Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy in reducing severity of mirror movements in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.

To determine the effec t of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT ) in improving hand function and reduction in severity of mirror movements in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy who have mirror movement disorder. Spastic hemiplegic CP children of either gender, aged 6 to 16 years, with mirror movements of grade 1 and 2 who were able to make a gross grip, were included in this single arm feasibility study. CIMT was provided as an intervention to these children for six hours per day for 15 consecutive week days. Woods and Teuber criteria was applied for the assessment of mirror m oveme nt s. Pre - and po stinte rventi on assess ment results showed that there was improvemen t in the unimanual and bimanual hand func tion in CP-affected children (p<0.05) and reduction in the severity of mirror movements ( p<0 .05). Constra intinduced movement therapy improved hand function and reduced the severity of mirror movements in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy.

Genotypic characterization of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in swine population of India: Genotype-III still in dominance.

Swine is considered as a suitable sentinel to predict Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in humans. The present study was undertaken to determine the circulating genotypes of JEV in swine population of India. A total of 702 swine serum samples from four states of western, northern, northern-temperate, and north-eastern zones of India were screened by real-time RT-PCR targeting envelope gene of JEV, which showed positivity of 35.33%. The viral copy number ranged from 3 copies to 6.3 × 104 copies/reaction. Subsequently, the capsid/prM structural gene region of JEV positive samples was amplified by nested RT-PCR, sequenced, and genetically characterized. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial sequences of the capsid gene of 42 JEV positive samples showed that they all belonged to genotype-III (G-III) of JEV. Notably, JEV positive swine samples showed high nucleotide identity with human isolates from China and Nepal which explains the probable spillover of infection between neighboring countries probably by migratory birds. The novel mutations were observed in JEV positive sample B8 at C54 position (Phe → Ser), and JEV positive sample K50 at C62 (Thr → Ala) and C65 (Leu → Pro) positions which were absent from other JEV isolates reported till now. The mutation at the C66 position (Leu → Ser) observed in live attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2 strain was not found in JEV positive samples of our study. The detection of the G-III JE virus from climatically diverse states of India reinforces the need to continue the ongoing human vaccination program in India by extending vaccine coverage in temperate states.

Sero-molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus in swine population of western Uttar Pradesh, India: Unraveling the geographical expansion of the virus.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Swine is a good sentinel for forecast of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in humans. The present study was envisaged with objectives to know the sero-conversion period of JEV and to assess the prevalence of JEV in swine population of western Uttar Pradesh state of India. METHODS: A total of 252 swine serum samples were screened using IgM ELISA over the period of one year to determine the sero-conversion rate and compared seasonally to check the transmission peak of virus. Further, 321 swine blood and serum samples were collected from all seven divisions of western Uttar Pradesh to determine prevalence of JEV using real time RT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS: Seasonal sero-conversion rate was high during monsoon and post-monsoon (32%) followed by winter (22.91%) and summer (10.71%) seasons. The sero-conversion was observed in all months indicating viral activity throughout the year in the region. The low degree of correlation was found between meteorological variables (day temperature, rainfall) and sero-conversion rate. A total of 52 samples (16.19%) were found positive by real time RT-PCR while sero-positivity of 29.91% was observed using IgG and IgM ELISA(s). The overall prevalence of JEV was 39.25%. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The presence of JEV was recorded throughout the year with peak occurrence during monsoon and post-monsoon season indicating that virus has spread its realm to western region of the state. The information generated in the present study will aid in initiating timely vector control measures and human vaccination program to mitigate risk of JEV infection in the region.

Molecular Genomic Study of Inhibin Molecule Production through Granulosa Cell Gene Expression in Inhibin-Deficient Mice.

Inhibin is a molecule that belongs to peptide hormones and is excreted through pituitary gonadotropins stimulation action on the granulosa cells of the ovaries. However, the differential regulation of inhibin and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on granulosa cell tumor growth in mice inhibin-deficient females is not yet well understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of inhibin and FSH on the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles at the premature antral stage. This study stimulated immature wild-type (WT) and Inhibin-α knockout (Inha-/-) female mice with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and examined hCG-induced gene expression changes in granulosa cells. Also, screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed in the two groups under study. In addition, related modules to external traits and key gene drivers were determined through Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) algorithm. The results identified a number of 1074 and 931 DEGs and 343 overlapping DEGs (ODEGs) were shared in the two groups. Some 341 ODEGs had high relevance and consistent expression direction, with a significant correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9145). Additionally, the gene co-expression network of selected 153 genes showed 122 nodes enriched to 21 GO biological processes (BP) and reproduction and 3 genes related to genomic pathways. By using principal component analysis (PCA), the 14 genes in the regulatory network were fixed and the cumulative proportion of fitted top three principal components was 94.64%. In conclusion, this study revealed the novelty of using ODEGs for investigating the inhibin and FSH hormone pathways that might open the way toward gene therapy for granulosa cell tumors. Also, these genes could be used as biomarkers for tracking the changes in inhibin and FSH hormone from the changes in the nutrition pattern.

Verona integron-encoded metallo-Beta-lactamase (VIM) and Vietnam extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase (VEB) producing pseudomonas balearica from a clinical specimen.

Pseudomonas balearica, a saprophyte found in marshy and marine habitats, is not routinely differentiated from P. aeruginosa and P. stutzeri using automated systems and hence has not been reported from clinical samples. This study describes the identification of P. balearica using MALDI-TOF-MS and 16S rDNA sequence from a patient admitted to an intensive care unit (I.C.U.). The isolate was found to be Verona integron-mediated Metallo-b-lactamase (V.I.M.), and Vietnam extended-spectrum b-lactamase (V.E.B.) producer and resistant to Ceftriaxone, Imipenem, and Tobramycin. P. balearica can be a source for horizontal transfer of blaVEB and blaVIM. Its pathogenesis has yet to be understood.

Comparative effect of driving side on low back pain due to Repetitive Ipsilateral Rotation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of repetitive ipsilateral rotation on low back pain among the taxi drivers of right and left hand drive. METHODS: A total of 1200 (600 Iran+600 Pakistan) male taxi drivers, aged between 20-60 years with work experience of more than one year were randomly selected and interviewed in Tehran (Iran) & Lahore (Pakistan) to fill self-administered questionnaires in Persian and Urdu languages which contained socio-demographic, work related and LBP characteristics. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression models were employed for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Point, one week, one year and lifetime prevalence of LBP among right hand drive taxi drivers was 26.7%, 35.5%, 49.8% and 77.7% respectively. Point, one week, one year and lifetime prevalence of LBP among left hand drive taxi drivers was 37%, 42.7%, 53.5% and 72.3% respectively. Mean Numeric Pain rating scale (NPRS) score was 4.15 (SD=1.42) in Pakistan, while in Iran it was 4(SD=1.57). There was no significant difference regarding pain intensity (p=0.123) between drivers from both countries. Mean Roland-Morris Questionnaire (RMQ) score among drivers in Pakistan with LBP was 7.76(SD= 2.50), while in Iranian drivers who had LBP, mean RMQ score was 7.71(SD=2.99). CONCLUSION: Static or less dynamic muscles are more prone to LBP due to lower endurance. Lack of exercising habit, work as a driver for more number of years, driving within city, more driving hours in a day, forward bending, lifting, no seat comfort, lack of awareness regarding ergonomics and lower satisfaction level of job were the main reasons of LBP.

In vitro analysis of circumferential joint replacement, including bilateral facet joint replacement with lateral lumber disc prosthesis: a parametric investigation of disc sizing.

PURPOSE: Lateral lumbar disc prosthesis (LLDP) is an innovative device used to restore motion in select patients through a lateral retroperitoneal approach. No in vitro biomechanical studies have been published. Further, the potential for in toto circumferential joint restoration when use of this anterior disc is combined with facet replacement remains unqualified but signifies a potentially interesting clinical direction. METHODS: Researchers conducted a biomechanical feasibility study of an LLDP designed to investigate parameters of disc sizing used with bilateral facet joint replacement in a cadaveric model. Tested constructs at L4-L5 included (1) intact, (2) LLDP, (3) LLDP + wide discectomy, (4) LLDP + bilateral facetectomy, and (5) LLDP + bilateral facet joint replacement (BFJR). Investigators tested instrumented constructs (2-5) with an LLDP at compact-fit and lax-fit heights and used raw data to perform statistical analysis by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), along with Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc analysis (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: Increased height of the LLDP resulted in significantly less motion compared with intact. Widening the discectomy while using lax-fit sizing led to motion similar to intact in flexion-extension. As expected, motion was greater with lax-fit height than with compact-fit height in all loading modes and constructs, as is noted with a widened discectomy. The L4-L5 center of rotation was maintained regardless of placement of the LLDP. CONCLUSIONS: After bilateral facetectomy, reconstruction of the three-joint complex achieved by combining the LLDP with BFJR may provide a viable alternative to current clinical treatment regimens.

The influence of drought and heat stress on long-term carbon fluxes of bioenergy crops grown in the Midwestern USA.

Perennial grasses are promising feedstocks for bioenergy production in the Midwestern USA. Few experiments have addressed how drought influences their carbon fluxes and storage. This study provides a direct comparison of ecosystem-scale measurements of carbon fluxes associated with miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), restored native prairie and maize (Zea mays)/soybean (Glycine max) ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of a naturally occurring drought during 2012 on key components of the carbon cycle and plant development relative to non-extreme years. The perennials reached full maturity 3-5 years after establishment. Miscanthus had the highest gross primary production (GPP) and lowest net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in 2012 followed by similar values for switchgrass and prairie, and the row crops had the lowest GPP and highest NEE. A post-drought effect was observed for miscanthus. Over the duration of the experiment, perennial ecosystems were carbon sinks, as indicated by negative net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), while maize/soybean was a net carbon source. Our observations suggest that perennial ecosystems, and in particular miscanthus, can provide a high yield and a large potential for CO2 fixation even during drought, although drought may negatively influence carbon uptake in the following year, questioning the long-term consequence of its maintained productivity.

Aerobiological, clinical, and immunobiochemical studies on Alstonia scholaris pollen from Eastern India.

Alstonia scholaris or Indian devil tree is a common, evergreen, tropical tree of the Apocynaceae family. The objectives of this study were (a) to observe the seasonal variation of A. scholaris pollen in the atmosphere of an industrial and rural area of West Bengal, India by conducting a 2-year aerobiological survey with a Burkard personal volumetric sampler, (b) to study its allergenicity in the local population by in vivo (skin-prick test) and in vitro tests (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dot blotting), (c) to identify the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding proteins present in the pollen extract (sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting), (d) to study its chemical composition. A. scholaris pollen were present in the air from September until November. They contained 14.3 % carbohydrate, 9.2 % lipid, and 4.3 % protein. Among 140 respiratory allergic local patients, 28.57 % showed positive skin reaction to A. scholaris pollen extract. Twelve protein bands in the range of 94.4-13.3 kDa were observed in the pollen extract. Seven IgE-binding proteins were found. Among them, one component of 29.9 kDa was the most important in A. scholaris pollen extract. This component could be purified and would be helpful in the diagnosis and therapy of A. scholaris pollen-susceptible patients.

Harnessing Walnut-Based Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Approach to Combat the Disease Complex of Meloidogyne arenaria and Macrophomina phaseolina in Cowpea.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exhibit diverse applications, including antimicrobial, UV-blocking, and catalytic properties, due to their unique structure and properties. This study focused on the characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized from Juglans regia leaves and their application in mitigating the impact of simultaneous infection by Meloidogyne arenaria (root-knot nematode) and Macrophomina phaseolina (root-rot fungus) in cowpea plants. The characterization of ZnO NPs was carried out through various analytical techniques, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, Powder-XRD analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX analysis. The study confirmed the successful synthesis of ZnO NPs with a hexagonal wurtzite structure and exceptional purity. Under in vitro conditions, ZnO NPs exhibited significant nematicidal and antifungal activities. The mortality of M. arenaria juveniles increased with rising ZnO NP concentrations, and a similar trend was observed in the inhibition of M. phaseolina mycelial growth. SEM studies revealed physical damage to nematodes and structural distortions in fungal hyphae due to ZnO NP treatment. In infected cowpea plants, ZnO NPs significantly improved plant growth parameters, including plant length, fresh mass, and dry mass, especially at higher concentrations. Leghemoglobin content and the number of root nodules also increased after ZnO NP treatment. Additionally, ZnO NPs reduced gall formation and egg mass production by M. arenaria nematodes and effectively inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina in the roots. Furthermore, histochemical analyses demonstrated a reduction in oxidative stress, as indicated by decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in ZnO NP-treated plants. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized ZnO NPs as an eco-friendly and effective solution to manage disease complex in cowpea caused by simultaneous nematode and fungal infections.

Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) Vaccine Among Adolescents (Aged 12-15 Years): An Observational Study in Qatar.

In May 2021, Qatar launched the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine campaign for adolescents aged 12 to 15 years across all 27 health centers. Our study assessed the safety and efficacy of the vaccine among vaccinated and nonvaccinated adolescents in Qatar. Using a retrospective observational study, we analyzed the medical records of 1956 adolescents who were severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive from June 17 to December 17, 2021. The mean age for the vaccinated group was 13.89 ± 0.93 years, and for the nonvaccinated group, it was 12.99 ± 0.93 years. In the vaccinated group, 46% were male (n = 185) compared with 53% in the nonvaccinated group (n = 827) and 54% were female in the vaccinated group (n = 217) versus 47% in the nonvaccinated group (n = 727). Our findings demonstrate satisfactory protection provided by the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, with only one fifth of the study population contracting SARS-CoV-2 infections after the double-dose regimen. These results highlight the importance of maximizing vaccination coverage and considering booster doses for adolescents to enhance protection.

Airborne load of Cassia pollen in West Bengal, eastern India: its atmospheric variation and health impact.

A Burkard personal volumetric sampler was used at Sriniketan, a town about 150 km northwest of Calcutta, in the state of West Bengal, in eastern India to record the frequency of three common airborne Cassia pollen types, Cassia tora, Cassia occidentalis, and Cassia fistula for two consecutive years (2004-2006). Correlation was made between the meteorological factors and the pollen concentration in the atmosphere. The study reports Cassia pollinosis by in vivo skin prick test in respiratory allergic patients. The highest positive reactions were exhibited by C. tora (34.7 %), C. fistula (33.3 %), and C. occidentalis (28.5 %). The allergic potential of these was investigated by in vitro enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test. Their protein components were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in the range of 15.8-81.5 kDa. In C. occidentalis and C. fistula, 11 bands were found, while it was 10 in C. tora. The results show that the Cassia pollen occur significantly in the atmosphere with the potential to elicit an allergic response in susceptible patients.

Palladium-catalyzed remote meta-C-H olefination of cinnamates.

The palladium-catalyzed remote meta-C-H olefination of geometrically challenging substituted cinnamates using a nitrile directing group derived from 2-cyanobenzoic acid has been described. This new protocol is applicable to various olefin coupling partners and provides the corresponding meta-olefinated products in very good yields and with high selectivity. In addition, using this methodology, a variety of acrylates with tethered bioactive molecules, such as naphthoquinone, methyl salicylate, paracetamol, thymol, sesamol, chalcone, naproxen, cholesterol and estrone, have been coupled to produce the desired meta-olefinated products.

Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: An updated microbiological review.

A class of organic priority pollutants known as PAHs is of critical public health and environmental concern due to its carcinogenic properties as well as its genotoxic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic properties. Research to eliminate PAHs from the environment has increased significantly due to awareness about their negative effects on the environment and human health. Various environmental factors, including nutrients, microorganisms present and their abundance, and the nature and chemical properties of the PAH affect the biodegradation of PAHs. A large spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and algae have ability to degrade PAHs with the biodegradation capacity of bacteria and fungi receiving the most attention. A considerable amount of research has been conducted in the last few decades on analyzing microbial communities for their genomic organization, enzymatic and biochemical properties capable of degrading PAH. While it is true that PAH degrading microorganisms offer potential for recovering damaged ecosystems in a cost-efficient way, new advances are needed to make these microbes more robust and successful at eliminating toxic chemicals. By optimizing some factors like adsorption, bioavailability and mass transfer of PAHs, microorganisms in their natural habitat could be greatly improved to biodegrade PAHs. This review aims to comprehensively discuss the latest findings and address the current wealth of knowledge in the microbial bioremediation of PAHs. Additionally, recent breakthroughs in PAH degradation are discussed in order to facilitate a broader understanding of the bioremediation of PAHs in the environment.

Robot-assisted screw fixation in a cadaver utilizing magnetic resonance imaging-based synthetic computed tomography: toward radiation-free spine surgery. Illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Synthetic computed tomography (sCT) can be created from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizing newer software. sCT is yet to be explored as a possible alternative to routine CT (rCT). In this study, rCT scans and MRI-derived sCT scans were obtained on a cadaver. Morphometric analysis was performed comparing the 2 scans. The ExcelsiusGPS robot was used to place lumbosacral screws with both rCT and sCT images. OBSERVATIONS: In total, 14 screws were placed. All screws were grade A on the Gertzbein-Robbins scale. The mean surface distance difference between rCT and sCT on a reconstructed software model was -0.02 ± 0.05 mm, the mean absolute surface distance was 0.24 ± 0.05 mm, and the mean absolute error of radiodensity was 92.88 ± 10.53 HU. The overall mean tip distance for the sCT versus rCT was 1.74 ± 1.1 versus 2.36 ± 1.6 mm (p = 0.24); mean tail distance for the sCT versus rCT was 1.93 ± 0.88 versus 2.81 ± 1.03 mm (p = 0.07); and mean angular deviation for the sCT versus rCT was 3.2° ± 2.05° versus 4.04°± 2.71° (p = 0.53). LESSONS: MRI-based sCT yielded results comparable to those of rCT in both morphometric analysis and robot-assisted lumbosacral screw placement in a cadaver study.

Uncertainty in phosphorus fluxes and budgets across the US long-term agroecosystem research network.

Phosphorus (P) budgets can be useful tools for understanding nutrient cycling and quantifying the effectiveness of nutrient management planning and policies; however, uncertainties in agricultural nutrient budgets are not often quantitatively assessed. The objective of this study was to evaluate uncertainty in P fluxes (fertilizer/manure application, atmospheric deposition, irrigation, crop removal, surface runoff, and leachate) and the propagation of these uncertainties to annual P budgets. Data from 56 cropping systems in the P-FLUX database, which spans diverse rotations and landscapes across the United States and Canada, were evaluated. Results showed that across cropping systems, average annual P budget was 22.4 kg P ha-1 (range = -32.7 to 340.6 kg P ha-1 ), with an average uncertainty of 13.1 kg P ha-1 (range = 1.0-87.1 kg P ha-1 ). Fertilizer/manure application and crop removal were the largest P fluxes across cropping systems and, as a result, accounted for the largest fraction of uncertainty in annual budgets (61% and 37%, respectively). Remaining fluxes individually accounted for <2% of the budget uncertainty. Uncertainties were large enough that determining whether P was increasing, decreasing, or not changing was inconclusive in 39% of the budgets evaluated. Findings indicate that more careful and/or direct measurements of inputs, outputs, and stocks are needed. Recommendations for minimizing uncertainty in P budgets based on the results of the study were developed. Quantifying, communicating, and constraining uncertainty in budgets among production systems and multiple geographies is critical for engaging stakeholders, developing local and national strategies for P reduction, and informing policy.

Comparative effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and passive vertebral mobilization for neck disability in patients with mechanical neck pain: A randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and Passive Vertebral Mobilization (PVM), both when given in adjunct to routine physical therapy (RPT), on neck disability in patients with mechanical neck pain (MNP). METHODS: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted on 90 patients with MNP at the National Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Islamabad, Pakistan, from September 2015 to March 2018. The participants aged between 18 and 65 years were recruited through a simple random sampling technique and randomly divided into three groups i.e. PNF + RPT, PVM + RPT, and RPT. Each participant was evaluated pre and post-intervention (after four weeks) through neck disability index (NDI). The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21. RESULTS: The MANOVA was run on the pre-post mean differences of the variables to determine the changes within the groups which showed that the participants improved significantly in all the groups in terms of the NDI components and overall NDI score (p < 0.05). Univariate analysis with the post-hoc comparison and Tuckey HSD correction was used to determine the differences between the groups which showed that there was a significant difference between the interventional groups in the overall pain intensity, as well as pain experienced while performing personal care activities, reading, doing work, driving, sleeping, recreation and in the total NDI score (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PVM (in adjunct to RPT) was more effective than PNF (in adjunct to RPT) for the patients with MNP to manage themselves in daily activities. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03813680 (at clinicaltrials.gov) (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03813680).

Pearls and pitfalls of posterior superior iliac spine reference frame placement for spinal navigation: cadaveric series.

BACKGROUND: Navigation and robotics are important tools in the spine surgeon's armamentarium and use of these tools requires placement of a reference frame. The posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) is a commonly used site for reference frame placement, due to its location away from the surgical corridor and its ability to provide solid fixation. Placement of a reference frame requires not only familiarity with proper technique, but also command of the relevant anatomy. OBSERVATIONS: Cadaveric analysis demonstrates a significant difference in PSIS location in males versus females, and additionally provides average thickness for accurate placement. LESSONS: In this technical note, the authors describe the precise technique for PSIS frame placement in addition to relevant anatomy and offer solutions to commonly encountered problems.

Phosphorus availability and leaching losses in annual and perennial cropping systems in an upper US Midwest landscape.

Excessive phosphorus (P) applications to croplands can contribute to eutrophication of surface waters through surface runoff and subsurface (leaching) losses. We analyzed leaching losses of total dissolved P (TDP) from no-till corn, hybrid poplar (Populus nigra X P. maximowiczii), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus), native grasses, and restored prairie, all planted in 2008 on former cropland in Michigan, USA. All crops except corn (13 kg P ha-1 year-1) were grown without P fertilization. Biomass was harvested at the end of each growing season except for poplar. Soil water at 1.2 m depth was sampled weekly to biweekly for TDP determination during March-November 2009-2016 using tension lysimeters. Soil test P (0-25 cm depth) was measured every autumn. Soil water TDP concentrations were usually below levels where eutrophication of surface waters is frequently observed (> 0.02 mg L-1) but often higher than in deep groundwater or nearby streams and lakes. Rates of P leaching, estimated from measured concentrations and modeled drainage, did not differ statistically among cropping systems across years; 7-year cropping system means ranged from 0.035 to 0.072 kg P ha-1 year-1 with large interannual variation. Leached P was positively related to STP, which decreased over the 7 years in all systems. These results indicate that both P-fertilized and unfertilized cropping systems may leach legacy P from past cropland management.

Atypical Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19.

The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), belonging to a group of RNA-enveloped viruses and believed to be transmitted by aerosol route, is a worldwide pandemic. Many studies have described typical clinical manifestations such as fever, cough, fatigue, diarrhea, and nasal congestion. However, to our knowledge, there are minimal studies on the neurological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Our review aims to identify the various neurological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, which could be an added advantage in the early diagnosis and prevention of further complications of the nervous system.