Olfactory Stimulation Successfully Modulates the Neurochemical, Biochemical and Behavioral Phenotypes of the Visceral Pain.

Visceral pain (VP) is the organ-derived nociception in which increased inflammatory reaction and exaggerated activation of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) may contribute to this deficiency. Considering the amygdala also serves as the integration center for olfaction, the present study aimed to determine whether olfactory stimulation (OS) would effectively depress over-activation and inflammatory reaction in CeA, and successfully relieve VP-induced abnormalities. Adult rats subjected to intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid inhaled lavender essential oil for 2 or 4 h. The potential benefits of OS were determined by measuring the pro-inflammatory cytokine level, intracellular potassium and the upstream small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel expression, together with detecting the stress transmitters that participated in the modulation of CeA activity. Results indicated that in VP rats, strong potassium intensity, reduced SK channel protein level, and increased corticotropin-releasing factor, c-fos, and substance P immuno-reactivities were detected in CeA. Enhanced CeA activation corresponded well with increased inflammatory reaction and decreased locomotion, respectively. However, in rats subjected to VP and received OS, all above parameters were significantly returned to normal levels with higher change detected in treating OS of 4h. As OS successfully depresses inflammation and CeA over-activation, application of OS may serve as an alternative and effective strategy to efficiently relieve VP-induced deficiency.

Syndecan-3 contributes to the regulation of the microenvironment at the node of Ranvier following end-to­side neurorrhaphy: sodium image analysis.

Syndecan-3 (SDC3) and Syndecan-4 (SDC4) are distributed throughout the nervous system (NS) and are favourable factors in motor neuron development. They are also essential for regulation of neurite outgrowth in the CNS. However, their roles in the reconstruction of the nodes of Ranvier after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) are still unclear. Present study used an in vivo model of end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN) for 1-3 months. The recovery of neuromuscular function was evaluated by grooming test. Expression and co-localization of SDC3, SDC4, and Nav1.6 channel (Nav1.6) at regenerating axons were detected by proximity ligation assay and confocal microscopy after ESN. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry was used for imaging ions distribution on tissue. Our data showed that the re-clustering of sodium and Nav1.6 at nodal regions of the regenerating nerve corresponded to the distribution of SDC3 after ESN. Furthermore, the re-establishment of sodium and Nav1.6 correlated with the recovery of muscle power 3 months after ESN. This study suggested syndecans may involve in stabilizing Nav1.6 and further modulate the distribution of sodium at nodal regions after remyelination. The efficiency of sodium re-clustering was improved by the assistance of anionic syndecan, resulting in a better functional repair of PNI.

Effect of teapot materials on the chemical composition of oolong tea infusions.

BACKGROUND: The flavor and quality of tea are widely believed to be associated with the pot in which the tea is made. However, this claim is mostly by experiences and lacks solid support from scientific evidence. The current study investigated and compared the chemical compositions of oolong tea made with six different teapot materials, namely Zisha, Zhuni, stainless steel, ceramic, glass and plastic. RESULTS: For each tea sample, polyphenols and caffeine were examined by HPLC-UV, volatile compounds by GC/MS, amino acids by LC/MS and minerals by ICP-MS. The results suggested that tea infusions from Zisha and Zhuni pots contain higher levels of EGC, EGCG and total catechins and less caffeine than those from ceramic, glass and plastic pots and tend to have the lowest total mineral contents, potassium and volatile compounds in tea soup. The statistical differences were not all significant among Zisha, Zhuni and stainless steel pots. CONCLUSION: Based on the overall chemical composition of the tea infusion, Yixing clay pots (Zisha and Zhuni) produce tea infusions that are presumably less bitter and more fragrant and tend to contain more healthful compounds than tea infusions from other pots. The results could partially explain why Yixing clay pots are among the most popular teapots. The beneficial effects of long-term repeated use of these teapots warrants further study. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Melatonin successfully rescues hippocampal bioenergetics and improves cognitive function following drug intoxication by promoting Nrf2-ARE signaling activity.

Prolonged exposure to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) would cause drug intoxication in which impaired cognitive function results from enhanced hippocampal oxidative stress may serve as a major symptom in this deficiency. Considering melatonin possesses significant anti-oxidative efficacy, this study aimed to determine whether melatonin would successfully promote the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and antioxidant responsive element (Nrf2-ARE) signaling, depress oxidative stress, and rescue hippocampal bioenergetics and cognitive function following drug intoxication injury. Adolescent rats subjected to 10 days of GHB were received melatonin at doses of either 10 or 100 mg/kg. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, biochemical assay, quantitative histochemistry, [14 C]-2-deoxyglucose analysis, together with Morris water maze were employed to detect the molecular signaling, oxidative status, bioenergetic level, as well as the cognitive performances, respectively. Results indicated that in GHB-intoxicated rats, enhanced oxidative stress, increased cholesterol level, and decreased anti-oxidative enzymes activities were detected in hippocampal regions. Intense oxidative stress paralleled well with reduced bioenergetics and poor performance in behavioral testing. However, in rats treated with melatonin following GHB intoxication, all above parameters and cognitive function were gradually returned to nearly normal levels. Melatonin also remarkably promoted the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to nucleus in a dose-dependent manner, thereby increased the Nrf2-ARE signaling-related downstream anti-oxidative enzymes activities. As melatonin effectively rescues hippocampal bioenergetics through depressing the oxidative stress by promoting Nrf2-ARE molecular machinery, this study thus highlights for the first time that clinical use of melatonin may serve as a therapeutic strategy to improve the cognitive function in unsuspecting victims suffered from GHB intoxication injury.

Redistribution of Cav2.1 channels and calcium ions in nerve terminals following end-to-side neurorrhaphy: ionic imaging analysis by TOF-SIMS.

The P/Q-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (Cav2.1) in the presynaptic membranes of motor nerve terminals plays an important role in regulating Ca2+ transport, resulting in transmitter release within the nervous system. The recovery of Ca2+-dependent signal transduction on motor end plates (MEPs) and innervated muscle may directly reflect nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury. Although the functional significance of calcium channels and the levels of Ca2+ signalling in nerve regeneration are well documented, little is known about calcium channel expression and its relation with the dynamic Ca2+ ion distribution at regenerating MEPs. In the present study, end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN) was performed as an in vivo model of peripheral nerve injury. The distribution of Ca2+ at regenerating MEPs following ESN was first detected by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and the specific localization and expression of Cav2.1 channels were examined by confocal microscopy and western blotting. Compared with other fundamental ions, such as Na+ and K+, dramatic changes in the Ca2+ distribution were detected along with the progression of MEP regeneration. The re-establishment of Ca2+ distribution and intensity were correlated with the functional recovery of muscle in ESN rats. Furthermore, the re-clustering of Cav2.1 channels after ESN at the nerve terminals corresponded with changes in the Ca2+ distribution. These results indicated that renewal of the Cav2.1 distribution within the presynaptic nerve terminals may be necessary for initiating a proper Ca2+ influx and shortening the latency of muscle contraction during nerve regeneration.

Quantitative evaluation on activated property-tunable bulk liquid water with reduced hydrogen bonds using deconvoluted Raman spectroscopy.

Interesting properties of water with distinguishable hydrogen-bonding structure on interfacial phase or in confined environment have drawn wide attentions. However, these unique properties of water are only found within the interfacial phase and confined environment, thus, their applications are limited. In addition, quantitative evaluation on these unique properties associating with the enhancement of water's physical and chemical activities represents a notable challenge. Here we report a practicable production of free-standing liquid water at room temperature with weak hydrogen-bonded structure naming Au nanoparticles (NPs)-treated (AuNT) water via treating by plasmon-induced hot electron transfer occurred on resonantly illuminated gold NPs (AuNPs). Compared to well-known untreated bulk water (deionized water), the prepared AuNT water exhibits many distinct activities in generally physical and chemical reactions, such as high solubilities to NaCl and O2. Also, reducing interaction energy within water molecules provides lower overpotential and higher efficiency in electrolytic hydrogen production. In addition, these enhanced catalytic activities of AuNT water are tunable by mixing with deionized water. Also, most of these tunable activities are linearly proportional to its degree of nonhydrogen-bonded structure (DNHBS), which is derived from the O-H stretching in deconvoluted Raman spectrum.

Room-temperature sensor based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

As reported in the literature, several factors, such as scattering cross sections, polarisability and wavelength suitability, contribute to increased SERS enhancement. In general, the advantage of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active Ag nanoparticles (NPs) is their higher SERS enhancement over Au NPs because the molar extinction coefficient of the Ag NPs is the highest of its kind among metals. Nevertheless, the corresponding SERS-active hot spots on Au are of inherently greater stability than on Ag. In this work, innovative temperature sensors based on SERS-active Au and Ag substrates prepared by sonoelectrochemical deposition-dissolution cycles (SEDDCs) are first reported. The SERS intensity of the model probe molecules of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) adsorbed on a SERS-active Ag substrate is monotonically increased from 25 to 50 °C. Moreover, this temperature-dependent intensity is linear with a slope of ca. 430 cps per °C between 25 to 45 °C. In addition, the reversibility and reusability of the developed temperature sensors are evaluated after the R6G-adsorbed sensors are alternately exposed to the temperatures of 25 and 45 °C in a sealed chamber. After every five cycles, the SERS spectra of treated substrates were recorded and compared with those of the as-prepared substrates. Experimental results indicate that SERS enhancement capability is mostly reversible based on 90% intensity of the Raman signal being maintained for the SERS-active Au substrate after 25 cycles (only 15 cycles for the Ag substrate).

Preparation of pure active water for auto-catalytic reactions performed in it.

In catalyzed electrochemical reactions, a general strategy is to modify electrode materials to increase the efficiency of the reaction. From the viewpoint of environmental protection, electrochemical reactions should be performed in an inert green water phase. In this study, we report active pure liquid water (named PV), which was collected from the condensed vapor of heated gold (Au)-containing plasmon-activated water (PAW) with a distinct structure of electron-doping and reduced hydrogen bonding (HB). The resulting PV also exhibited distinct properties of the formation of stronger intermolecular HB with alcohols, and notable activities in catalytic electrochemical reactions, compared to bulk deionized water (DIW). Moreover, the measured diffusion coefficients of water increased by ca. 30% in PV solutions. Two typical electrochemical reactions significantly increased peak currents observed in oxidation-reduction cycles (ORCs) with roughening of the Au substrate and in a model of reversible oxidation-reduction reactions on a platinum (Pt) substrate. Also, PV enhanced hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) on catalytic Pt and inert stainless steel substrates in PV-based solutions at different pH values, compared to DIW. Moreover, these activities of PV were more marked, even better than those of PAW, when PV was collected under a higher heating rate used to heat PAW. Active pure PV has emerged as a promising green solvent applicable to various chemical reactions with more efficiency.

Targeting to overexpressed glucose-regulated protein 78 in gastric cancer discovered by 2D DIGE improves the diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of micelles-mediated system.

The survivals of gastric cancer (GC) patients are associated with early diagnosis and effective treatments. Therefore, it is urgent for the discovery of early GC biomarkers and tumor-targeting therapeutics. The aim of this study was to uncover putative tissue biomarkers of GC using 2D DIGE and then apply one of these specific markers in GC treatment. We found three putative biomarkers of GC with significant differences in expression level compared to adjacent normal tissue, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and glutathione s-transferase pi (GSTpi) with increased expression level, and alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) with reduced expression level. The overexpressed GRP78 was used as a targeted protein for guiding the drugs to tumor cells, leading to more effective treatment for GC xenografts. Our results demonstrated that the designated GRP78-binding peptide based on the sequence, WIFPWIQL, was selectively prone to recognize and bind to GC MKN45 cells in vitro, and also improve the delivery efficiency of polymeric micelles-encapsulated drugs into tumor cells and displayed better therapeutic outcome in experimental animals. This strategy of GRP78-mediated drug targeting system may bring chemotherapeutic drugs with more precise targeting to tumor cells, leading to minimize side effects on patients after chemotherapy.

Improved stabilities on surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active Ag/Al2O3 films on substrates.

As is shown in the literature, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active Ag films obtained by the salting-out of Ag colloids from solutions with some salts, are popularly used to examine the structure of analytes. SERS-active Ag nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrate more significant SERS effects than Au NPs, however, problems regarding the stabilities of SERS-active Ag NPs remain to be overcome. In this work, Ag/Al(2)O(3) colloids were prepared in 0.1 M HNO(3) solutions containing Al(2)O(3) NPs with higher heat capacity by sonoelectrochemical methods. SERS-active Ag/Al(2)O(3) films deposited on glass slides were prepared by the addition of a saturated NaCl solution in the prepared Ag/Al(2)O(3) colloids-containing solution. In an acceptable sacrifice of Raman intensity by ca. 30% magnitude, the prepared Ag/Al(2)O(3) films markedly improved thermal stability by raising the operation temperature over 100 °C, compared to Ag films. Meanwhile, aging of SERS enhancement capability in an atmosphere of relative humidity (RH) of 50% and 20% (v/v) O(2) at 30 °C is significantly depressed using Ag/Al(2)O(3) films.

Sleep deprivation impairs Ca2+ expression in the hippocampus: ionic imaging analysis for cognitive deficiency with TOF-SIMS.

Sleep deprivation causes cognitive dysfunction in which impaired neuronal plasticity in hippocampus may underlie the molecular mechanisms of this deficiency. Considering calcium-mediated NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activation plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal plasticity, the present study is aimed to determine whether total sleep deprivation (TSD) would impair calcium expression, together with injury of the neuronal plasticity in hippocampus. Adult rats subjected to TSD were processed for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, NMDAR1 immunohistochemistry, nNOS biochemical assay, cytochrome oxidase histochemistry, and the Morris water maze learning test to detect ionic, neurochemical, bioenergetic as well as behavioral changes of neuronal plasticity, respectively. Results indicated that in normal rats, strong calcium signaling along with intense NMDAR1/nNOS expression were observed in hippocampal regions. Enhanced calcium imaging and neurochemical expressions corresponded well with strong bioenergetic activity and good performance of behavioral testing. However, following TSD, both calcium intensity and NMDAR1/nNOS expressions were significantly decreased. Behavioral testing also showed poor responses after TSD. As proper calcium expression is essential for maintaining hippocampal neuronal plasticity, impaired calcium expression would depress downstream NMDAR1-mediated nNOS activation, which might contribute to the initiation or development of TSD-related cognitive deficiency.

Discovery of serum biomarkers of alcoholic fatty liver in a rodent model: C-reactive protein.

BACKGROUND: Excessive consumption of alcohol contributes to alcoholic liver disease. Fatty liver is the early stage of alcohol-related liver disease. The aim of this study was to search for specific serological biomarkers of alcoholic fatty liver (AFL) compared to healthy controls, non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and liver fibrosis in a rodent model. METHODS: Serum samples derived from animals with AFL, NAFL, or liver fibrosis were characterized and compared using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis. A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight tandem mass spectrometer in conjunction with mascot software was used for protein identification. Subsequently, Western blotting and flexible multi-analyte profiling were used to measure the expressions of the putative biomarkers present in the serum of animals and clinical patients. RESULTS: Eight differential putative biomarkers were identified, and the two most differentiated proteins, including upregulated C-reactive protein (CRP) and downregulated haptoglobin (Hp), were further investigated. Western blotting validated that CRP was dramatically higher in the serum of AFL compared to healthy controls and other animals with liver disease of NAFL or liver fibrosis (p < 0.05). Moreover, we found that CRP and Hp were both lower in liver fibrosis of TAA-induced rats and clinical hepatitis C virus-infected patients. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that increased levels of CRP are an early sign of AFL in rats. The abnormally elevated CRP induced by ethanol can be used as a biomarker to distinguish AFL from normal or otherwise diseased livers.

Melatonin inhibits microglial activation, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and rescues hippocampal neurons of adult rats with acute Klebsiella pneumoniae meningitis.

Acute bacterial meningitis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a major health threat with a high mortality rate and severe neuro-cognitive sequelae. The intense pro-inflammatory cytokine released from calcium-mediated microglial activation plays an important role in eliciting neuronal damage in the hippocampal region. Considering melatonin possesses anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties, the present study determined whether melatonin can effectively decrease inflammatory responses and prevent hippocampal damage in animals subjected to K. pneumoniae. Adult rats inoculated with K. pneumoniae received a melatonin injection immediately thereafter at doses of 5, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg. Following 24 h of survival, all experimental animals were processed for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (for detecting glial calcium intensity), isolectin-B4 histochemistry (reliable marker for microglial activation), pro-inflammatory cytokine measurement as well as cytochrome oxidase and in situ dUTP end-labeling (representing neuronal bio-energetic status and apoptotic changes, respectively). Results indicate that in K. pneumoniae-infected rats, numerous calcium-enriched microglia, enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine, and various apoptotic neurons with low bio-energetic activity were detected in hippocampus. Following melatonin administration, however, all parameters including glial calcium intensity, microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and number of apoptotic neurons were successfully decreased with maximal change observed at a melatonin dose of 100 mg/kg. Enzymatic data corresponded well with above findings in which all surviving neurons displayed high bio-energetic activity. As effectively reducing glia-mediated inflammatory response is neuro-protective to hippocampal neurons, the present study supports the clinical use of melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent to counteract K. pneumoniae meningitis-induced neuro-cognitive damage.

Impaired sodium levels in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are associated with the formation of cardiovascular deficiency in sleep-deprived rats.

Biological rhythms are a ubiquitous feature of all higher organisms. The rhythmic center of mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which projects to a number of brainstem centers to exert diurnal control over many physiological processes, including cardiovascular regulation. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) is a harmful condition known to impair cardiovascular activity, but the molecular mechanisms are unknown. As the inward sodium current has long been suggested as playing an important role in driving the spontaneous firing of the SCN, the present study aimed to determine if changes in sodium expression, together with its molecular machinery (Na-K ATPase) and rhythmic activity within the SCN, would occur during TSD. Adult rats subjected to different periods of TSD were processed for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, Na-K ATPase assay, and cytochrome oxidase (COX) (an endogenous bioenergetic marker for neuronal activity) histochemistry. Cardiovascular dysfunction was determined through analysis of heart rate and changes in mean arterial pressure. Results indicated that, in normal rats, strong sodium signals were expressed throughout the entire SCN. Enzymatic data corresponded well with spectrometric findings in which high levels of Na-K ATPase and COX were observed in this nucleus. However, following TSD, all parameters including sodium imaging, sodium intensity as well as COX activities were drastically decreased. Na-K ATPase showed an increase in responsiveness following TSD. Both heart rate and mean arterial pressure measurements indicated an exaggerated pressor effect following TSD treatment. As proper sodium levels are essential for SCN activation, reduced SCN sodium levels may interrupt the oscillatory control, which could serve as the underlying mechanism for the initiation or development of TSD-related cardiovascular deficiency.

Reduction of Au3+ to distinctive Au-based materials by amphiphilic sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.

Based on their morphologies or states, Au-based materials will be operative under a specific aqueous or organic phase. Reduction of Au3+ by amphiphilic sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate is proposed to improve the phase challenge via an amphiphilic nature. Moreover, the green approach is expected to be suitable to prepare myriad Au-based materials which can be applied with a limited phase problem.

New solar energy-storage resource of plasmon-activated water solution with higher chemical potential.

Nowadays, solar energy is the most environmentally friendly energy source to drive many chemical reactions and physical processes. However, the corresponding fabrication procedures for obtaining excellent energy-storage devices are relatively complicated and expensive. In this work, we report an innovative strategy on plasmon-activated water (PAW) serving as energy-storage medium from solar energy. The lifetime of the created energetic PAW solution from hot electron transfer (HET) on Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) illuminated with sunshine can last for 2 days, making the energy-storage system is practically available. Encouragingly, the energy-conversion efficiency from the solar energy in the PAW solution is ca. 6.7%. Compared to conventional deionized (DI) water solution, the prepared metastable PAW solution exhibited distinctly higher chemical potential at room temperature. It demonstrates abilities in faster evaporation and enhancing chemical reactions, including hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Our proposed strategy on the simple and cheap energy-storage system based on prepared PAW utilizing solar energy is the first time shown in the literature.

Sleep deprivation predisposes liver to oxidative stress and phospholipid damage: a quantitative molecular imaging study.

Sleep disorders are associated with an increased rate of various metabolic disturbances, which may be related to oxidative stress and consequent lipid peroxidation. Since hepatic phosphatidylcholine plays an important role in metabolic regulation, the aim of the present study was to determine phosphatidylcholine expression in the liver following total sleep deprivation. To determine the effects of total sleep deprivation, we used adult rats implanted for polygraphic recording. Phosphatidylcholine expression was examined molecularly by the use of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, along with biochemical solid-phase extraction. The parameters of oxidative stress were investigated by evaluating the hepatic malondialdehyde levels as well as heat shock protein 25 immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In normal rats, the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry spectra revealed specific peaks (m/z 184 and 224) that could be identified as molecular ions for phosphatidylcholine. However, following total sleep deprivation, the signals for phosphatidylcholine were significantly reduced to nearly one-third of the normal values. The results of solid-phase extraction also revealed that the phosphatidylcholine concentration was noticeably decreased, from 15.7 micromol g-1 to 9.4 micromol g-1, after total sleep deprivation. By contrast, the biomarkers for oxidative stress were drastically up-regulated in the total sleep deprivation-treated rats as compared with the normal ones (4.03 vs. 1.58 nmol mg-1 for malondialdehyde levels, and 17.1 vs. 6.7 as well as 1.8 vs. 0.7 for heat shock protein 25 immunoblotting and immunoreactivity, respectively). Given that phosphatidylcholine is the most prominent component of all plasma lipoproteins, decreased expression of hepatic phosphatidylcholine following total sleep deprivation may be attributed to the enhanced oxidative stress and the subsequent lipid peroxidation, which would play an important role in the formation or progression of total sleep deprivation-induced metabolic diseases.

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Active Substrate Prepared with New Plasmon-Activated Water.

Conventionally, reactions in aqueous solutions are prepared using deionized (DI) water, the properties of which are related to inert "bulk water" comprising a tetrahedral hydrogen-bonded network. In this work, we demonstrate the distinguished benefits of using in situ plasmon-activated water (PAW) with reduced hydrogen bonds instead of DI water in electrochemical reactions, which generally are governed by diffusion and kinetic controls. Compared with DI water-based systems, the diffusion coefficient and the electron-transfer rate constant of K3Fe(CN)6 in PAW in situ can be increased by ca. 35 and 15%, respectively. These advantages are responsible for the improved performance of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). On the basis of PAW in situ, the SERS enhancement of twofold higher intensity of rhodamine 6G and the corresponding low relative standard deviation of 5%, which is comparable to and even better than those based on complicated processes shown in the literature, are encouraging.

Plasmon-activated water effectively relieves hepatic oxidative damage resulting from chronic sleep deprivation.

The role of the hepato-protective agent plasmon-activated water (PAW) as an innovative anti-oxidant during chronic sleep deprivation (SD) is realized in this study. PAW possesses reduced hydrogen-bonded structure, higher chemical potential and significant anti-oxidative properties. In vitro tests using rat liver cell line (Clone-9) have demonstrated that PAW is non-cytotoxic and does not change the cellular migration capacity. The in vivo experiment on SD rats suffering from intense oxidative damage to the liver, an extremely common phenomenon in the present-time with deleterious effects on metabolic function, is performed by feeding PAW to replace deionized (DI) water. Experimental results indicate that PAW markedly reduces oxidative stress with enhanced bioenergetics in hepatocytes. PAW also effectively restores hepatocytic trans-membrane ion homeostasis, preserves membranous structures, and successfully improves liver function and metabolic activity. In addition, the hepato-protective effects of PAW are evidently demonstrated by the reduced values of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and the recovery of total protein and albumin levels. With clear evidences of PAW for protecting liver from SD-induced injury, delivering PAW as a powerful hepato-protective agent should be worthy of trailblazing new clinical trials in a healthier, more natural, and more convenient way.

Poly-Methyl Methacrylate/Polyvinyl Alcohol Copolymer Agents Applied on Diabetic Wound Dressing.

Due to the difficulty of healing chronic wound, in the process of changing dressing, secondary damage on the tissue caused by adhesion should be prevented. In this study, the new dressing of particle hydrogels synthesized with poly-methyl methacrylate and poly-vinyl alcohol precursors were proposed. In addition, cell safety tests, animal's allergic stimulation, and animal's wound healing experiments were conducted for particle hydrogels. On one hand, in L929 cell experiment, the results of particle hydrogels extract 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide tests and lactate dehydrogenase test trial show that there are no safety concerns over particle hydrogels. On the other hand, New Zealand white rabbits were chosen for skin sensitization tests in animal trials, which show the consistent results. At last, wound healing tests used diabetes induction with 10-week-old rats and three-month-old Landrace pigs, with the tissue histology. In short, through this experiment, it is found that in the early phase of the diabetic rats and pigs' wound healing, using particle hydrogels can enhance collagen formation, and achieve the goal of faster wound healing.