Protoascon missouriensis, a complex fossil microfungus revisited.

The Carboniferous microfungus Protoascon missouriensis has been interpreted variously as an ascomycete, chytridiomycete, zygomycete and oomycete. We offer a more complete interpretation based on a re-examination of the type material that suggests the fossil represents an (a)zygosporangium-suspensor complex of a zygomycete comparable to some modern members of the Mucorales.

Anatomy of umkomasia (corystospermales) from the triassic of antarctica.

The permineralized, corystosperm, cupulate, ovule-bearing organ Umkomasia resinosa is described from the early Middle Triassic of Antarctica. This is the first description of anatomically preserved Umkomasia, which consists of a determinate cupulate branch with helically arranged, recurved, pedicellate megasporophylls, each of which bears one or two abaxially attached unitegmic ovules. Cupules are ovoid, bilobed with elongate ventral and dorsal openings or unlobed with a single ventral opening, and have a two-zoned parenchymatous cortex and abundant secretory cavities. Ovules are small, orthotropous, and possess a thin integument that contains numerous secretory cavities. The ovules are broadly attached at the base, with a bifid integumentary apex that extends past the cupule lobes. The cupulate branch displays stem-like anatomy, producing paired traces into each cupule stalk. These structurally preserved ovulate organs can be related to other corystosperm organs from Antarctica, particularly the pollen-organ Pteruchus fremouwensis. Both anatomical and morphological features support interpretation of corystosperm reproductive structures as branching systems rather than as compound sporophylls. As a result of an increased understanding of the organization of Umkomasia, it appears doubtful that any direct relationship exists between the corystosperm and angiosperm lineages.