[A clinical case of piloleiomyoma]. / Klinicheskii sluchai piloleiomiomy.

The article describes a clinical case of a benign tumor from smooth muscle cells - piloleiomyoma. The incidence of leiomyoma in the skin is 3-5% of all leiomyomas. A 27-year-old patient applied to a medical institution with complaints about an intradermal formation in the ear region that occurred repeatedly within 5 months after surgical treatment. After the first surgical intervention, the patient was consulted in various medical organizations, where the following diagnoses were made: «nodular fasciitis¼, «smooth muscle tumor without signs of malignancy¼ and «non-epithelial spindle cell neoplasm¼. According to ultrasound examination, the formation with dimensions of 11×9×5 mm reached the mastoid process of the temporal bone and was characterized by increased internal blood flow. After surgical removal of the neoplasm, taking into account the difficulties of differential diagnosis, an immunohistochemical study was conducted. An accumulation of smooth muscle cells was detected in the surface layers of the dermis under the epidermis by the immunohistochemical study with the use of the marker SMA. A study on CD34 protein revealed a high density of blood capillaries and the absence of its expression in smooth muscle cells. The proliferative index (Ki-67) and mitotic activity (PHH-3) of cells was also studied. The index of proliferative activity was less than 2%, mitoses were isolated. Thus, the results of immunohistochemical study proved the conclusion of piloleiomyoma.

[Features of molecular genetic diagnosis of verrucous leukoplakia]. / Osobennosti molekulyarno-geneticheskoi diagnostiki verrukoznoi leikoplakii.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the initial molecular genetic signs of malignancy of verrucous leukoplakia (VL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study of VL was carried out on biopsies of 21 patients with the diagnoses of verrucous hyperplasia (VH) (15 cases - 71.4%) and verrucous carcinoma (VC) (6 cases - 28.5%). Tissue antigens were determined using mouse monoclonal antibodies to the Ki-67 protein (MM1, Diagnostic Biosystems). Telomerase activity was determined using rabbit immunoglobulin (TRT, Abbiotec). The amplification of the TERC (Telomerase RNA Component) portion of the RNA of the third chromosome was studied by the FISH method. RESULTS: In the studied groups, high cell proliferation and significant differences between HC and VC were revealed. The amplification of TERC by the FISH method made it possible to carry out differential diagnostics between VG and VC. According to the results of the study, the amplification of the TERC gene was detected in 100% in VC and in 20% in VG. CONCLUSION: The FISH method makes it possible to detect VL malignancy at an early stage. Amplification of the TERC gene is characteristic of malignant transformation of epithelial cells in VC. In IG, as a rule, there was no amplification, which can serve as evidence of the benign nature of the pathology of COP.

[Features of expression of GLUT-1 and Ki-67 proteins in various components of mixed variants of ameloblastoma]. / Osobennosti ekspressii belkov GLUT-1 i Ki-67 v razlichnykh komponentakh smeshannykh variantov ameloblastomy.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim was to study the metabolic and proliferative activity of the components of ameloblastoma of mixed histological structure. To assess the impact of individual components of mixed variants of ameloblastoma on treatment results and the risk of relapse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 21 histological specimens of mixed ameloblastoma. To study proliferative and metabolic activity, histological preparations were immunohistochemically stained. To assess the proliferation of tumor components, histological preparations were stained for the presence of antigens to Ki-67, and the level of metabolic activity was assessed by the expression level of the glucose transporter GLUT-1. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, statistical significance was determined using the Chi-square test, and correlation analysis was performed using Spearman's. RESULTS: Among the samples of mixed ameloblastoma included in the study, a non-uniform distribution of proliferation and intensity of metabolic activity among the components was obtained. So, among all the components, the plexiform and basal cell variants are distinguished by the greatest proliferative activity. The metabolic activity of these components of mixed ameloblastoma is also increased. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained allow us to conclude that it is necessary to take into account plexiform and basal cell components of mixed ameloblastoma, as this can affect the effectiveness of treatment and the risk of relapse.

[Modern perspectives of oral squamous cell carcinoma]. / Sovremennye predstavleniya o ploskokletochnom rake slizistoi obolochki rta.

The article is devoted to the modern perspectives of the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognostic factors in theoral squamous cell carcinoma. In the new edition of the WHO Classification of Head and Neck Tumors of 2017, the concept of potentially malignant diseases is introduced, which include erythroplakia, leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, dyskeratosiscongenita, smokeless tobacco keratosis, palatallesions associated with reverse smoking, chronic candidiasis, lichen planus, discoid lupus erythematosus, syphilitic glossitis and actinic keratosis (liponly). A binary system for assessing oral epithelial dysplasia assessing is proposed. In Chapter 5, a separation of squamous cell carcinoma with a positive and negative reaction to human papillomavirus (HPV) is performed. It has been shown that patients with HPV positive squamous cell carcinoma have a better prognosis of the disease, which confirms the clinical distinction between oropharyngeal tumors and oral mucosa.

[To the question of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia malignant potential]. / K voprosu o zlokachestvennom potentsiale proliferiruyushchei verrukoznoi leikoplakii.

AIM OF STUDY: To study of neoplastic transformation of the epithelial cells of the oral mucosa with verrucous hyperortokeratosis, verrucous carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Oral mucous membrane biopsies of 33 patients with clinical diagnosis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia were investigated. Histologically in 19 cases (57.6%) was revealed verrucous hyperorthokeratosis, in 8 cases (24.2%) - verrucous carcinoma and in 6 cases (18.2%) - oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tissue antigens were determined using mouse monoclonal antibodies to Ki-67 and mouse monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratin 15. RESULTS OF THE STUDY: In comparison with the proliferative activity of epithelial cells in the malpighian layer in verrucous hyperorthokeratosis (17.2±8.1%) was detected increasingof cell proliferation in epithelial growth zone in verrucous carcinoma (33.8±8.1%) and in peripheral zone of solid areas in oral squamous cell carcinoma (51.2±35.7%). A significant decrease in the expression of cytokeratin 15 in the cytoplasm of tumor cells was noted inverrucous carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma in comparison with verrucous hyperorthokeratosis. CONCLUSION: The obtained results proclaim that there is no stage of epithelial dysplasia during tumor transformation of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia into verrucous carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Verrucous carcinoma by the nature of proliferative activity, cell atypia and expression of cytokeratin 15 corresponds to carcinoma in situ.

[Immunohistochemical diagnosis of necrotizing sialometaplasia]. / Immunogistokhimicheskaya diagnostika nekroticheskoi sialometaplazii.

The article presents a clinical case of an immunohistochemical study of a rare disease: necrotizing sialometaplasia in the hard palate. Due to the complexity of the differential diagnosis between necrotizing sialometaplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, an immunohistochemical method was used with antibodies to proteins Ki-67, P53, P63 and cytokeratins-7 and Immunohistochemical study established low proliferative activity of glandular cells in excretory ducts and metaplastic squamous epithelium for Ki-67 protein, significant expression of protein P63 was detected both in the ductal epithelium nuclei and in metaplastic areas and expression of the mutant protein P53 was approximately absent. Marked expression of cytokeratin-7 in the ducts cells and weak expression in necrotic acini of the glands and metaplastic epithelium was noted. It was shown that cytokeratin-15 homogeneously stains the peripheral zone of metaplastic epithelium, which is characteristic of a benign lesion. Thus, the panel of antibodies to proteins Ki-67, P53 and cytokeratins-7 and 15 allows to verify necrotizing sialometaplasia.

[Immunohistochemical study of Ki-67, PHH3, and CK15 protein expression in oral epithelial malignancy]. / Immunogistokhimicheskoe issledovanie ékspressii belkov Ki-67, PHH3 i CK15 pri malignizatsii épiteliia slizistoi obolochki rta.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Ki-67, phosphohistone H-3 (PHH3), and cytokeratin 15 (CK15) proteins in the cells of the oral mucosa (OM) according to the degree of its malignant transformation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: OM biopsy specimens from 69 patients diagnosed with focal epithelial hyperplasia, intraepithelial squamous cell neoplasia, cancer in situ, and squamous cell carcinoma were examined. Tissue antigens were determined using mouse Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies, rabbit PHH3 polyclonal antibodies, and mouse CK15 monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: There was an increase in epithelial proliferative and mitotic activities in squamous cell carcinoma and a sharp decrease in the expression of CK15 in the cytoplasm in cancer in situ and squamous cell carcinoma of the OM. CONCLUSION: The protein CK15 can be used for the differential diagnosis between high-grade dysplasia and OM epithelial malignancy at the stage of carcinoma in situ and squamous cell carcinoma.

[The role of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma]. / Rol' signal'nogo puti Sonic Hedgehog v formirovanii ploskokletochnogo raka slizistoi obolochki rta.

The research of the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway activity was carried out on biopsy specimens of 43 patients with oral hyperplasia, squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tissue antigens were determined using a mouse monoclonal antibody to Ki-67 protein and rabbit monoclonal antibody to Gli-1 protein. In squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma specimens Gli-1 was detected in the cytoplasm of cells only. The correlation was found between the proliferative activity of epithelial cells and Gli-1 distribution. Protein Gli-1 can be used for early diagnosis of malignant transformation of oral stratified squamous epithelium.

[Cytokeratin 15 as a diagnostic marker for oral epithelial malignization]. / Tsitokeratin 15 kak diagnosticheskii marker nachala malignizatsii épiteliia slizistoi obolochki rta.

The paper presents an example of an immunohistochemical study of malignancy in oral epithelial hyperplasia. In the described case in view of the difficulty in determining the onset of the epithelial malignancy with the usual histological technique, an immunohistochemical method was used with antibodies to proteins Ki-67, human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and cytokeratin 15. The results of immunohistochemical study indicated increased proliferative activity of epithelial cells, presence of papillomavirus HPV16 in their cytoplasm and synthesis of cytokeratin 15 in all layers of the epithelium. These characteristics of squamous intraepithelial neoplasia may be a diagnostic criterion for the beginning of oral epithelial malignization.

[Morphology of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in neoplasias of oral mucosa]. / Morfologicheskie osnovy épitelial'no-mezenkhimal'noi transformatsii épiteliia slizistoi obolochki rta pri neoplazii.

The aim of the study was to assess correlation of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression with proliferative activity and neoplasia grade in oral mucosa. Oral biopsies of 48 patients were studied with focal hyperplasia, squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tissue antigens were determined using a mouse monoclonal antibody to Ki-67 and E-cadherin and rabbit polyclonal antibodies to N-cadherin. The study revealed correlation between the proliferative activity of epithelial cells and N-cadherin synthesis associated with decline of E-cadherin expression. Intercellular junction proteins E- and N-cadherins may be used for early diagnosis of malignant transformation of oral squamous epithelium.

[Immunohistochemical criteria for differential diagnostics of squamous epithelium changes in pyogenic granuloma and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa]. / Immunogistokhimicheskie kriterii differentsial'noi diagnostiki ploskogo épiteliia pri piogennoi granuleme i ploskokletochnom rake slizistoi obolochki rta.

The paper presents an example of differential diagnostic studies for pyogenic granuloma and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In the described case immunohistochemistry with antibodies to Ki-67 and Gli1 was used as conventional histological procedure proved to be inconvenient for adequate diagnostics. The immunohistochemical study established increased proliferative activity of epithelial cells specific both pyogenic granuloma and oral SCC, but intensive Gli1 protein expression in membranes and cytoplasm of epithelial cells with malignant transformation allowed differentiation of these neoplasms.

[Value of the expression of Ki-67 and membrane protein glucose transporter GLUT1 in the diagnosis of neoplastic transformation of the oral mucosal epithelium]. / Znachenie ekspressii Ki-67 i membrannogo belka-perenoschika glyukozy GLUT1 v diagnostike neoplasticheskoi transformatsii epiteliya slizistoi obolochki rta.

AIM: to investigate the expression of GLUT1 protein in relation to the proliferative activity of cells and the degree of neoplastic transformation of the epithelium of the oral mucosa (OM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: OM biopsies from 44 patients were investigated. 14 cases (31.9%) were diagnosed with focal epithelial hyperplasia of the OM; 13 (29.5%) cases had squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (SIN) and 17 (38.6%) had squamous cell carcinoma. Ten intact MO samples were used as a control group. Tissue antigens were determined using mouse monoclonal antibodies to Ki-67 and rabbit antibodies to GLUT1. RESULTS: A direct correlation was found between the intensity of GLUT1 expression on the oral epithelial cell membranes and the proliferative activity of cells with an increase in the phenomena of cellular atypia. CONCLUSION: GLUT1 may be used as a marker for the early diagnosis of neoplastic transformation of stratified squamous epithelial cells.

[Immunomorphology of oral lichen planus].

The article is devoted to immunohistochemical study of reticular and erosive forms of oral lichen planus. Morphological examination of the reticular form revealed the increased number of Langerhans cells (CD1a), mast cells (CD25) and T lymphocytes (CD4, CD8, CD16) in the oral epithelium. Activation of these cells leads to the secretion of TNF-α and destruction of basal keratinocytes, which manifests as a focal reduction of intercellular protein expression of E-cadherin. Destruction of basal keratinocytes in a reticular form of oral lichen planus is accompanied by a significant decrease in proliferative activity of the basal cell layer (21.7±10.2%) compared with normal mucosa (33.6±7.0%), p=0.0045. In erosive form along with the above changes IgG and C3d complement's elements are revealed, which confirms the activation of immune complex mechanisms in the erosion area.

[Papillomavirus in the genesis of oral leukoplakia].

Immunohistochemical examination of the proliferative activity of cells was made investigating the expression of Ki-67 protein and the location of proteins associated with epithelial cell papillomavirus infection involving P16(INK4a) and HPV16 proteins in different cell areas of the intact mucosa, in leukoplakia with the signs of hyperplasia and dysplasia, and in squamous cell carcinoma. There was a positive correlation between the proliferative activity of cells in the parabasal cell areas and the expression of P16(INK4a) protein in oral leukoplakia with the signs of hyperplasia (r(s)=0.397; p=0.018). In oral leukoplakia with dysplastic changes, there was a positive correlation between the proliferation of cells in the parabasal and prickle cell layers and the location of HPV type 16 antigens (r(s)=0.515; p=0.041 and r(s)=0.651; p=0.006). Detection of papillomavirus infection in leukoplakia can solve not only the problems with its genesis, but this is also a morphological basis for the effective prevention and treatment of this common oral mucosal disease.

[Ki-67 and claudin-1 expression in hyperplasia, oral squamous inthraepithelial neoplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma].

The correlation was investigated between the level of cell proliferation and the intensity of claudin-1 expression in oral hyperplasia, squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (SIN) and squamous cell carcinoma. Claudin-1 expression and cell proliferation were assessed using immunohistochemistry in different epithelial layers of oral mucosa. The inverse correlation was revealed between the level of cell proliferation and the intensity of claudin-1 expression in oral hyperplasia, SIN and squamous cell carcinoma.