia, 6 of connective tissue disease (SS; n = 4, systemic sclerosis; n = 1, dermatomyositis; n = 1) and 2 of other diseases. In SS, infiltration of lymphocytes was observed in all cases; grade 1 in one, grade 2 in one, and grade 3 in two cases. In contrast, 11 of 26 in other diseases showed no lymphocytes infiltration, with the remaining 15 of grade 1 infiltration. Grade 2 or more infiltration were found only in SS but not in other diseases. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that high-grade lymphocytic infiltration of bronchial glands is a distinct characteristics in SS.

Safety of pyrazinamide-including regimen in late elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: A prospective randomized open-label study.

Pyrazinamide (PZA) -including regimen had not been fully recommended for late elderly patients with tuberculosis (TB) by Japanese Society for Tuberculosis until 2018. Studies on the safety of adding PZA to other first-line TB drugs for late elderly patients are limited. In this prospective randomized open-label study, we aimed to assess the safety of regimen including PZA for patients aged 80 or older. Patients in their eighties with smear-positive pulmonary TB without any liver diseases were randomly assigned to HRE (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol) group or HREZ (HRE and PZA) group. The primary endpoint was discontinuation or interruption rate of treatment due to liver injury. Other endpoint included overall rate of liver injury, time to culture conversion, and overall mortality. Eighty-nine patients were assigned to either HRE group (n = 45) or HREZ group (n = 44). Clinical background was not different in two groups including age, smear grade, body weight, serum albumin, and activity degree. Discontinuation of treatment due to liver injury occurred in 15.6% of HRE group and 9.1% of HREZ group, which showed no statistical difference. Incidence of liver injury was also comparable between two groups. Overall mortality was statistically higher in HREZ group (3 in HRE vs. 10 in HREZ), although all deaths seemed to be irrelevant to PZA use. Time to culture conversion was significantly shorter in HREZ group (43.6 days vs. 30.2 days). In conclusion, regimen including PZA seems to be safe for late elderly patients with pulmonary TB.

Prognostic factors and disease behaviour of pathologically proven fibrotic non-specific interstitial pneumonia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) has heterogeneous characteristics in terms of background, disease behaviour and prognosis. This study of fibrotic NSIP (f-NSIP) aimed to elucidate prognosis and disease behaviour from the viewpoint of clinical background and determine whether long-term change of pulmonary function could provide useful prognostic information. METHODS: We analysed the medical records of 157 consecutive patients diagnosed with f-NSIP by surgical lung biopsy. Disease behaviour was categorized into two groups depending on long-term change of pulmonary function: progressive type (relative ≥5%/year decline in the slope of forced vital capacity and/or relative ≥7.5%/year decline in the slope of %diffusing capacity of lung carbon monoxide) or stable type. Predictors of disease behaviour and prognosis were determined using logistic and Cox regression models. RESULTS: Our f-NSIP cohort included interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) (36.9%), idiopathic (non-IPAF) (22.3%) and connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (40.8%). Multivariate analysis showed that idiopathic (non-IPAF) f-NSIP and progressive type disease were negative prognostic factors of mortality. Poor treatment response at 1 year was an independent predictor of progressive type disease, but was not related to survival. In terms of disease behaviour based on pulmonary function change, some patients with IPAF f-NSIP showed a progressive course. CONCLUSION: Although an IPAF diagnosis was useful for identifying good prognosis in idiopathic f-NSIP, some idiopathic f-NSIP patients with or without IPAF showed progressive disease despite therapy. The definition of progressive type disease may be useful in clinical decision-making when determining therapy for f-NSIP.

Predictive Factors for the Long-Term Deterioration of Pulmonary Function in Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Anti-Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Antibodies.

BACKGROUND: Little has been reported on long-term pulmonary function trends among patients with interstitial lung disease associated with anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies (ARS-ILD). OBJECTIVES: To clarify the factors predictive of progression in ARS-ILD based on patients' initial clinical and radiological features. METHODS: The clinical courses of 88 patients with > 1 year of follow-up data on pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were retrospectively analyzed. Disease behavior was categorized into three groups: (1) improved or (2) worsened (defined as increases or decreases, respectively, of > 10% in forced vital capacity and > 15% in %diffusing capacity of lung carbon monoxide) or (3) stable based on PFT changes compared between 1-year results as the initial data and results at 3 years to assess the long-term course. RESULTS: In the initial course of 75 patients with ARS-ILD who received anti-inflammatory therapy within 6 months after diagnosis, 48 patients (64.0%) improved and 6 patients (8.0%) worsened. The radiological patterns in the patients with ARS-ILD included nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) in 46.7% and NSIP with organizing pneumonia overlap in 52.0% of the cases. One-third of the initially improved patients who worsened over the long-term course were assigned to the unstable group. By multivariate logistic analysis, middle lobe traction bronchiectasis was a significant predictive factor for the patients in the unstable group. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with ARS-ILD receiving anti-inflammatory therapy had improved or remained stable in the first year. However, over the long-term course, some patients worsened despite their initial improvement. Even though the extent of the disease is limited, middle lobe traction bronchiectasis in ARS-ILD may be a useful predictor of poor long-term disease behavior.

Ten-Year Trends and Clinical Relevance of the Antimicrobial Resistance Genotype in Respiratory Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, especially against ß-lactam antibiotics, is a global concern. We aimed to analyze a 10-year trend in the antimicrobial resistance genotype of respiratory isolates of S. pneumoniae and to clarify whether resistance genotypes were correlated with phenotypic drug susceptibility, pathogenicity, and host clinical background. METHODS: Respiratory isolates of S. pneumoniae from 2003 to 2012 were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction for the presence of ß-lactam resistance gene mutations on pbp1a, pbp2x, and pbp2b. Sixty-eight strains isolated from different patients in 2012 were particularly analyzed for the association between genotypes and clinical data. RESULTS: The 10-year trend analysis showed a recent increase in gPRSP (genotypic penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae) with all 3 ß-lactam resistance genes (from 21.7 to 35.3% in 3 years) and a steady level of gPSSP (genotypic penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae) without any ß-lactam resistance genes (13.2% in 2012). This resistance trend in genotypes was more prominent than resistance phenotypes determined with a drug susceptibility test. The probability of being a causative pathogen did not differ in gPSSP (55.6%), gPISP (genotypic penicillin-intermediate resistant S. pneumoniae; 54.3%), and gPRSP (54.2%). There was no significant difference in the ratio of patients who presented with respiratory failure in respiratory infection caused by gPSSP, gPISP, or gPRSP. Host clinical characteristics including age and gender were not different among resistance genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in pathogenicity or clinical background between gPSSP, gPISP, and gPRSP. Antimicrobial resistance in respiratory isolates of S. pneumoniae was more prevalent in genotypes than in phenotypes.

Unilateral Upper Lung Field Pulmonary Fibrosis Radiologically Consistent with Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis after Thoracotomy: A New Disease Entity Related to Thoracotomy.

BACKGROUND: Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) is a rare bilateral idiopathic interstitial pneumonia defined by pleural-parenchymal involvement. In clinical practice, we encountered patients with upper lung field pulmonary fibrosis (Upper-PF), which was radiologically consistent with PPFE, but apparently limited to the unilateral lung. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to clarify the clinical characteristics in those patients. METHODS: We examined the medical records of all the consecutive patients from 2012 to 2016 to see whether there were patients having unilateral Upper-PF. RESULTS: We found 6 patients with unilateral Upper-PF. The most common symptom was dyspnea, and all patients had a low body mass index and severe restrictive pulmonary impairment. Notably, all patients had a history of thoracotomy for resecting lung or esophageal cancer, and the lesions were limited to the operated side. Dynamic breathing chest MRI showed an impaired thoracic movement in the operated side. Serial chest CT from prethoracotomy to the first visit was obtained in 5 patients: before thoracotomy, only a slight apical cap, defined as a wedge- and triangle-shaped opacity with broad pleural contact, was observed only in the operated side, but progressed into the lesion after a median of 8.4 years following thoracotomy. After the first visit, the unilateral lesion rapidly deteriorated in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral Upper-PF had some characteristics in common with PPFE. Because the lesion was limited to the operated side, unilateral Upper-PF would be a new disease entity related to thoracotomy. Our results indicate that thoracotomy impairs thoracic movement in the operated side and subsequently triggers unilateral Upper-PF development, especially in patients with an apical cap.

Clinical features of usual interstitial pneumonia with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) is occasionally positive in patients with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). However, the differences from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF/UIP) have not been well documented. We aimed to clarify the clinical, radiological and pathological features of UIP associated with MPO-ANCA (ANCA/UIP). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 12 consecutive ANCA/UIP patients not manifesting microscopic polyangiitis and 108 IPF/UIP patients with no autoantibodies, both diagnosed by surgical lung biopsy. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in clinical background, laboratory results and pulmonary function tests between ANCA/UIP patients and IPF/UIP patients except for the percentage of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils. HRCT showed subpleural reticulation in both groups. Increased attenuation around honeycombing and cysts was significantly observed in ANCA/UIP. Pathologically, ANCA/UIP had more prominent inflammatory cell infiltration, lymphoid follicles with germinal centres and cellular bronchiolitis. During the disease course, three of 12 patients (25%) developed microscopic polyangiitis. Immunosuppressive treatment tended to be more effective in ANCA/UIP patients, and the survival time in ANCA/UIP patients tended to be longer than those with IPF/UIP. CONCLUSION: ANCA/UIP may be distinguishable from IPF/UIP with a combination of HRCT findings of increased attenuation around honeycombing and cysts and some of the characteristic pathological findings. In contrast to IPF/UIP, immunosuppressive treatment could be a therapeutic option for ANCA/UIP.