Effectiveness of Exercise on Fatigue and Sleep Quality in Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of exercise on fatigue and sleep quality in fibromyalgia (primary aim) and to identify which type of exercise is the most effective in achieving these outcomes (secondary aim). DATA SOURCES: PubMed and Web of Science were searched from inception until October 18, 2018. STUDY SELECTION: Eligible studies contained information on population (fibromyalgia), intervention (exercise), and outcomes (fatigue or sleep). Randomized controlled trials (RCT) testing the effectiveness of exercise compared with usual care and randomized trials (RT) comparing the effectiveness of 2 different exercise interventions were included for the primary and secondary aims of the present review, respectively. Two independent researchers performed the search, screening, and final eligibility of the articles. Of 696 studies identified, 17 RCTs (n=1003) were included for fatigue and 12 RCTs (n=731) for sleep. Furthermore, 21 RTs compared the effectiveness of different exercise interventions (n=1254). DATA EXTRACTION: Two independent researchers extracted the key information from each eligible study. DATA SYNTHESIS: Separate random-effect meta-analyses were performed to examine the effects from RCTs and from RTs (primary and secondary aims). Standardized mean differences (SMD) effect sizes were calculated using Hedges' adjusted g. Effect sizes of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 were considered small, moderate, and large. Compared with usual care, exercise had moderate effects on fatigue and a small effect on sleep quality (SMD, -0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.67 to -0.27; P<.001 and SMD, -0.17; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.01; P=.04). RTs in which fatigue was the primary outcome were the most beneficial for lowering fatigue. Additionally, meditative exercise programs were the most effective for improving sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise is moderately effective for lowering fatigue and has small effects on enhancing sleep quality in fibromyalgia. Meditative exercise programs may be considered for improving sleep quality in fibromyalgia.

Gradual Strength Training Improves Sleep Quality, Physical Function and Pain in Women with Fibromyalgia.

BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by chronic and generalized musculoskeletal pain. There is currently no cure for FM, but alternative treatments are available. Among them, gradual strength training programs (ST) which on daily activities are a valid option to improve some of the pronounced symptoms of FM that affect quality of life, such as fatigue, pain, sleep quality, and physical function. However, there is a need for more information on optimal training programs to improve anxiety and fatigue symptoms. AIM: To analyze the effects of a 24-week gradual and progressive ST on sleep quality, fatigue, pain domains, physical function, and anxiety-state. METHODS: 41 women with FM participated in the 24 weeks of intervention based on gradual and progressive ST. Two, 60 min, training sessions per week were con-ducted. Participants were evaluated before the ST program (week 0), in week 12 and at the end of the ST program (week 24). The Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire was used to assess sleep quality and fatigue scales. Anxiety-state was evaluated with the State Anxiety Inventory, and pain domains by means of the Brief Pain Inventory. Senior Fitness Test was used for physical function measurements. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to assess the mean differences between phases, and Spearman's correlations were used to assess the associations between physical and psychological symptoms, and physical function. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that 24 weeks of ST improves physical function, sleep quality and pain domains (p ≤ 0.05). Higher anxiety and pain interference scores were related to worsening physical function. CONCLUSIONS: Gradual ST significantly improves sleep quality, pain, and physical function, but not anxiety and fatigue.

Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Postmenopausal Well-Trained Women.

BACKGROUND: Sex hormone deprivation derived from menopause may affect exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). No studies have previously evaluated this response between postmpenopausal and premenopausal eumenorrheic women over the menstrual cycle. HYPOTHESIS: Postmenopausal women will present higher EIMD markers than premenopausal women, especially in comparison with the menstrual cycle phases where sex hormone concentrations are higher. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: Thirteen postmenopausal and 19 eumenorrheic women, all of them resistance-trained, performed an eccentric squat-based exercise. The postmenopausal group performed 1 bout of exercise, while the eumenorrheic group performed 3 bouts coinciding with the early follicular, late follicular, and mid-luteal phases ot their menstrual cycle. Muscle soreness, countermovement jump, creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein were evaluated before and postexercise. RESULTS: The expected differences in sex hormones were observed between groups (P < 0.001) according to their reproductive status. Postexercise increases in CK, myoglobin, and muscle soreness (168.2 ± 45.5 U/L, 123.1 ± 41.5 µg/L, and 20.7 ± 21.3 mm, respectively) were observed in comparison with baseline (136.2 ± 45.5 U/L, 76.9 ± 13.8 µg/L, and 2.7 ± 4.2 mm, respectively). Myoglobin values at baseline in postmenopausal women were higher compared with premenopausal women in the aforementioned menstrual cycle phases, respectively (62.8 ± 8.2, 60.4 ± 7.2, and 60.1 ± 10.6 µg/L; P < 0.001 for all comparisons), which was supported by large effect sizes (0.72-1.08 standardized d units). No postexercise differences were observed between groups in any markers (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Despite higher resting levels of myoglobin and lower strength values in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women, EIMD was similar between both reproductive profiles. This suggests a potential benefit of being physically active despite aging and sex hormone deprivation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Sex hormone deprivation derived from menopause seems not to influence muscle damage reponse to eccentric exercise in resistance-trained postmenopausal women.

Methodological Approach of the Iron and Muscular Damage: Female Metabolism and Menstrual Cycle during Exercise Project (IronFEMME Study).

Background: The increase in exercise levels in the last few years among professional and recreational female athletes has led to an increased scientific interest about sports health and performance in the female athlete population. The purpose of the IronFEMME Study described in this protocol article is to determine the influence of different hormonal profiles on iron metabolism in response to endurance exercise, and the main markers of muscle damage in response to resistance exercise; both in eumenorrheic, oral contraceptive (OC) users and postmenopausal well-trained women. Methods: This project is an observational controlled randomized counterbalanced study. One hundered and four (104) active and healthy women were selected to participate in the IronFEMME Study, 57 of which were eumenorrheic, 31 OC users and 16 postmenopausal. The project consisted of two sections carried out at the same time: iron metabolism (study I) and muscle damage (study II). For the study I, the exercise protocol consisted of an interval running test (eight bouts of 3 min at 85% of the maximal aerobic speed), whereas the study II protocol was an eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol (10 sets of 10 repetitions of plate-loaded barbell parallel back squats at 60% of their one repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 min of recovery between sets). In both studies, eumenorrheic participants were evaluated at three specific moments of the menstrual cycle: early-follicular phase, late-follicular phase and mid-luteal phase; OC users performed the trial at two moments: withdrawal phase and active pill phase. Lastly, postmenopausal women were only tested once, since their hormonal status does not fluctuate. The three-step method was used to verify the menstrual cycle phase: calendar counting, blood test confirmation, and urine-based ovulation kits. Blood samples were obtained to measure sex hormones, iron metabolism parameters, and muscle damage related markers. Discussion: IronFEMME Study has been designed to increase the knowledge regarding the influence of sex hormones on some aspects of the exercise-related female physiology. Iron metabolism and exercise-induced muscle damage will be studied considering the different reproductive status present throughout well-trained females' lifespan.

Cardiorespiratory response to high intensity interval exercise inendurance-trained postmenopausal women

Objetivo: Analizar la respuesta cardiorrespiratoria en mujeres deportistas postmenopáusicas y compararla con la de las eumenorreicas. Material y método: Veintiuna mujeres eumenorreicas (30,5±6,5 años, 58,4±8,7 kg, 25,2±6,7% masa grasa, 48,4±4,4 ml/kg/min V̇O2peak) y trece postmenopáusicas (51,3±3,6 años, 54,1±4,1 kg, 24,2±5,2% masa grasa, 46,01±9,8 ml/kg/min V̇O2peak) entrenadas realizaron un protocolo de interválico de alta intensidad. Éste consistió en 8 series de 3 minutos al 85% con descansos de 90 segundos al 30% de su velocidad aeróbica máxima. Las mujeres eumenorreicas realizaron el protocolo en su fase folicular temprana. Las variables cardiorrespiratorias fueron constantemente monitorizadas a lo largo del protocolo. Resultados: El test de U Mann-Whitney mostró que la respuesta cardiorrespiratoria en el protocolo interválico fue menor en las mujeres postmenopáusicas comparado con las eumenorreicas para la ventilación (66,9±10,1 vs 78,6±11,1 l/min; p<0,001), consumo de oxígeno (33,7±3,9 vs 38,6±4,1 ml/kg/min; p<0,001), porcentaje del consumo máximo de oxígeno (79,6±5,3 vs 76,0±10,6 %; p=0,003), frecuencia cardiaca (154,6±9,5 vs 167,3±11,4 lpm; p<0,001) y producción de dióxido de carbono (1914.8±248,9 vs 2127,5±296,8 ml/min; p<0,001). Por el contrario, el porcentaje de la máxima producción de dióxido de carbono (60.6±15.0 vs 65,3±8,9 %; p=0,010), cociente respiratorio (1,03±0,08 vs 0,96±0,06; p<0,001) y el porcentaje del máximo cociente respiratorio (75,4±19,0 vs 83,3±8,2 %; p<0,001) fue mayor en el grupo de postmenopáusicas. Por último, el porcentaje de la frecuencia cardiaca máxima (91,9±1,7 vs 91,1±2,4 %, p=0,443) y el porcentaje de la ventilación máxima (71,9±6,7 vs 71,1±8,4 %, p=0,138) no mostraron diferencias entre grupos.(AU)

Objectives: To evaluate the cardiorespiratory response to high-intensity interval exercise in endurance-trained postmeno­pausal women and compare it with their counterparts eumenorrheic females. Material and method: Twenty-one eumenorrheic (30.5±6.5 years, 58.4±8.7 kg, 25.2±6.7% fat mass, 48.4±4.4 ml/kg/min V̇O2peak) and thirteen postmenopausal (51.3±3.6 years, 54.1±4.1 kg, 24.2±5.2% fat mass, 46.01±9.8 ml/kg/min V̇O2peak) endurance-trained women performed a high-intensity interval running protocol consisted of 8 bouts of 3-min at 85% with 90-s recovery at 30% of their maximal aerobic speed. It was carried out in the early-follicular phase for the eumenorrheic group and at any time for the postmenopausal group. Cardiorespiratory variables were continuously monitored throughout the protocol. Results: The Mann–Whitney U test reported lower values in postmenopausal women compared to eumenorrheic females for ventilation (66.9±10.1 vs 78.6±11.1 l/min; p<0.001), oxygen consumption (33.7±3.9 vs 38.6±4.1 ml/kg/min; p<0.001), % maximal oxygen consumption (79.6±5.3 vs 76.0±10.6 %; p=0.003), heart rate (154.6±9.5 vs 167.3±11.4 bpm; p<0.001) and carbon dioxide production (1914.8±248.9 vs 2127.5±296.8 ml/min; p<0.001). On the contrary, % maximal carbon dioxide production (60.6±15.0 vs 65.3±8.9 %; p=0.010), respiratory exchange ratio (1.03±0.08 vs 0.96±0.06; p<0.001) and % maximal respiratory exchange ratio (75.4±19.0 vs 83.3±8.2 %; p<0.001) were higher in the postmenopausal group. Finally, % maximal heart rate (91.9±1.7 vs 91.1±2.4 %, p=0.443) and % maximal ventilation (71.9±6.7 vs 71.1±8.4 %, p=0.138) lacked of difference between study groups.(AU)

Performance of women with fibromyalgia in walking up stairs while carrying a load.

Background. Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease characterized by widespread pain and other associated symptoms. It has a relevant impact on physical fitness and the ability to perform daily living tasks. The objective of the study was to analyze the step-by-step-performance and the trunk tilt of women with fibromyalgia in the 10-step stair climbing test compared with healthy controls. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out. Twelve women suffering from fibromyalgia and eight healthy controls were recruited from a local association. Participants were asked to climb 10 stairs without carrying a load and 10 stairs carrying a load of 5 kg in each hand. Mediolateral trunk tilt was assessed using the "Functional Assessment of Biomechanics (FAB)" wireless motion capture device, and the time between steps was assessed via weight-bearing insoles. Results. Trunk tilt in the stair-climbing task carrying a load was significantly higher in women with fibromyalgia when compared to the healthy controls (2.31 (0.63) vs. 1.69 (0.51) respectively). The effect of carrying a load was significantly higher for women with fibromyalgia compared with healthy controls at the intermediate and final part of the task. Discussion. Trunk tilt during stair climbing while carrying a load was higher in women with FM, which could increase the risk of falling. Additionally, women with FM experienced a higher pace slowdown as a consequence of the load, which supports the need of including specific strength and resistance training to physical therapies for this population.