Protein and Energy Supplements for the Elderly.

The proportion of elderly individuals is rising globally, and data have shown that as high as 8% of the elderly community suffer from malnutrition. Protein energy malnutrition has shown to elevate morbidity and mortality risk in the elderly; therefore, protein and energy supplement are needed for the elderly populations to create healthy conditions. This chapter describes about general structure of protein, protein turnover, amino acid metabolism including metabolism in the elderly, protein change in aging, supplementation of amino acid as well as vitamin and mineral for the elderly. The discussion in this section aims to provide a general description of protein, amino acids, changes in amino acid metabolism in the elderly, and the benefits of supplementing amino acids as well as vitamins and minerals for the elderly.

Lysosomal enzymes and the oxygen burst capability of monocyte-derived macrophages in active drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in relation to cell attachment.

Drug resistance to tuberculosis (TB) has become an obstacle in eliminating tuberculosis. The transmission of drug-resistant TB from patients increases the incidence of primary drug-resistant (DR) TB in individuals who are in close contact. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate an immunological approach into preventive therapy. This study focuses on the activity of lysosomal enzymes, oxygen bursts, and the attachment ability of macrophages among individuals diagnosed with active drug-resistant TB compared with close contacts with latent TB or healthy cases. We measured macrophage oxygen burst ability (Water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST) test, Nitric Oxide production, and myeloperoxidase activity) and the degradative ability of lysosomes (activity of the ß-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase enzymes). Six active DR-TB patients and 18 close-contact cases (8 Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI); 10 healthy) were recruited at Universitas Indonesia Hospital. The macrophage attachment of the LTBI group was higher than in the other groups. NO production, myeloperoxidase activity, ß-glucuronidase, and acid phosphatase were higher in the active DR-TB group. A negative correlation was uncovered between phagocytosis and NO production, myeloperoxidase activity, and lysosomal enzymes. The difference in macrophage function is expected to be a further reference in active DR-TB treatment or preventive therapy.

Assessment of plasma malondialdehyde levels among free-diver fishermen in southeast Maluku district: exploring influencing factors on oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: Indonesia, with its expansive territorial waters, hosts numerous fishing communities residing on various islands. Many of these communities rely on diving activities, predominantly free diving without standardized safety equipment. This practice poses risks, including the potential for hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, which plays a role in disease pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in freediving fishermen and explore potential influencing factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The research involved 30 freediving fishermen, aged 20-60, who engaged in diving at least twice weekly over the last 3 months. Blood plasma MDA levels were assessed using the Will method. RESULTS: Results revealed a median age of 40.5 years (range: 20-59), a body mass index of 23.1 ± 2.8, and a mean blood pressure of 132/85 mmHg. A significant portion of the subjects exhibited smoking habits (90%) and alcohol consumption (76.7%). The median MDA level among subjects was measured at 0.42 nmol/mL (range: 0.34-0.70). However, no discernible relationship was found between smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and MDA level categories, as determined by the Fisher exact test (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: While these findings shed light on the MDA levels in freediving fishermen, further research is warranted to explore additional factors that may influence these levels. This comprehensive understanding is crucial for addressing the health risks associated with free diving practices in this unique population.

Activities and concentration of alpha-1 antitrypsin and cystatin C in serum from patients with house dust mite asthma.

Background: The proteolytic activities of house dust mite (HDM) allergens are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma by cleaving T-junction protein complexes, increasing the permeability of airway epithelial cells, and enabling the allergens to reach the interstitial tissue. The human body contains natural protease inhibitors such as alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) with antiserine protease activity and cystatin C with anticysteine protease activity. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the behavior of serum AAT and cystatin C levels in patients with HDM-allergic asthma. Methods: Ten individuals with HDM-allergic asthma and 10 healthy volunteers participated in a cross-sectional study. The serum AAT and cystatin C inhibitory activities were measured using enzymatic assays. ELISA was used to determine the serum AAT and cystatin C concentrations. Results: Serum AAT inhibitory activity (P = 0.445; P > 0.05), AAT concentration (P = 0.290; P > 0.05), and cystatin C concentration (P = 0.419; P > 0.05) did not significantly differ between the patient and control groups. However, serum cystatin C inhibitory activity in the asthmatic patient group was significantly higher than in the healthy subjects (P = 0.001; P < 0.05). There was no correlation between AAT inhibitory activity and AAT concentration or between cystatin C inhibitory activity and cystatin C concentration. Conclusion: These findings suggest that serum cystatin C activity is involved in asthma pathogenesis. Additional research is required to address this issue.

Increase in transforming growth factor-ß didnot affect trombospondin1 in preeclampsia placentas.

Objective: The abnormalities of the placental growth process are a theory causing pre-eclampsia. Antiangiogenic factors contributed to it, such as thrombospondin-1 (TSp-1) that could stimulate transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß), or vice versa. Some research showed that an increase in TGF-ß did not always figurized its signaling. Therefore, we conducted a study to examine the TGF-ß signaling proteins through its receptors and TSp-1 expression in preeclampsia placentas. Materials and Methods: This observational study used 33 normal and 33 pre-eclampsia placental storaged samples, for examination of TGF-ß and TGF-ßR 1 and 2, SMAD2 using ELISA, and SMAD2 and TSp-1 mRNA using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0, normality test by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and significancy was analyzed using nonparametric Mann-Whitney test, or t-test for parametric, with confidence interval 95%. Spearman correlation was used for non-parametric data, besides the Pearson correlation for parametric data. Results: Results showed that there were significant differences between preeclampsia and normal placenta in TGF-ß, its receptors, SMAD2, and TSp-1 mRNA. Normal-TGF-ß=1.19 (0.713-2.051) pg/mg; preeclampsia-TGFB=2.69 (0.906-10.252) pg/mg; p=0.001; normal-TGFBR1=1.025 (0.622-1.402) ng/mg; preeclampsia-TGFBR1=1.223 (0.372-2.553) ng/mg; p=0.004; Normal-TGF-ßR2=0.959 (0.644-1.634) pg/mg; preeclampsia-TGFBR2=1.490 (0.775-3.645) pg/mg; p=0.0001; normal-SMAD2=2.087 (1.279-4.300) ng/mg; preeclampsia-SMAD2=3.508 (1.842-22.489) ng/mg; p=0.0001. The SMAD2 mRNA relative expression (Livax) in the normal placenta was=0.71 (0.03-7.25); pre-eclampsia placenta (PE)=0.49 (0.01-40.71); p=0.075, the normal TSp-1 mRNA expression=1.08 (0.09-5.31); PE=0.21 (0.002-24.06); p=0.002. The correlation test showed a strong correlation between TGF-ß with TGFBR1 and 2 in the normal placenta, conversely, there was no correlation in the preeclampsia placenta. There was also no correlation between SMAD2 and TSp-1 mRNA in both normal and pre-eclampsia. Conclusion: TGF-ß signaling in the preeclampsia placenta was changed due to the increased of the protein signaling it self without correlation between TGF-ß to its receptors and TSp-1 relative expression.

The Use of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Delivery of CpG ODN in Treatment of Allergic Balb/C Mice.

Background: This study aims to prepare high stability chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) and examine the ability of CNP in CpG-ODN delivery when treating allergic mice model. Methods: Preparation and characterization of CNP were performed by ionic gelation, dynamic light scattering, and zeta sizer. The CNP cytotoxicity and activation ability of CpG ODN delivered with CNP were tested using a cell counting kit-8 and Quanti blue method. Allergic mice were injected intraperitoneal with 10 ug ovalbumin on day 0 and 7, and then treated with intranasal CpG ODN/CpG ODN, delivered with CNP/CNP, on the third week three times per week for three weeks. The ELISA method measured cytokine and IgE profiles in the allergic mice's plasma and spleen. Results: CNP results have sizes 27.73 nm±3.67 dan 188.23 nm±53.47, spherical in shape and non-toxic, and did not alter the NF-κB activation of CpG ODN in RAW-blue cells. The application of CpG ODN delivered by chitosan nanoparticles shows no statistical difference between groups of IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-13 in Balb/c mice's plasma and spleen, in contrast with IgE level. Conclusions: The results showed that using chitosan nanoparticles as a delivery system for CpG ODN has the potency to safely CpG ODN efficacy.

Increasing of LDH Specific Activity and PEPCK Level Play a Role on Activation of Gluconeogenesis Pathway in Early Onset Pre-Eeclampsia Placenta.

Background: Recent advancement on experiment concluded that etiology of pre-eclampsia (PE) could be explained by the "two-stage" theory. The theory of which explained that pre-eclampsia occurs due to abnormalities in spiral arteries development and release of inflammatory response. Failure of spiral arteries development, the lesion of damage could be due to ischemia-reperfusion or hypoxia-reoxygenation. Hypoxia in pre-eclamptic placenta leads to metabolic change to anaerobic in glycolysis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has important role in anaerobic glycolysis that catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate during hypoxia. On the other hand, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK) is merely an enzyme of gluconeogenesis. This research conduct to reveal that in early onset pre-eclampsia the placenta still hypoxic and undergoes gluconeogenesis even after delivery, through metabolic enzyme of LDH and PEPCK level. Methods: This cross-sectional study compared early onset PE (< 34 weeks) with normal term placenta. We measured LDH enzyme activity using colorimetric assay and PEPCK protein using ELISA method. Results: Result show that placental LDH specific activity was increased significantly in PE with median 2.750 (0.030 - 5.680) U/mg compared to normal term placenta 0.255 (0.032 - 1.194) U/mg (Mann-Whitney, p< 0.001). PEPCK level was significantly increased in PE 8.998 (1.737-44.914) ng/mg compared to normal term placenta 1.552 (0.741-8.832) ng/mg (Mann-Whitney, p< 0.001). Conclusion: We conclude that anaerobic glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathway are increased in early onset PE placenta as adaptation mechanism to hypoxic condition.

Phagocytosis and the antigen-processing abilities of macrophages derived from monocytes in spinal tuberculosis patients.

This study examined the hypothesis that there is an impairment of macrophageal function in spinal TB. We examined macrophageal functions in spinal TB patients. Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of five spinal TB patients and five healthy persons as control. The isolated monocytes were cultured with stimulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) for seven days for maturation. The phagocytic ability of the macrophages derived from monocytes was measured. Also, nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), beta-glucuronide, and acid phosphatase activity was investigated. We found that the monocytes collected from patient PBMCs were significantly fewer than those of the control group (2992.103 vs. 6474.103 (cells/mL)). There were also fewer macrophages that had adhered to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (598.103 vs. 264.103 (cells/mL)). However, NO production (2346 vs. 325.17 (µmol/gram of protein)), and the MPO (570.7 vs. 17.4 (unit/mg), beta-glucuronide (0.149 vs. 0.123 (µmol/hour/100 mg of protein)), and acid phosphatase activities (1776.9 vs. 287.9 (µmol/hour/100 mg of protein)) of the macrophages in the spinal TB group were markedly higher than in the healthy group. Despite the low adhesion to foreign bodies, the intracellular processing of TB macrophages, including oxidative activity and lysosome function, was significantly high. These results suggested the impairment of macrophageal function in spinal TB. Possibly, there is a dominance of innate non-specific immunity in spinal TB infection.