Single cell RNA-sequencing in uveal melanoma: advances in heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is a highly aggressive and fatal tumor in the eye, and due the special biology of UM, immunotherapy showed little effect in UM patients. To improve the efficacy of immunotherapy for UM patients is of great clinical importance. Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq) provides a critical perspective for deciphering the complexity of intratumor heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment(TME). Combing the bioinformatics analysis, scRNA-seq could help to find prognosis-related molecular indicators, develop new therapeutic targets especially for immunotherapy, and finally to guide the clinical treatment options.

Adjunctive effect of orthokeratology and low dose atropine on axial elongation in fast-progressing myopic children-A preliminary retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the adjunctive effect of orthokeratology (ortho-k) and low-dose atropine eye drops on axial length elongation in fast-progressing myopic children. METHODS: Axial elongation in 60 eyes of 60 subjects who completed two years of ortho-k treatment was retrospectively reviewed. They were aged between 5.6-11.6 (mean, 8.3 ± 1.5) years old when they started ortho-k treatment. During their first year of ortho-k treatment (Phase One), they all demonstrated a faster than 0.25 mm/yr axial elongation rate. They were then treated with nightly 0.01% atropine in addition to ortho-k treatment for another year (Phase Two). Annual axial elongation rates before and after atropine treatment were compared. RESULTS: Baseline spherical equivalent refractive error was -2.65 ± 1.08 DS and axial length was 24.34 ± 0.92 mm for the study cohort. The mean axial elongation rate was 0.46 ± 0.16 mm/yr during Phase One, being significantly faster in younger children (t = -4.920, P < 0.001). When atropine was added, annual axial elongation rate significantly decreased to 0.14 ± 0.14 mm/yr (t = -11.988, P < 0.001), and those who were fast progressors in Phase One had a greater reduction in the rate of axial elongation during Phase Two (t = -8.052, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Axial elongation rate is faster in younger children undergoing ortho-k treatment. For fast myopia progressors, low dose atropine may significantly slow axial elongation in addition to ortho-k's treatment effect. Those who have faster axial elongation after ortho-k treatment will benefit more from the addition of low dose atropine, regardless of their refractive error and age.

Bis-(salicylaldehyde-benzhydrylimino)nickel complexes with different electron groups: crystal structure and their catalytic properties toward (co)polymerization of norbornene and 1-hexene.

Eight bis-(salicylaldehyde-benzhydrylimino)nickel complexes with different electron groups (Ni1-Ni8), Ni{(3-R1)(5-R2)C6H2(O)CHNCH(C6H5)2}2, (R1 = H, R2 = H, Ni1; R1 = H, R2 = CH3, Ni2; R1 = H, R2 = OCH3, Ni3; R1 = H, R2 = Br, Ni4; R1 = CH3, R2 = H, Ni5; R1 = OCH3, R2 = H, Ni6; R1 = Br, R2 = Br, Ni7; R1 = Cl, R2 = Cl, Ni8), were synthesized and their crystal structures were characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The results revealed that Ni1-Ni6 belong to the monoclinic system (space group P2(1)/n), Ni7 belongs to the monoclinic system (space group C2/c) and Ni8 belongs to the triclinic system (space group P1̄). All nickel complexes exhibited high activities (0.46-2.07 × 106 gpolymer molNi -1 h-1) toward norbornene homopolymerization, and a strong electron-withdrawing group on the salicylaldimino aromatic ring can enhance the catalytic activity and favor polymerization. Ni1 and Ni2 exhibited high activities (0.55-2.40 × 105 gpolymer molNi -1 h-1) toward copolymerization of norbornene and 1-hexene in the presence of B(C6F5)3. The 1-hexene content in the copolymers could be controlled up to 7.98-12.50% by varying the comonomer feed ratio of 1-hexene from 10 to 50%. It is observed that when the 5-position of the salicylaldimino aromatic ring has a substituent (-CH3), the 1-hexene insertion rate is lower than that without a substituent. In addition, the polymers showed high molecular weights (1.5-2.4 × 105 g mol-1) and narrow molecular weight distributions (1.62-1.89). The obtained polymers were also verified to be amorphous copolymers and had high thermal stability, good solubility and optical transparency.