Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of 3-hydroxy, 2-methoxy sodium butanoate from the leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f.

INTRODUCTION: The leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. have been used in the Indian traditional system of medicine to treat several inflammatory diseases and arthritis. The aim of the present study was to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of the leaves of C. phlomidis and to isolate the active principle by bioactivity guided fractionation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To find the anti-inflammatory constituents from this plant, fractionations were performed with concurrent bioassays. Carrageenan-induced inflammation and Freund complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic rat models were used. The anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of the isolated compound were studied by assessing the histology of the joints, levels of lysosomal enzymes, protein-bound carbohydrates, acute phase protein, etc., in plasma, as well as by estimating the levels and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the joints. RESULTS: Repeated fractionations and bioassays yielded a novel bioactive compound: 3-hydroxy, 2-methoxy-sodium butanoate. Treatment with this compound reduced the paw edema induced by carrageenan and FCA dose dependently. The levels of lysosomal enzymes and protein-bound carbohydrates decreased significantly upon treatment with the compound. The level of plasma acute phase protein was also decreased compared with control animals. Protein levels and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 in the joints were decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner and the histopathological data also added evidence of the anti-arthritic property of the compound. CONCLUSION: The 3-hydroxy,2-methoxy sodium butanoate isolated from plant leaves displays considerable potency in anti-inflammatory action and has a prominent anti-arthritic effect. This is the first report of this natural compound with bioactivity.

Antihyperlipidemic activity of Ichnocarpus frutescens in triton WR-1339-induced and high-fat diet animals.

CONTEXT: Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae) is used to treat diabetes and hyperlipidemia in folk medicine. OBJECTIVE: The crude methanol extract and fractions of I. frutescens were investigated for antihyperlipidemic effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fresh leaves of I. frutescens were extracted with methanol and fractionated with hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol. The active acetone fraction was subfractionated, which resulted in active fraction 3. The antihyperlipidemic effects of the methanol extract and fractions of I. frutescens were studied in triton WR-1339-induced and high-fat diet (HFD) obese animals. Further, lipid absorption and excretion were studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The methanol extract significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) by 29.63% and triglyceride (Tg) by 51.10% at 400 mg/kg in triton WR-1339-induced animals and significantly reduced TC (27.81%) and Tg (37.03%) at 400 mg/kg in HFD animals. Fraction 3 showed significant reduction in TC (25.03%) and Tg (58.05%) at 200 mg/kg. Feeding of HFD consisting 3% of fraction 3 increased feces weight and Tg level in mice. Fraction 3, showed significant decrease in plasma Tg level at the second hour, after oral administration of the lipid emulsion to rats. CONCLUSION: The observed properties apparently validate the folk medicinal use of this plant in amelioration of hyperlipidemia.

In vivo and in vitro immunomodulatory potential of swertiamarin isolated from Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.

Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside found in Enicostema axillare (Lam) A. Raynal, a medicinal plant used as a depurative in the Indian system of traditional medicine. The present study evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of isolated swertiamarin. In vivo immunomodulatory activity of swertiamarin (2, 5, and 10 mg/kg b.w.) was evaluated in a model of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by assessing its effect on organ weight, hemagglutinating antibody titer (HA), plaque-forming cells (PFC), quantitative hemolysis of SRBC, and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). In vitro immunomodulatory potential was studied on isolated splenocytes, neutrophils, and peritoneal macrophages. In silico immunomodulatory effects were evaluated by docking of swertiamarin on proinflammatory cytokines to confirm its potential. In in vivo studies, the animals treated with swertiamarin showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in antibody titer, plaque-forming cells, and also in weight of the thymus and spleen. A decreased response to DTH reaction was recorded with the treatment of swertiamarin. In in vitro studies, treatment with swertiamarin modulated the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-4 significantly (P ≤ 0.05) and also favored Th2-mediated response on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced splenocytes. The compound inhibited the release of free radicals significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced neutrophils and also ameliorated the mRNA and protein expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. In in silico, the best docked pose of swertiamarin with the target proteins (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6) was confirmed that swertiamarin acted as an anti-inflammatory mediator.

Immunomodulatory potential of Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal, a traditional medicinal plant.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal., (Gentianaceae) has been used in traditional Indian system of medicine as depurative and for the treatment of psoriasis, intermittent fever and cancer. Ethnobotanical survey conducted in Theni District indicated a high consensus for this plant as blood purifier and to treat dermatopathy and venereal infections. The present study evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of the methanol extract of Enicostema axillare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vivo immunomodulatory activity of Enicostema axillare methanol extract (100 and 200mg/kg b.w) was evaluated by assessing its effect on the total and differential leukocyte count, organ weight, hemaggultinating antibody titer, plaque forming cells, quantitative hemolysis of SRBC and delayed type hypersensitivity. Sheep red blood cells (SRBC, 5×10(8)cells/0.1mL) were used to immunize the animals. In vitro immunomodulatory potential of the extract was studied using peritoneal macrophages by evaluating its effects on NBT reduction, NO production and cytokine release. RESULTS: The animals treated with Enicostema axillare methanol extract showed a significant (P≤0.05) increase in weight of the thymus and spleen. The total leukocyte and lymphocyte count was increased significantly (P<0.005) by the treatment. There was no significant alteration in neutrophil count. A dose dependent increase in antibody titer value was observed. A decreased response to DTH reaction induced by SRBC was recorded. A potential phagocytic response was seen on treatment with the extracts at 10 and 25µg/mL. The extract inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and production of NO significantly in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that the methanol extract of Enicostema axillare acted on both humoral and cell mediated immune functions and decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the peritoneal macrophages.

Isolation and Characterization of Putative Probiotic Bacterial Strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, from North East Himalayan Soil Based on In Vitro and In Vivo Functional Properties.

This study is aimed to isolate some novel probiotics from the soils of North East Himalayas. Eleven Gram positive isolates were obtained in MRS with Oxgall media from soil samples. Four of the isolates withstood the in vitro gastric juice pH 3.0 and 0.45% bile salt tolerance screening. Among these, PBT 3 showed high cell surface hydrophobicity and adhered to the Caco-2 cells. 16s rDNA gene sequences of this probiotic strains were identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (accession no: JF836079). In in vivo bioefficacy evaluation by DSS-induced colitis animals, B. amyloliquefaciens significantly ameliorated the loss in body weight. Further, the treatment altered the levels of myeloperoxidase, lipoperoxides, and mucous content in the colon tissues compared with normal colon. It reduced the protein and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1ß. These biochemical findings were supported by histopathological evidences. Our study reports the use of B. amyloliquefaciens isolated from Himalayan soil as probiotic and its beneficial effect on IBD for the first time and suggests that this could be used as potential probiotics in functional foods or as a curative agent.