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Nanostructured copper sulfides, promising earth-abundant p-type semiconductors, have found applications in a wide range of fields due to their versatility, tunable low bandgap, and environmental sustainability. The synthesis of hexagonal Cu7 S4 @Au2 S@Au nanorings exhibiting plasmon enhanced emissions at the direct bandgap is reported. The synthesized Cu7 S4 @Au2 S@Au nanorings show greatly enhanced absorption and emission by local plasmons compared to pure copper sulfide nanoparticles.
RESUMO
AIM: To determine the inter-observer variability for colon polyp morphology and to identify whether education can improve agreement among observers. METHODS: For purposes of the tests, we recorded colonoscopy video clips that included scenes visualizing the polyps. A total of 15 endoscopists and 15 nurses participated in the study. Participants watched 60 video clips of the polyp morphology scenes and then estimated polyp morphology (pre-test). After education for 20 min, participants performed a second test in which the order of 60 video clips was changed (post-test). To determine if the effectiveness of education was sustained, four months later, a third, follow-up test was performed with the same participants. RESULTS: The overall Fleiss' kappa value of the inter-observer agreement was 0.510 in the pre-test, 0.618 in the post-test, and 0.580 in the follow-up test. The overall diagnostic accuracy of the estimation for polyp morphology in the pre-, post-, and follow-up tests was 0.662, 0.797, and 0.761, respectively. After education, the inter-observer agreement and diagnostic accuracy of all participants improved. However, after four months, the inter-observer agreement and diagnostic accuracy of expert groups were markedly decreased, and those of beginner and nurse groups remained similar to pre-test levels. CONCLUSION: The education program used in this study can improve inter-observer agreement and diagnostic accuracy in assessing the morphology of colon polyps; it is especially effective when first learning endoscopy.