Institutionalizing community-focused maternal, newborn, and child health strategies to strengthen health systems: A new framework for the Sustainable Development Goal era.

BACKGROUND: Stronger health systems, with an emphasis on community-based primary health care, are required to help accelerate the pace of ending preventable maternal and child deaths as well as contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The success of the SDGs will require unprecedented coordination across sectors, including partnerships between public, private, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). To date, little attention has been paid to the distinct ways in which NGOs (both international and local) can partner with existing national government health systems to institutionalize community health strategies. DISCUSSION: In this paper, we propose a new conceptual framework that depicts three primary pathways through which NGOs can contribute to the institutionalization of community-focused maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) strategies to strengthen health systems at the district, national or global level. To illustrate the practical application of these three pathways, we present six illustrative cases from multiple NGOs and discuss the primary drivers of institutional change. In the first pathway, "learning for leverage," NGOs demonstrate the effectiveness of new innovations that can stimulate changes in the health system through adaptation of research into policy and practice. In the second pathway, "thought leadership," NGOs disseminate lessons learned to public and private partners through training, information sharing and collaborative learning. In the third pathway, "joint venturing," NGOs work in partnership with the government health system to demonstrate the efficacy of a project and use their collective voice to help guide decision-makers. In addition to these pathways, we present six key drivers that are critical for successful institutionalization: strategic responsiveness to national health priorities, partnership with policymakers and other stakeholders, community ownership and involvement, monitoring and use of data, diversification of financial resources, and longevity of efforts. CONCLUSION: With additional research, we propose that this framework can contribute to program planning and policy making of donors, governments, and the NGO community in the institutionalization of community health strategies.

Screening for Sexual Dysfunction by Medical Students.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the widespread effects of sexual dysfunction on health, sexual problems are not routinely addressed by physicians. Attitudes toward sexual dysfunction screening have not yet been evaluated in medical students. AIM: To evaluate the frequency of screening for sexual dysfunction by medical students, their attitudes toward screening, and factors that influence whether medical students discuss sexual problems with patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by online questionnaire. Participants were U.S. medical student members of the American Medical Student Association. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic information, frequency of screening for sexual problems at annual examinations, importance of screening, and screening practices of role models were assessed. RESULTS: In total 369 participants completed demographic information and additional questions (mean age = 26.5 ± 4.3 years, range = 21-52). Most students believed it was important to screen for sexual dysfunction (mean = 7.8 ± 2.0); however, 16.1% never screened patients. Importance and frequency of screening were correlated with how often the student's role model screened (r = 0.400, P < .001; r = 0.582, P < .001, respectively). Other significant relationships with screening importance were students interested in obstetrics and gynecology or urology (t = -2.166, P = .031), students earlier in their training (F = 3.608, P = .014), those who had observed a preceptor screen a patient (t = -2.298, P = .022), and those screened by their own clinician (t = -2.446, P = .015). Students reported increased screening frequency if they had observed any preceptor screen a patient (t = -7.678, P < .001), believed that their medical school curriculum provided enough training in screening techniques (t = -3.281, P = .001), and had themselves been screened by a clinician (t = -4.557, P < .001). There were no differences by age, sex, or religion. CONCLUSION: Medical students do not routinely screen patients for sexual dysfunction despite believing it is in the physician's scope of practice. These results highlight the importance of role modeling and curriculum in increasing screening practices.

Soccer and sexual health education: a promising approach for reducing adolescent births in Haiti.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of an innovative, integrative program in female sexual reproductive health (SRH) and soccer (or fútbol, in Haitian Creole) in rural Haiti by measuring the rate of births among program participants 15-19 years old and their nonparticipant peers. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using 2006-2009 data from the computerized data-tracking system of the Haitian Health Foundation (HHF), a U.S.-based nongovernmental organization serving urban and rural populations in Haiti, was used to assess births among girls 15-19 years old who participated in HHF's GenNext program, a combination education-soccer program for youth, based on SRH classes HHF nurses and community workers had been conducting in Haiti for mothers, fathers, and youth; girl-centered health screenings; and an all-female summer soccer league, during 2006-2009 (n = 4 251). Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to assess differences in the rate of births among program participants according to their level of participation (SRH component only ("EDU") versus both the SRH and soccer components ("SO") compared to their village peers who did not participate. Hazard ratios (HRs) of birth rates were estimated using Cox regression analysis of childbearing data for the three different groups. RESULTS: In the multiple logistic regression analysis, only the girls in the "EDU" group had significantly fewer births than the nonparticipants after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio = 0.535; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.304, 0.940). The Cox regression analysis demonstrated that those in the EDU group (HR = 0.893; 95% CI = 0.802, 0.994) and to a greater degree those in the SO group (HR = 0.631; 95% CI = 0.558, 0.714) were significantly protected against childbearing between the ages of 15 and 19 years. CONCLUSIONS: HHF's GenNext program demonstrates the effectiveness of utilizing nurse educators, community mobilization, and youth participation in sports, education, and structured youth groups to promote and sustain health for adolescent girls and young women.

The Critical Role and Evaluation of Community Mobilizers in Polio Eradication in Remote Settings in Africa and Asia.

This article assesses the CORE Group Polio Project (CGPP) experience over a 20-year period in 5 countries. It examines how a program designed to provide social mobilization to eradicate one disease, and which did so effectively, functioned within the general framework of community health workers (CHWs). Vertical health programs often have limited impact on broader community health. CGPP has a 20-year history of social mobilization and effective program interventions. This history provided an opportunity to assess how CGPP community mobilizers (CMs) functioned in polio and maternal and child health. The Updated Program Functionality Matrix for Optimizing Community Health Programs tool of the CHW Assessment and Improvement Matrix (AIM) was used to examine CGPP CM roles across different contexts. The analysis determined that CGPP CMs met the basic level of functioning (level 3) for 6 of the 10 components of the AIM tool. This cross-country descriptive analysis of the CGPP demonstrates the importance of embracing the full range of CHW AIM components, even in a vertical program. Use of data, community involvement, local adaptation, and linkage with the health system are especially critical for success. This general lesson could be applied to other community mobilization and disease/epidemic control initiatives, especially as we face the issues of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Peptide YY: a gut hormone associated with anorexia during infectious diarrhea in children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of diarrhea on appetite among Peruvian children age 12 to 71 months and to assess whether elevated plasma levels of peptide YY, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin (IL)-1beta contribute to anorexia in this population. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 46 Peruvian children with diarrhea and 46 healthy controls underwent an observed feeding trial that was repeated when cases were healthy. Blood samples were obtained from 30 cases and 30 controls at the first trial and from 30 cases at the second trial and assayed for peptide YY, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta. RESULTS: In the cases, mean consumption was less when sick than when healthy. The mean plasma level of peptide YY was higher for cases than controls and higher for cases when sick than when healthy. TNF-alpha levels were higher in cases than controls at visit 1 and also higher in cases when sick than when healthy. There were no differences in IL-1beta levels between cases and controls or between cases when sick and healthy. Peptide YY levels in children with diarrhea correlated with the likelihood of them eating less when sick than when healthy. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum peptide YY may be a mechanism for anorexia in children with diarrhea.

Qualitative Description of New Graduate Nurses' Experiences in a Nurse Residency Program.

Nurse residents were asked to write a targeted story at the end of the 12-month program. Qualitative content analysis by two reviewers yielded five themes: team and teamwork, gratitude, asking questions, the art of nursing, and change. Findings are supported from previous research and add new information to the body of knowledge about the experience of nurse residents. The nursing professional development practitioner can apply this knowledge in supporting and strengthening residency programs.

Soccer and sexual health education: a promising approach for reducing adolescent births in Haiti / Fútbol y educación en salud sexual: un enfoque prometedor para reducir los partos en adolescentes en Haití

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of an innovative, integrative program in female sexual reproductive health (SRH) and soccer (or fútbol, in Haitian Creole) in rural Haiti by measuring the rate of births among program participants 15-19 years old and their nonparticipant peers. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study using 2006-2009 data from the computerized data-tracking system of the Haitian Health Foundation (HHF), a U.S.-based nongovernmental organization serving urban and rural populations in Haiti, was used to assess births among girls 15-19 years old who participated in HHF's GenNext program, a combination education-soccer program for youth, based on SRH classes HHF nurses and community workers had been conducting in Haiti for mothers, fathers, and youth; girl-centered health screenings; and an all-female summer soccer league, during 2006-2009 (n = 4 251). Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to assess differences in the rate of births among program participants according to their level of participation (SRH component only ("EDU") versus both the SRH and soccer components ("SO") compared to their village peers who did not participate. Hazard ratios (HRs) of birth rates were estimated using Cox regression analysis of childbearing data for the three different groups. RESULTS: In the multiple logistic regression analysis, only the girls in the "EDU" group had significantly fewer births than the nonparticipants after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio = 0.535; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.304, 0.940). The Cox regression analysis demonstrated that those in the EDU group (HR = 0.893; 95% CI = 0.802, 0.994) and to a greater degree those in the SO group (HR = 0.631; 95% CI = 0.558, 0.714) were significantly protected against childbearing between the ages of 15 and 19 years. CONCLUSIONS: HHF's GenNext program demonstrates the effectiveness of utilizing nurse educators, community mobilization, and youth participation in sports, education, and structured youth groups to promote and sustain health for adolescent girls and young women.

OBJETIVO: Explorar la repercusión de un programa innovador e integrador de salud sexual y reproductiva femenina y fútbol llevado a cabo en una zona rural de Haití, mediante la medición de la tasa de partos entre las participantes del programa, de 15 a 19 años de edad, y entre sus compañeras no participantes. MÉTODOS: Se utilizó un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes, que usaba los datos del periodo 2006-2009 del sistema de seguimiento de datos computadorizados de la Fundación Haitiana de Salud (HHF, una organización no gubernamental con sede en los Estados Unidos que presta servicio a las poblaciones urbanas y rurales de Haití, para evaluar los partos en las adolescentes de 15 a 19 años de edad que participaron en el programa GenNext de la HHF. Este programa es una combinación de educación y fútbol para jóvenes y se basa en las clases de salud sexual y reproductiva que el personal de enfermería de la HHF y los trabajadores comunitarios han impartido en Haití para madres, padres y jóvenes; los tamizajes de salud centrados en las adolescentes; y una liga de fútbol de verano solo para mujeres durante dicho periodo (n = 4 251). Se llevaron a cabo análisis bivariado y de regresión logística múltiple para evaluar las diferencias en las tasas de partos entre las participantes del programa según su nivel de participación (sólo el componente de salud sexual y reproductiva ["EDU"] frente a ambos componentes, salud sexual y reproductiva, y fútbol ["FU"]) en comparación con las compañeras de su municipio que no participaron . Se calcularon las razones de riesgo (RR) de las tasas de partos mediante análisis de regresión de Cox de los datos de maternidad de los tres grupos. RESULTADOS: En el análisis de regresión logística múltiple, sólo las adolescentes del grupo "EDU" tuvieron significativamente menos partos que las no participantes tras ajustar para los factores de confusión (razón de posibilidades = 0,535; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95% = 0,304-0,940). El análisis de regresión de Cox demostró que las del grupo EDU (RR = 0,893; IC 95% = 0,802-0,994), y en un mayor grado las del grupo FU (RR = 0,631; IC 95% = 0,558-0,714), estaban significativamente protegidas contra la maternidad en edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 19 años. CONCLUSIONES: El programa GenNext de la HHF demuestra la eficacia de utilizar al personal de enfermería como educadores, la movilización comunitaria, y la participación de las jóvenes en actividades educativas y deportivas, y en grupos juveniles estructurados, para promover y mantener la salud de las adolescentes y las mujeres jóvenes.

No family left behind: the example of community-based pneumonia care in Haiti.

The Haitian Health Foundation (HHF) in Jeremie, Haiti conducted an intervention combating childhood bacterial pneumonia. HHF treated 60,000 episodes of respiratory illness in 15 years. The same care model is used for vaccinations, exclusive breastfeeding, diarrheal disease, congenital syphilis, and newborn care.

Maternal and congenital syphilis in rural Haiti.

OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted to assess the prevalence of maternal syphilis and estimate the rate of congenital syphilis in five rural villages surrounding Jeremie, Haiti. METHODS: This research was a retrospective observational study. Data were extracted from the Haitian Health Foundation's public health database and verified through original clinical paper records, death certificates, midwife reports, and discussions with community health workers. Data were analyzed by chi-square analysis, bivariate correlations, and two-tailed t-test for independent samples. RESULTS: Of the 410 women tested for syphilis, 31 (7.6%) were sero-reactive. Average gestation at time of testing was 25 weeks, which correlated with entry into prenatal care at an average of 23 weeks. Women who tested positive during pregnancy were more likely to have had a negative pregnancy outcome than those who did not (chi square = 16.4; P < 0.0001). The estimated rate of congenital syphilis in the region was 767 per 100,000 live births. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal syphilis is prevalent in rural Haiti. This prevalence combined with late entry into prenatal care contributes to adverse pregnancy outcomes and a high estimated rate of congenital syphilis. More research is needed on congenital syphilis and prenatal-careseeking practices of rural Haitian women in order to understand the impact of maternal syphilis in the region and improve pregnancy outcomes.

Maternal and congenital syphilis in rural Haiti / Sífilis materna y congénita en zonas rurales de Haití

OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted to assess the prevalence of maternal syphilis and estimate the rate of congenital syphilis in five rural villages surrounding Jeremie, Haiti. METHODS: This research was a retrospective observational study. Data were extracted from the Haitian Health Foundation's public health database and verified through original clinical paper records, death certificates, midwife reports, and discussions with community health workers. Data were analyzed by chi-square analysis, bivariate correlations, and two-tailed t-test for independent samples. RESULTS: Of the 410 women tested for syphilis, 31 (7.6 percent) were sero-reactive. Average gestation at time of testing was 25 weeks, which correlated with entry into prenatal care at an average of 23 weeks. Women who tested positive during pregnancy were more likely to have had a negative pregnancy outcome than those who did not (chi square = 16.4; P < 0.0001). The estimated rate of congenital syphilis in the region was 767 per 100,000 live births. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal syphilis is prevalent in rural Haiti. This prevalence combined with late entry into prenatal care contributes to adverse pregnancy outcomes and a high estimated rate of congenital syphilis. More research is needed on congenital syphilis and prenatal-care-seeking practices of rural Haitian women in order to understand the impact of maternal syphilis in the region and improve pregnancy outcomes.

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la prevalencia de sífilis materna y estimar la tasa de sífilis congénita en cinco poblaciones rurales cercanas a Jeremie, Haití. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional retrospectivo a partir de datos extraídos de la base de datos de salud pública de la Fundación Haitiana de Salud y verificada con los registros clínicos originales en papel, los certificados de defunción, los informes de las parteras y discusiones con los trabajadores comunitarios de salud. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de la ji al cuadrado, correlaciones bifactoriales y la prueba de la t de dos colas para muestras independientes. RESULTADOS: De las 410 mujeres sometidas a la prueba de sífilis, 31 (7,6 por ciento) resultaron seropositivas. La edad gestacional promedio al momento de la prueba fue de 25 semanas, lo que se correlacionó con la edad gestacional de entrada a la atención prenatal (23 semanas). Las mujeres que resultaron seropositivas durante el embarazo presentaron mayor probabilidad de tener un desenlace negativo de su embarazo que las mujeres que resultaron seronegativas (χ2 = 16,4; P < 0,0001). La tasa estimada de sífilis congénita en la zona fue de 767 por 100000 nacidos vivos. CONCLUSIONES: La sífilis materna es frecuente en las zonas rurales de Haití, lo que combinado con la entrada tardía a los servicios de atención prenatal, contribuye a los desenlaces adversos de los embarazos y a la alta tasa estimada de sífilis congénita. Se requieren más estudios sobre la sífilis congénita y los hábitos de búsqueda de atención prenatal de las mujeres de zonas rurales de Haití para comprender el impacto de la sífilis materna en esta parte del país y mejorar el desenlace de los embarazos.