Severe Atrophy of the Ipsilateral Psoas Muscle Associated with Hip Osteoarthritis and Spinal Stenosis-A Case Report.

Pathology of the lumbar spine and hip joint can commonly coexist in the elderly. Anterior and lateral leg pain as symptoms of hip osteoarthritis and spinal stenosis can closely resemble each other, with only subtle differences in both history and physical examinations. It is not easy to identify the origin of this kind of hip pain. The possibility of hip osteoarthritis should not be underestimated, as this could lead to an incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate spinal surgery. We report the case of a 54-year-old female with chronic right anterior and lateral leg pain who did not respond to repeated spinal blocks based on lumbar MRI, but in whom hip osteoarthritis was considered since severe atrophy of the ipsilateral psoas muscle was identified. We suggest that severe psoas muscle atrophy can be a clinical clue to identify hip osteoarthritis and is related to lower extremity pain, even if there is a coexisting lumbar spine pathology.

Evaluation of Contrast Flow Patterns with Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Injection: Comparison of Midline and Paramedian Approaches.

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare and to analyze contrast spread patterns between the paramedian and midline approaches to cervical interlaminar epidural injection (CIEI). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 84 CIEI cases that had been performed for unilateral cervical spinal pain from April 2019 to April 2020. After 3 mL of contrast had been injected into the epidural space, fluoroscopic images were obtained. The CIEI was divided into a midline (Group M, n = 42) and a paramedian (Group P, n = 42) approach by anteroposterior imaging. The P Group was classified into a more medial (Group Pm, n = 26) and a more lateral (Group Pl, n = 16) group. Using ImageJ on an anteroposterior image, we assessed the grayscale brightness ratio of the ipsilateral or contralateral side of the vertebral body as well as the intervertebral disc space one level just above the needle location. We identified the dispersion of contrast into the ventral epidural space. Results: The grayscale brightness ratio was significantly higher in Group P than in Group M (p < 0.001). The incidence of ventral epidural spread in Group M was 57.1% versus 88.1% in Group P, which was significantly different (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The fluoroscopic CIEI finding in the paramedian approach predominantly showed an excellent delivery of the injectate to the ipsilateral side in comparison to the contralateral side. This showed a greater advantage in delivery toward ventral epidural space as compared to the midline approach.

Fipronil induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation.

Fipronil (FPN) is a widely used phenylpyrazole pesticide that can kill pests by blocking γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channels. In addition, there are lack of studies on the effects of FPN on the female mammalian gametes. In this study, porcine oocytes were used to investigate the effects of FPN on the oocyte maturation process. The results showed that the first polar body extrusion rate significantly decreased (100 µM FPN vs. control, 18.64 ± 2.95% vs. 74.90 ± 1.50%, respectively), and oocytes were arrested at the germinal vesicle stage in 100 µM FPN group. Meanwhile, the FPN caused a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and severe DNA damage inside the oocytes. Furthermore, apoptosis was enhanced along with decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential, BCL-xL, and the release of cytochrome C in FPN-treated group. Additionally, low CDK1 activity and delayed cyclin B1 degradation during germinal vesicle breakdown were found in the FPN-treated group, which resulted from the activation of ATM-P53-P21 pathway. In conclusion, FPN induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in porcine oocyte maturation because of increased ROS levels and DNA damage. This suggests that the FPN in the environment may have potential detrimental effects on the female mammalian reproductive system.

Acentriolar microtubule organization centers and Ran-mediated microtubule formation pathways are both required in porcine oocytes.

Mammalian oocytes lack centrioles but can generate bipolar spindles using several different mechanisms. For example, mouse oocytes have acentriolar microtubule organization centers (MTOCs) that contain many components of the centrosome, and which initiate microtubule polymerization. On the contrary, human oocytes lack MTOCs and the Ran-mediated mechanisms may be responsible for spindle assembly. Complete knowledge of the different mechanisms of spindle assembly is lacking in various mammalian oocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that both MTOC- and Ran-mediated microtubule nucleation are required for functional meiotic metaphase I spindle generation in porcine oocytes. Acentriolar MTOC components, including Cep192 and pericentrin, were absent in the germinal vesicle and germinal vesicle breakdown stages. However, they start to colocalize to the spindle microtubules, but are absent in the meiotic spindle poles. Knockdown of Cep192 or inhibition of Polo-like kinase 1 activity impaired the recruitment of Cep192 and pericentrin to the spindles, impaired microtubule assembly, and decreased the polar body extrusion rate. When the RanGTP gradient was perturbed by the expression of dominant negative or constitutively active Ran mutants, severe defects in microtubule nucleation and cytokinesis were observed, and the localization of MTOC materials in the spindles was abolished. These results demonstrate that the stepwise involvement of MTOC- and Ran-mediated microtubule assembly is crucial for the formation of meiotic spindles in porcine oocytes, indicating the diversity of spindle formation mechanisms among mammalian oocytes.

Risk factors for competing non-cancer mortality after definitive treatment for advanced-stage head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) can die of index tumor progression and second tumor or non-cancer causes. Here, we investigated the risk factors for competing non-cancer mortality (NCM) in a prospective cohort of patients with advanced-stage HNC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted with 604 patients who underwent definitive treatment for advanced-stage HNC between 2010 and 2015. Main outcomes were NCM and cancer mortality (CM) defined as death from non-cancer causes and HNC or second cancers, respectively. Cumulative incidence and cause-specific hazard functions were used to analyze the risk factors of NCM and CM. RESULTS: Age, smoking, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), performance status, body mass index, rural residence, education and hemoglobin level at diagnosis, and chemotherapy were significantly associated with NCM (all p < 0.05). Multivariate analyses showed that age, CCI, and hemoglobin were independent factors of NCM. Age (≥65 years), CCI (≥2), and hemoglobin (<11 g/dl) were related to 4.5-, 3.2-, and 2.7-fold increased adjusted risk of NCM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Old age, comorbidity, and hemoglobin at diagnosis were independent predictors of NCM. The risk factors could be used to predict non-cancer death after definitive treatment for advanced-stage HNC.

Alcohol Consumption, High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Antithrombin III, and Body Mass Index Are Associated with Great Saphenous Vein Reflux in the Thigh.

BACKGROUND: Venous valvular reflux is the main cause of chronic venous dysfunction. However, the etiology of valvular reflux is not completely understood. We conducted this study to investigate new risk factors for venous reflux of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in the thigh. METHODS: We studied 139 consecutive patients (278 legs) who underwent Doppler ultrasonography at our hospital between March 2015 and February 2016 for leg discomfort with visible varicosities, edema, skin changes, or venous ulcer in the legs. Continuous variables included age, body mass index (BMI), hematological and blood chemistry parameters, smoking (pack-years), and alcohol consumption (days). Nominal variables included sex, comorbidities, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, and specific antibodies. The relationship of GSV reflux with pregnancy and number of children was investigated in 184 legs of 92 patients among 96 female patients. RESULTS: On logistic regression analysis, independent factors determining GSV reflux were BMI (B = 0.126, P = 0.012), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level (B = 0.029, P = 0.025), duration of alcohol consumption (B = 1.237 E-4, P = 0.016), and antithrombin III level (B = -0.036, P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the factors determining GSV reflux were higher HDL cholesterol level, longer duration of alcohol consumption, lower antithrombin III level, and higher BMI.

The timing of administration of intravenous dexmedetomidine during lower limb surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha-2 agonist, has sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects without respiratory depression. Dexmedetomidine can cause a biphasic cardiovascular response, and induce transient hypertension. Hypotension is a common complication of spinal anesthesia. Decreasing anxiety of patients before procedure is important for high quality of procedure. This study aimed to compare the incidence of hypotension and patients' anxiety and comfort levels when dexmedetomidine was intravenously administered before and after spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Seventy-four patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I or II were randomly allocated into two groups. Spinal anesthesia was performed using 12 mg of 0.5% heavy bupivacaine. In Group A, 1 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine was intravenously administered for 10 min, followed by the maintenance infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.2 µg/kg/hr after 5 min of intrathecal bupivacaine injection. Patients in Group B received same dose of dexmedetomidine by intravenous administration before 5 min of intrathecal bupivacaine injection. Perioperative vital signs, anxiety (using the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and comfort (using the numerical rating scale) were evaluated. RESULTS: The incidence of hypotension was significantly lower in Group A (16.1%) than in Group B (48.4%) during infusion of dexmedetomidine (p = 0.01). The need for treatment of hypotension is higher in Group B than Group A (p = 0.02). The incidence of bradycardia and desaturation did not significantly differ between the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the patients' anxiety and comfort. CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension is more frequently occurred, and the treatment of hypotension is more needed in Group B. The intravenously administration of dexmedetomidine before spinal anesthesia has no advantages in hemodynamic status and patients' comfort compared to that after spinal anesthesia during lower limb surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02155010 . Retrospectively registered on May 22, 2014.

Falsely increased bispectral index values by convective air warming system during kidney transplantation.

Bispectral index (BIS) is a reliable parameter for measuring depth of hypnotic level during anesthesia. Convective air warming system is an effective equipment to maintain normothermia during operation. We report falsely elevated BIS value due to convective air warming system while undergoing kidney transplantation.

Aging, hypercoagulability, and leg necrosis in critical limb ischemia.

BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with changes in coagulation status and progression of arterial insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to identify interrelationships among aging, coagulation status, and leg necrosis in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). METHODS: Between March 2010 and February 2013, 103 consecutive patients with CLI were enrolled in this study. Retrospective analyses were performed on patient characteristics including age, gender, the presence or the absence of leg necrosis, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and smoking, and preoperatively measured baseline coagulability factors, which included measurements of coagulation factors anticardiolipin antibodies IgG and IgM, lupus anticoagulant and factor 8, the fibrinolytic factor tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and natural anticoagulants proteins C and S and antithrombin III. RESULTS: Among 103 patients with CLI, a total of 49 legs from 41 patients presented varying degrees of necrosis. CLI patients with DM and hypertension showed significantly increased incidences of leg necrosis compared with those without (P = 0.000, 0.039, respectively). Patients with CLI and leg necrosis were significantly older compared with the age of those without necrosis (P = 0.007). Blood levels of anticardiolipin antibodies IgG and IgM, factor 8, lupus anticoagulant, and t-PA tended to increase with age. However, blood levels of proteins C and S and antithrombin III decreased with patient age. Patients with CLI and leg necrosis showed significantly increased levels of lupus anticoagulant (P = 0.049) and significantly decreased levels of proteins C and S (P = 0.009 and 0.018, respectively) compared with patients without leg necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CLI and leg necrosis were significantly older compared with those without necrosis; similarly, our results revealed age-related hypercoagulability, with significantly elevated coagulation factor lupus anticoagulant and decreased natural anticoagulants protein C and S levels. From these observations, we conclude that age-related hypercoagulability may be an important mechanism that may facilitate leg necrosis in patients with CLI.

Parallel Venovenous and Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure and Cardiac Dysfunction in a Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Case Report.

Venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a lifesaving technique for patients experiencing respiratory failure. When VV ECMO fails to provide adequate support despite optimal settings, alternative strategies may be employed. One option is to add another venous cannula to increase venous drainage, while another is to insert an additional arterial return cannula to assist cardiac function. Alternatively, a separate ECMO circuit can be implemented to function in parallel with the existing circuit. We present a case in which the parallel ECMO method was used in a 63-year-old man with respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019, combined with cardiac dysfunction. We installed an additional venoarterial ECMO circuit alongside the existing VV ECMO circuit and successfully weaned the patient from both types of ECMO. In this report, we share our experience and discuss this method.

Successful open surgical treatment for persistent type II endoleak following thoracic endovascular aortic repair: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of type II endoleaks after endovascular repair of aortic aneurysm has gradually gained increasing attention. We present a case of a patient with an expanding aneurysm after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for a type II endoleak, in which successful direct ligations of the intercostal artery were performed using a sac incision without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or graft replacement. CASE PRESENTATION: A 62-year-old male patient, previously treated with TEVAR for a descending thoracic aortic aneurysm, presented with ongoing chest discomfort. Based on the diagnosis of a growing aneurysm and type II endoleak, the patient was prepared for CPB and aortic cross-clamping, as a precautions against the possibility of a type I endoleak. A longitudinal opening of the thoracic aortic aneurysm sac was performed following left thoracotomy. Visual confirmation identified the T5 level intercostal artery as the source of the endoleak, and after confirming the absence of a type I endoleak, multiple ligations were applied to the intercostal artery. Follow-up computed tomography confirmed the absence of endoleaks or sac growth. CONCLUSION: In a case involving TEVAR for a thoracic aortic aneurysm, open suture ligations were used to treat type II endoleaks without having to resort to CPB, resulting in successful outcomes.

Change in pulmonary blood volume changes pulmonary artery systolic storage.

BACKGROUND: A fraction of right ventricular stroke volume (pulmonary artery systolic storage, [PASS]), which is stored in pulmonary arteries during systole and then discharged to the capillaries, determines the diastolic pulmonary capillary blood flow and hence the capillary blood volume participating in gas diffusion. Possibility that increases in pulmonary blood volume (PBV) increase PASS, leading to an improved distribution of ventilation-to-perfusion ratios (V/Q), was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Included were 34 obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. We used a nitrous oxide-airway-pneumotachographic method to measure PASS. The measurements were repeated before and after increasing PBV. In 20 patients, PBV was increased with infusion of crystalloids, which was guided by pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). There was a good correlation between change in PASS and change in PBV (r(2) = 0.741, P < 0.0001). However, when the baseline PASS was high, changes in PASS were much less. In patients with a pulmonary artery diastolic-pulmonary capillary wedge pressure gradient ≥ 6 mmHg, the baseline PASS was correlated with pulmonary venous resistance (r(2) = 0.644, P = 0.017). In 14 patients, in whom PBV was increased with both changes in position and infusion of crystalloids, the physiologic dead space-to-tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) was measured as an index of the distribution of V/Q. There was a good negative correlation between PASS and VD/VT (r(2) = 0.697, P < 0.0001). However, at a high baseline PASS, increases in PBV decreased PASS (P = 0.0006) and increased VD/VT (P = 0.0018). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in PBV change PASS and thereby the distribution of V/Q, depending on pulmonary venous resistance, which determines the baseline PASS.

One step hydrothermal synthesis of a carbon nanotube/cerium oxide nanocomposite and its electrochemical properties.

A carbon nanotube (CNT)/cerium oxide composite was prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal reaction in the presence of KOH and capping agent polyvinylpyrrolidone. The nanocomposite displayed pronounced capacitive behaviour with very small diffusion resistance. The electrochemical performance of the composite electrode in a symmetric supercapacitor displayed a high energy density of 35.9 Wh kg(-1) corresponding to a specific capacitance of 289 F g(-1). These composite electrodes also demonstrated a long cycle life with better capacity retention.

Dexmedetomidine sedation for transesophageal echocardiography during percutaneous atrial septal defect closure in adult.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is second common congenital heart disease that often leads to adult period. Intracardiac or transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is essential for percutaneous closure of ASD using Amplatzer septal occluder. Dexmedetomidine (DEX), which is a highly selective α2-agonist, has sedative and analgesic properties without respiratory depression in the clinical dose range. We report percutaneous closure of ASD with TEE under DEX sedation.

Left ventricular assist device implantation combined with hemiarch replacement for severe aortic atherosclerosis.

Implantation of the left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has emerged as a widely employed therapeutic approach for specifically chosen individuals suffering from severe heart failure. Stroke is a well-known complication of LVAD implantation. Concomitant aortic surgeries in patients requiring LVAD implantation to avoid outflow graft anastomosis to a severe atherosclerotic aorta are unknown. We illustrate a successful LVAD implantation with hemiarch replacement for severe aortic atherosclerosis to decrease the risk of postoperative stroke. A 72-year-old male patient with advanced heart failure has chosen to undergo LVAD treatment. Preoperative examinations detected severe atherosclerosis in the ascending aorta. It was determined that clamping the ascending aorta and directly connecting the outflow graft could increase the risk of stroke after surgery. Therefore, it was decided to replace the diseased ascending aorta entirely. The HeartMate 3 was implanted under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using right axillary artery cannulation. And moderate hypothermia and bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion were utilized to perform hemiarch replacement. Subsequently, the outflow graft was connected to an artificial ascending aortic graft. The patient did not exhibit any specific complications, such as neurological abnormalities, after the surgery. Based on our observations, it appears that LVAD implantation combined with aortic replacement could be a viable option for specific patients, particularly those who have a perioperative stroke risk due to aortic atherosclerosis.

One-step thoracotomy approach for atrial-esophageal fistula repair without cardiopulmonary bypass.

Atrial-esophageal fistula is an extremely rare disease and a life-threatening complication after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. There is no consensus on the management or repair for atrial-esophageal fistula which has a high mortality rate. Here, we describe a lateral thoracotomy approach focused on simplifying the repair procedure for atrial-esophageal fistula in two patients.

An unusual case of huge fibrotic sac of hematoma at saphenous vein harvest site for coronary artery bypass grafting: a case report.

Great saphenous vein is a conduit commonly used for coronary artery bypass grafting. However, several complications could occur at leg wound site for vein harvesting. Here, we describe a huge sac of hematoma as an uncommon complication of saphenous vein harvest for coronary artery bypass grafting.A 62-year-old gentleman was readmitted with swelling at left thigh 30 days after coronary artery bypass grafting. Lower extremity computed tomography was suggestive of an oval and thick sac implying a hematoma or seroma. After using ultrasound scanning for the mass, an incision through the previous surgical wound showed a huge mass. Inspection after incision the mass revealed an old hematoma within the sac.Pathologic findings demonstrated chronic inflammation with the hematoma surrounded by a fibrotic sac. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful without recurrence.Our experience suggests the possibility of a huge hematoma within a thick fibrotic sac at the previous vein harvest site for coronary artery bypass grafting.

Granulomatous inflammation mimicking a hematoma around the replaced ascending aorta in magnetic resonance imaging: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Granulomatous inflammation results from various causes including infections and allergic reactions. It can appear as high signal intensity in T2-weighted or contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here, we describe a case of granulomatous inflammation looking like a hematoma on an ascending aortic graft in MRI. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75-year-old female was undergoing assessment for chest pain. She had a history of hemi-arch replacement for aortic dissection 10 years earlier. The initial chest computed tomography and subsequent chest MRI were suggestive of a hematoma, implying a pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta, which is associated with high mortality in reoperation. Through redo median sternotomy, severe adhesion was found in the retrosternal space. A sac in the pericardial space contained yellowish and pus-like material, confirming that there was no hematoma around the ascending aortic graft. The pathologic finding was chronic necrotizing granulomatous inflammation. Microbiological tests including polymerase chain reaction analysis were negative. CONCLUSION: Our experience indicates that an MRI finding of a hematoma at the site long after cardiovascular surgery suggests that there may be granulomatous inflammation.

Is preoperative intracranial hemorrhage a surgical contraindication in infective endocarditis with stroke?

Background: The optimal timing for surgery in infective endocarditis (IE) with hemorrhagic stroke and neurologic deficits is difficult to decide because of the risk of exacerbating the stroke and provoking intracranial hemorrhagic conversion after surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). This retrospective study aimed to investigate the impact of the presence or absence of preoperative intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) on surgical outcomes in IE with recent stroke. Methods: The medical records of all patients who underwent open heart surgery for active IE from February 2009 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Among 164 patients who had surgery for left-sided IE, 71 cases in which the period from stroke onset to surgery was <4 weeks were divided into two groups for analysis. Results: Group A consisted of 49 patients without preoperative ICH and group B consisted of 22 patients with preoperative ICH. There was no significant difference in underlying conditions between the two groups. The two groups had similar rates of postoperative ICH (10.2%, group A vs. 13.6%, group B, P=0.696). The 30-day mortality rate was 8.2% in group A and 4.5% in group B (P=1.000), and the one-year survival was 86.8% in group A and 95.5% in group B (P=0.320). Univariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for exacerbation of postoperative ICH in the 71 patients, but none of the factors tested showed statistically significant association with the exacerbation of ICH. Conclusions: Preoperative ICH did not appear to increase the risk of exacerbation of postoperative ICH or the early mortality rate after open heart surgery in patients with infectious endocarditis accompanied by recent septic cerebral embolism.