Chiral plasmonic nanostructures on achiral nanopillars.

Chirality of plasmonic films can be strongly enhanced by three-dimensional (3D) out-of-plane geometries. The complexity of lithographic methods currently used to produce such structures and other methods utilizing chiral templates impose limitations on spectral windows of chiroptical effects, the size of substrates, and hence, further research on chiral plasmonics. Here we demonstrate 3D chiral plasmonic nanostructures (CPNs) with high optical activity in the visible spectral range based on initially achiral nanopillars from ZnO. We made asymmetric gold nanoshells on the nanopillars by vacuum evaporation at different inclination and rotation angles to achieve controlled symmetry breaking and obtained both left- and right-rotating isomers. The attribution of chiral optical effects to monolithic enantiomers made in this process was confirmed by theoretical calculations based on their geometry established from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The chirality of the nanoshells is retained upon the release from the substrate into a stable dispersion. Deviation of the incident angle of light from normal results in increase of polarization rotation and chiral g-factor as high as -0.3. This general approach for preparation of abiological nanoscale chiral materials can be extended to other out-of plane 3D nanostructures. The large area films made on achiral nanopillars are convenient for sensors, optical devices, and catalysis.

Synthesis and structural-optical properties of Ga-doped ZnO nanowires by hot-walled pulsed laser deposition method.

Well-aligned single-crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) and Ga doped ZnO (GZO) NWs (NWs) were successfully fabricated on Au film catalyzed sapphire substrate using vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method in hot-walled pulsed laser deposition (HW-PLD). The structural and optical properties of Ga doped ZnO NWs have been investigated depending on various concentration of Ga dopants in ZnO NWs. As increasing Ga concentration, stacking faults were observed by using FE-SEM and an exciton bound to a neutral donor (D(0)X) peak was clearly observed by using PL spectra. From the structural and optical properties, the ZnO NWs by doping could be application to electronic and optoelectronic devices, such as nano-FETs, nano-inverters, nano-logic circuits and nano-sensors.

Sensitivity-tuned CO gas sensors with tailored Ga-doping in ZnO nanowires.

Sensitivity-customization of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire (NW) gas sensors has been demonstrated by controlling Ga-doping, thereby tuning the resistance of the NWs. Both un-doped and 5 weight% Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) NWs are synthesized for the highly sensitive sensing within a narrow detection window and a less sensitive one within an expanded window, respectively. We have employed hot-walled pulsed laser deposition (HW-PLD) for the NW synthesis. With CO gas injection, the resistance reduction of NWs is detected and analyzed in a self-designed gas chamber that guarantees the precise control of gas flow and, gas concentration, as well as temperature. NW sensitivity is proportional to the sensing temperature and inversely proportional to the doping concentration resulting in widening the sensing window up to 230 times by the 5 wt.% Ga-doping.

Characterizations of Ga-doped ZnO nanowires depending on growth temperature and target-substrate distance in hot-walled pulsed laser deposition.

Using a hot-walled pulsed laser deposition (HW-PLD), nanowires (NWs) comprising 3 weight% Ga-doped ZnO (3GZO) have been successfully grown on a sapphire substrate. The structural and optical properties of 3GZO nanostructures have also been systematically investigated with respect to the target-substrate (T-S) distance and the growth temperature. The morphology transformations of nanostructures such as nano-horns, NWs, and clusters are strongly affected by growth temperatures due to different thermal energy. Also, the morphologies of nanostructures--including length, diameter, and density--are strongly affected by the T-S distance, illustrating a close correlation between the growth kinetics and the position in the plume formed by the particles from the GZO target. Also, the exciton that is bound to the neutral donor (D(0)X) peak of the 3GZO nanostructures is found at the low temperature PL spectra, indicating successful Ga-doping into ZnO NWs.

Dual living donor liver transplantation with ABO-incompatible and ABO-compatible grafts to overcome small-for-size graft and ABO blood group barrier.

ABO blood group compatibility has been regarded as an essential prerequisite for successful adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Novel strategies for overcoming the ABO blood group barrier, however, have markedly improved the results of ABO-incompatible (ABOi) LDLT. We describe our strategies for dual graft LDLT to cope with ABO-incompatibility and small-for-size graft syndrome in 3 patients who underwent dual graft LDLT with ABOi and ABO-compatible (ABOc) grafts. One patient received a modified right lobe graft from an ABOi living donor and a left lateral section graft from an ABOc deceased donor, whereas the other 2 patients received 2 left lobe or left lateral section grafts from ABOi and ABOc living donors. To overcome the ABO-blood barrier, each patient was treated with preoperative anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab 375 mg/m(2)), perioperative plasma exchange, and hepatic arterial infusion. All 3 patients were males, of mean age 47.7 years (range, 40 approximately 52 years) and mean Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score 12.3 (range, 9 approximately 15). The mean graft-to-recipient weight ratio was 0.99%. All patients remain alive after a mean follow-up period of 9.5 months (range, 8.0 approximately 10.7 months). All 6 grafts have functioned normally. There were no episodes of antibody-mediated rejection or biliary complication. Dual LDLT with ABOi and ABOc grafts can be a feasible solution for simultaneously overcoming both the ABO blood group barrier and small-for-size graft syndrome.

Morphometric and simulation analyses of right hepatic vein reconstruction in adult living donor liver transplantation using right lobe grafts.

The incidence of clinically significant right hepatic vein (RHV) stenosis after adult living donor liver transplantation has been higher than expected. In this study, an assessment of the risk factors for the development of RHV stenosis in this context was undertaken. Hepatic anatomy, surgical techniques, and the incidence of RHV stenosis 1 year after transplantation were evaluated retrospectively in 225 recipients of right lobe grafts. These patients underwent independent RHV reconstruction, which was facilitated by the application of computed tomography morphometry and computational simulation analyses. Three types of preparation of the orifice of the graft RHV and 7 types of preparation for venoplasty of the recipient RHV were used. The frequency of high, middle, and low sites of RHV insertion into the inferior vena cava (IVC) was 56.0%, 36.4%, and 7.6%, respectively, for donors, and 26.7%, 58.7%, and 14.7%, respectively, for recipients. Nine patients (4%) developed RHV stenosis of early onset that required stent insertion during the first 2 postoperative weeks; in 12 patients (5.3%), RHV stenosis of delayed onset occurred. Inappropriate matching of RHV sites of insertion correlated with the incidence of stenosis of early onset (P = 0.039). Technical refinements to avoid adverse consequences of inappropriate ventrodorsal matching of RHV sites of insertion include making the recipient RHV orifice wide and enlarging the recipient IVC by a customized incision and patch venoplasty after anatomical assessment of the RHV and IVC of the graft and recipient.

CORM-2-entrapped ultradeformable liposomes ameliorate acute skin inflammation in an ear edema model via effective CO delivery.

The short release half-life of carbon monoxide (CO) is a major obstacle to the effective therapeutic use of carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2). The potential of CORM-2-entrapped ultradeformable liposomes (CORM-2-UDLs) to enhance the release half-life of CO and alleviate skin inflammation was investigated in the present study. CORM-2-UDLs were prepared by using soy phosphatidylcholine to form lipid bilayers and Tween 80 as an edge activator. The deformability of CORM-2-UDLs was measured and compared with that of conventional liposomes by passing formulations through a filter device at a constant pressure. The release profile of CO from CORM-2-UDLs was evaluated by myoglobin assay. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of CORM-2-UDLs were assessed in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and TPA-induced ear edema model, respectively. The deformability of the optimized CORM-2-UDLs was 2.3 times higher than conventional liposomes. CORM-2-UDLs significantly prolonged the release half-life of CO from 30 s in a CORM-2 solution to 21.6 min. CORM-2-UDLs demonstrated in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing nitrite production and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Furthermore, CORM-2-UDLs successfully ameliorated skin inflammation by reducing ear edema, pathological scores, neutrophil accumulation, and inflammatory cytokines expression. The results demonstrate that CORM-2-UDLs could be used as promising therapeutics against acute skin inflammation.

Physically processed Ag-doped ZnO nanowires for all-ZnO p-n diodes.

We synthesize and analyze Ag-doped ZnO (SZO) nanowires (NWs) via a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism in a physical vapor deposition. The process condition for the SZO NW formation is optimized by adjusting the kinetic energy and the flux of the laser-ablated particles by hot-wall control. Electron microscopes ensure excellent morphologies of the doped NWs obtained. We confirm p-type doping effects, with low temperature photoluminescence used to trace the A(0)X peak. We realize diodes with all-ZnO-based p-n junctions of SZO NWs and Ga-doped ZnO thin films, resulting in asymmetric I-V characteristics with the turn on voltage of 3.8 V.

Simvastatin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced anti-hyperlipidemic activity in hyperlipidemia animal model.

The objective of current study was to develop solid lipid nanoparticles-loaded with simvastatin (SIM-SLNs) and investigate their in vivo anti-hyperlipidemic activity in poloxamer-induced hyperlipidemia model. Nano-template engineering technique was used to prepare SIM-SLNs with palmityl alcohol as lipid core and a mixture of Tween 40/Span 40/Myrj 52 to stabilize the core. The prepared SIM-SLNs were evaluated for physicochemical parameters including particle diameter, surface charge, morphology, incorporation efficiency, thermal behaviour and crystallinity. In vitro release profile of SIM-SLNs in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids was evaluated by using dialysis bag technique and anti-hyperlipidemic activity was assessed in hyperlipidemia rat model. SIM-SLNs revealed uniform particle size with spherical morphology, zeta potential of -24.9 mV and high incorporation efficiency (∼85%). Thermal behaviour and crystallinity studies demonstrated successful incorporation of SIM in the lipid core and its conversion to amorphous form. SIM-SLNs demonstrated a sustained SIM release from the lipid core of nanoparticles. SIM-SLNs significantly reduced the elevated serum lipids as indicated by ∼3.9 and ∼1.5-times decreased total cholesterol compared to those of untreated control and SIM dispersion treated hyperlipidemic rats. In conclusion, SIM-SLNs showed a great promise for improving the therapeutic outcomes of SIM via its effective oral delivery.

Apical root displacement is a critical risk factor for apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment.

OBJECTIVES:: To identify risk factors for apical root resorption (ARR) of maxillary and mandibular incisors using mathematical quantification of apical root displacement (ARD) and multiple linear mixed-effects modeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Periapical radiographs of maxillary and mandibular incisors and lateral cephalograms of 135 adults were taken before and after orthodontic treatment. ARR was measured on the periapical radiographs, and movement of central incisors was evaluated on the superimposed pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalograms. ARD was mathematically calculated from pretreatment tooth length, inclination change, and movement of the incisal edge. Linear mixed-effects model analysis was performed to identify risk factors for ARR, and standardized coefficients (SCs) were calculated to investigate the relative contribution of the risk factors to ARR. RESULTS:: Vertical ARD showed the highest SCs for both maxillary and mandibular incisors. Horizontal ARD showed the second highest SC for mandibular incisors but was not significantly correlated with the ARR of maxillary incisors. When horizontal and vertical ARDs were included in the mixed-effects model, the use of self-ligating brackets was significantly correlated with increased ARR of mandibular incisors. CONCLUSIONS:: ARD is a critical factor for ARR after orthodontic treatment. Careful monitoring of ARR is recommended for patients requiring significant ARD of incisors.

Synthesis and cytotoxicity of new aromatic ceramide analogs with alkylsulfonamido chains.

A series of D-erythro ceramide analogues, N-(2S, 3R, 4E)-1, 3-dihydroxy-5-phenyl pent-4-en-2-yl alkyl sulfonamides, were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities against five human tumor cell lines. The aromatic sulfon amido ceramide analogue (10f) showed more potent cytotoxic activity than that of the B13, indicating that a sulfonamide group appears to serve as a bioisostere of an amide in drug design. Variations in the alkyl sulfonyl chain length significantly influenced the cytotoxic activity of the sulfonamido ceramide analogues, but the introduction of a para halogen on the phenyl ring of aromatic ceramide analogues had no affect on the activity.

Space maintenance in autogenous fresh demineralized tooth blocks with platelet-rich plasma for maxillary sinus bone formation: a prospective study.

This prospective study evaluated the effectiveness of autogenous fresh demineralized tooth block (Auto-FDT block) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for maxillary sinus augmentation with simultaneous implant installation. Auto-FDT block with PRP was used in Group 1 (n = 15) and combined graft (allograft and xenograft) powder with PRP was used in Group 2 (n = 15). For up to 2 years after the final prosthesis was installed, clinical and radiographic examinations were performed to evaluate the amount of graft materials, residual alveolar height (RAH), sinus height (SH) after grafting, augmented graft height (AGH) and resorption height (RH). In ten cases, biopsies were harvested for histological and histomorphometric analyses. A total of 59 implants were placed in a severe atrophic posterior maxilla with less than 5 mm of RAH and sinus augmentation. None of the patients developed sinusitis or other complications, such as implant loss. The graft material extracted included one molar (or 2 premolars) in Group 1 and 1.8 cc in Group 2. The radiologic examination revealed the following average between-group difference SH (Group 1, 14.12 ± 1.63 mm vs Group 2, 16.51 ± 1.29 mm) and AGH (Group 1, 11.62 ± 2.22 mm vs Group 2, 13.65 ± 1.35 mm). However, sufficient SH and AGH were observed for the implants in the Auto-FDT block group. Two years after final prosthesis was installed, no between-group difference in the RH was observed (Group 1, 1.23 ± 0.73 mm vs Group 2, 1.77 ± 0.54 mm, P = 0.021). The histomorphometric analysis revealed no between-group difference in the new bone volume (Group 1, 23.13 ± 1.42 % vs Group 2, 24.18 ± 2.19 %, P = 0.548). The results showed that Auto-FDT block with PRP can be used in grafted sinuses for implants with only one extracted molar (or two premolars). Auto-FDT block with PRP promotes new bone formation that is comparable with combined grafts. Auto-FDT block with PRP is as an alternative to bone grafting and can be a predictable procedure for sinus augmentation.

Chiral Graphene Quantum Dots.

Chiral nanostructures from metals and semiconductors attract wide interest as components for polarization-enabled optoelectronic devices. Similarly to other fields of nanotechnology, graphene-based materials can greatly enrich physical and chemical phenomena associated with optical and electronic properties of chiral nanostructures and facilitate their applications in biology as well as other areas. Here, we report that covalent attachment of l/d-cysteine moieties to the edges of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) leads to their helical buckling due to chiral interactions at the "crowded" edges. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the GQDs revealed bands at ca. 210-220 and 250-265 nm that changed their signs for different chirality of the cysteine edge ligands. The high-energy chiroptical peaks at 210-220 nm correspond to the hybridized molecular orbitals involving the chiral center of amino acids and atoms of graphene edges. Diverse experimental and modeling data, including density functional theory calculations of CD spectra with probabilistic distribution of GQD isomers, indicate that the band at 250-265 nm originates from the three-dimensional twisting of the graphene sheet and can be attributed to the chiral excitonic transitions. The positive and negative low-energy CD bands correspond to the left and right helicity of GQDs, respectively. Exposure of liver HepG2 cells to L/D-GQDs reveals their general biocompatibility and a noticeable difference in the toxicity of the stereoisomers. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that d-GQDs have a stronger tendency to accumulate within the cellular membrane than L-GQDs. Emergence of nanoscale chirality in GQDs decorated with biomolecules is expected to be a general stereochemical phenomenon for flexible sheets of nanomaterials.

Expression of cyclooxygenase-2, peroxiredoxin I, peroxiredoxin 6 and nuclear factor-κB in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Tumor development and progression are multistep processes that involve local tumor growth and invasion, followed by metastasis. The aggressiveness of the tumor is the major determinant of the mortality of oral cancer patients. The present study investigates whether the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) and PRDX6 are associated with the development, proliferation, differentiation and recurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The mRNA expression levels of COX-2, NF-κB, PRDX1 and PRDX6 were examined in 50 OSCC specimens and 19 normal oral mucosae by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). qPCR analysis showed that the mRNA levels of COX-2 in OSCC were significantly higher than those in the normal oral mucosae (P=0.021). The expression levels of PRDX1 in high-stage tumors (T3 and T4) were significantly elevated compared with those in low-stage tumors (T1) (P=0.047). Additionally, the expression levels of NF-κB in the high-grade tumor were significantly elevated compared with those in the low-grade tumors (P=0.030). Overall, it was indicated that the expression of COX-2 is strongly associated with the development of OSCC. Moreover, the enhanced expression of PRDX1 and NF-κB may function in the progression of OSCC, which serves as a useful marker for prognosis in patients with oral cancer.

Vertical Augmentation of Maxillary Posterior Alveolar Ridge Using Allogenic Block Bone Graft and Simultaneous Maxillary Sinus Graft.

The maxillary posterior area is the most challenging site for the dental implant. Although the sinus graft is a predictable and successful technique for rehabilitation of atrophic and pneumatized posterior maxilla, when there is severe destruction of alveolar bone, a very long crown length remains challenging after successful dental implants installation with sinus graft. We performed vertical augmentation of the maxillary posterior alveolar ridge using the allogenic block bone graft with a simultaneous sinus graft using allogenic and heterogenic bone chips. After about six months, we installed the dental implant. After this procedure, we achieved a more favorable crown-implant fixture ratio and better results clinically and biomechanically. This is a preliminary report of vertical augmentation of maxillary posterior alveolar ridge using allogenic block bone graft and simultaneous maxillary sinus graft. Further research requires longer observation and more patients.

Effect of Ag/Al co-doping method on optically p-type ZnO nanowires synthesized by hot-walled pulsed laser deposition.

Silver and aluminum-co-doped zinc oxide (SAZO) nanowires (NWs) of 1, 3, and 5 at.% were grown on sapphire substrates. Low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) was studied experimentally to investigate the p-type behavior observed by the exciton bound to a neutral acceptor (A0X). The A0X was not observed in the 1 at.% SAZO NWs by low-temperature PL because 1 at.% SAZO NWs do not have a Ag-O chemical bonding as confirmed by XPS measurement. The activation energies (Ea) of the A0X were calculated to be about 18.14 and 19.77 meV for 3 and 5 at.% SAZO NWs, respectively, which are lower than the activation energy of single Ag-doped NW which is about 25 meV. These results indicate that Ag/Al co-doping method is a good candidate to make optically p-type ZnO NWs.

Parent-reported ISAAC written questionnaire may underestimate the prevalence of asthma in children aged 10-12 years.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to compare the validity of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) written (WQ) and audiovisual questionnaires (AVQ 3.0) in two age-groups (10-12 and 13-15 years, respectively). METHODS: The 13-15 year olds performed the self-completed the WQ and AVQ on the same day. The 10-12 year olds performed the self-completed the AVQ and the parent-completed WQ was completed by their parents. The methacholine challenge test was conducted in 10-12 year olds from one elementary school. RESULTS: In 10-12 year olds, the AVQ detected a generally higher prevalence of asthma symptoms than WQ. In 13-15 year olds, this was reversed. In 10-12 year olds, poor agreement was found between the parent-completed WQ and the self-reported AVQ. In 13-15 year olds, moderate agreement was found between the self-reported WQ and AVQ. Low sensitivity was found, in predicting bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) for all questions of both WQ and AVQ in 10-12 year olds. However, the AVQ had slightly higher sensitivity than WQ, with the exception of wheeze ever, although it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The ISAAC AVQ may be another effective instrument for assessing the prevalence of asthma symptoms in children aged 10-12 years, whereas the parent-reported-WQ may underestimate the prevalence of asthma symptoms in this age-group.

Effects of silver impurity on the structural, electrical, and optical properties of ZnO nanowires.

1, 3, and 5 wt.% silver-doped ZnO (SZO) nanowires (NWs) are grown by hot-walled pulsed laser deposition. After silver-doping process, SZO NWs show some change behaviors, including structural, electrical, and optical properties. In case of structural property, the primary growth plane of SZO NWs is switched from (002) to (103) plane, and the electrical properties of SZO NWs are variously measured to be about 4.26 × 106, 1.34 × 106, and 3.04 × 105 Ω for 1, 3, and 5 SZO NWs, respectively. In other words, the electrical properties of SZO NWs depend on different Ag ratios resulting in controlling the carrier concentration. Finally, the optical properties of SZO NWs are investigated to confirm p-type semiconductor by observing the exciton bound to a neutral acceptor (A0X). Also, Ag presence in ZnO NWs is directly detected by both X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. These results imply that Ag doping facilitates the possibility of changing the properties in ZnO NWs by the atomic substitution of Ag with Zn in the lattice.

Changes in the prevalence of childhood asthma in seoul from 1995 to 2008 and its risk factors.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of asthma and determine its risk factors in elementary school students in Seoul. METHODS: A modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was used to survey 4,731 elementary school students from five areas in Seoul between April and October, 2008. RESULTS: In elementary school children, the lifetime and recent 12-month prevalence of wheezing were 11.7% and 5.6%, respectively. The lifetime prevalence of asthma diagnosis was 7.9%, and the recent 12-month prevalence of asthma treatment was 2.7%. Male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-2.66), history of atopic dermatitis (AD) (aOR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.98-3.84), history of allergic rhinitis (AR) (aOR, 3.71; 95% CI, 2.61-5.26), history of bronchiolitis before 2 years of age (aOR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.39-3.07), use of antibiotics during infancy for >3 days (aOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.35-2.62), parental history of asthma (aOR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.52-5.27), exposure to household molds during infancy (aOR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.18-2.89), and the development or aggravation of asthma symptoms within 6 months after moving to a new house (aOR, 11.76; 95% CI, 5.35-25.86) were the independent risk factors for wheezing within 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of wheezing and asthma in elementary school students in 2008 was similar to that in the past decade. Male sex, history of AD, history of AR, history of bronchiolitis before 2 years of age, parental asthma, use of antibiotics during infancy, exposure to molds in the house during infancy, and development or aggravation of asthma symptoms within 6 months after moving to a new house, could be risk factors for wheezing within 12 months.

Super-selection of a subgroup of hepatocellular carcinoma patients at minimal risk of recurrence for liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: A majority of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing liver transplantation (LT) meet the Milan criteria, but these are still regarded as the narrowest criteria for transplantation. Prognostic analysis of incidentally detected HCC after LT suggests that a subgroup of HCC patients is at very low risk of recurrence. To determine the criteria defining this super-selection group, we retrospectively analyzed survival data of 593 adult living-donor LT recipients with HCC in the explanted liver DISCUSSION: Tumor features of incidental HCC in 38 patients not showing recurrence were analyzed. Of these patients, 34 (89.5%) each had ≤2 tumors and tumors ≤2.0 cm in size. Applying these criteria to 555 patients with pretransplant known HCC (pkHCC) allowed us to identify 79 patients with untreated pkHCCs ≤2.0 cm in size. To date, only two of these patients have shown recurrence, making the conditions for super-selection the presence of tumors ≤2.0 cm in size, ≤2 tumors, alpha-fetoprotein ≤200 ng/mL, and no pretransplant treatment. In 87 patients satisfying these criteria, the 10-year recurrence and survival rates were 1.3% and 92.1%, respectively. After excluding patients meeting these criteria, the 5-year recurrence rates in patients satisfying the Milan, University of California at San Francisco, and Asan criteria were increased by 2.9-4.0%. In conclusion, this super-selection or super-Milan category may be used for validation assessment of various indication criteria and for the development of cost-effective post-transplantation HCC surveillance protocols. Further studies should be followed for deceased-donor LT and patients who have undergone pretransplant treatment.