PIUS-a: Problematic Internet Use Scale in adolescents. Development and psychometric validation.

Adolescents' use of the Internet is becoming a matter of great concern for different sectors of society. The psychological and behavioural consequences of problematic Internet use in young people demands quick and effective answers. One of the major challenges in this context is the development of empirically validated tools, which would facilitate early detection and screening for potential risk cases. This is precisely the aim of this paper. Based on a sample of 1,709 secondary-school students from Galicia (a region in northern Spain) aged 11 to 17 (M = 13.74, SD = 1.43), the analysis carried out permitted us to present a brief and simple tool (with just 11 items). It has substantial theoretical support, since both the existing background information and the views of experts from the academic and professional spheres were taken into account in the course of its development. The scale is adapted to the Spanish cultural context and to the language of young people. It has satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of reliability of the scores (α = .82), evidence of its internal structure (tested via a Confirmatory Factorial Analysis), sensitivity (81%), and specificity (82.6%). Moreover, its use enables the gradation of adolescents on a risk or problematic Internet use continuum. In our view, all of this lends it enormous applied potential in both the educational and clinical contexts.

Relación entre práctica de actividad física en el tiempo libre y rendimiento académico en alumnos(as) de 5° de Primaria a 4° de ESO.

Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron establecer la relación de la práctica de ejercicio físico en el tiempo libre con la práctica de los padres, el rendimiento académico, la importancia que le dan a la asignatura de educación física (EF) y la influencia que consideran que tiene sobre su rendimiento académico; así como sobre la percepción que tienen de la importancia que le dan los padres a la EF. Para ello, un total de 867 niños y niñas de 5° de Primaria a 4° de la ESO (edad: 12.99 ± 1.90 años) diligenciaron un cuestionario previamente validado. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas al relacionar práctica deportiva de los alumnos con la práctica de sus padres y madres (p < 0.001), así como un mayor rendimiento académico entre los practicantes (p entre 0.008 y <0.001). En general, los alumnos le dieron la misma importancia a la EF que al resto de asignaturas, si bien los practicantes tenían una mejor percepción de la importancia de la EF (p = 0.002). En conclusión, hay una relación entre la práctica de ejercicio físico y el rendimiento académico, con la práctica de los padres y con la importancia que le dan ellos a la asignatura de EF, pero no con la que perciben que le dan sus padres.

Prevalence of problematic Internet use and problematic gaming in Spanish adolescents.

Epidemiological studies on problematic Internet use and problematic gaming conducted so far have mainly been carried out with unrepresentative and self-selected convenience samples, resulting in unreliable prevalence rates. This study estimates the prevalence of problematic Internet use and problematic gaming in a large sample of Spanish adolescents (N = 41,507) and identifies risk and protective factors for these risky behaviours. Data were collected online using the Adolescent Problem Internet Use Scale and the Adolescent Gaming Addiction Scale. Using a cut-off approach with measurement instruments inspired by the DSM-5 framework, we found a prevalence of 33% for problematic Internet use and 3.1% for problematic gaming. With a more conservative approach inspired by the ICD-11 framework, prevalence rates decreased to 2.98% for problematic Internet use and 1.8% for problematic gaming. Female gender, higher parents' education, elevated Internet connection time, reporting being online after midnight and using the mobile phone in class predicted problematic Internet use; whereas male gender, "living situation" where families do not have a traditional structure or stable environment, elevated Internet connection time and reporting using the mobile phone in class predicted problematic gaming. A cut-off approach involving scales that recycle substance use criteria (as in the DSM-5) over-pathologize Internet use and gaming behaviours. In contrast, the ICD-11 approach seems to provide more realistic and reliable prevalence rates.

Using heart rate to detect high-intensity efforts during professional soccer competition.

The goal of this article is to detect, describe, and compare 2 heart rate (HR) conditions associated with high-intensity efforts but somewhat different in nature: The first one is indicated by HR values close to the maximum heart reserve (MHRR), and the second is indicated by a marked increase in the HR values (MIHR). It was expected that both conditions were associated with different game situations. A sample of 441 game situations (241 MIHRs and 200 MHRRs), taken from HR records and individual filming of 12 elite soccer players, was assessed along 7 preseason competition matches. The game situations in which each of these 441 HR conditions took place were identified, using a previously established taxonomy of a combination of field formats and category systems in the Match Vision Studio Premium. For the recording of the HR condition, an HRM Polar was attached to the players when in competition, together with a simultaneous filming of their performance during the game. The HRM and video recordings were synchronized beforehand to be able to relate the game situation in the film with HR conditions. The results showed significant differences between both HR conditions for 4 criteria of game situations (Ball in play, Game Center, Role, and Opposition). In all the cases, the MIHR is more associated with active participation of the players in the game, whereas the MHRR is more associated with the end of this participation. Thus, the results suggest that MIHR could be a useful complementary measurement to assess the intensity of physiological load that elite soccer players bear during competition, together with more traditional measurements such as MHRR.

Age and Living Situation as Key Factors in Understanding Changes in Alcohol Use during COVID-19 Confinement.

(1) The aim of the present study was to evaluate and characterize changes in alcohol use during the COVID-19 confinement in a sample of Spanish adults, analyzing their age and living situation as defining life cycle variables. (2) Method: Data from 3779 individuals were collected through a set of online surveys. AUDIT-C was used to measure the frequency of consumption, the average daily consumption, intensive consumption, risky consumption, and Standard Drink Units. (3) Results: Although alcohol consumption during confinement showed a significant general decline, age revealed important differences, with the decline being more pronounced in adults from 18 to 29 years old. The living situation also showed significant differences. The largest decreases in alcohol consumption were found in those who lived with their parents or other relatives, whereas those who lived alone or with a partner even increased their level of consumption. In addition, the data show a significant interaction between these two variables and gender. (4) Conclusions: Age and cohabitation processes are key factors in understanding the life situation of each individual during confinement and, consequently, in explaining consumption patterns. The results obtained provide interesting recommendations for designing prevention policies in both normal and crisis circumstances, emphasizing the need to understand alcohol use from a psychosocial perspective.

[SBIRT model as a prevention strategy against addiction with and without substance in teenagers.] / El modelo SBIRT como estrategia de prevención de las adicciones con y sin sustancia en adolescentes.

A high prevalence of adolescent substance use, risky consumption patterns and the decrease in the age of initiation, together with the growth of non-substance addictions, represent a huge challenge for Public Health. This suggests the need for a change of focus in the work of the primary care settings, which must be more proactive in the early detection and intervention. Although there are some previous experiences in Spain, we do not have a duly standardised system, based on clinical practice and validated in consulting rooms, which could be used in a general, simple, and guaranteed manner. The SBIRT (Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment) model, developed in the United States and conceived from a Public Health perspective, might represent such a paradigm shift. The aim of this paper was to provide researchers and professionals with a review of the available evidence in different countries, with a view to implementing it in Spain, where SBIRT remains a challenge. In addition, theoretical and technical foundations, and potential of the SBIRT are described. Not only its possible benefits and opportunities are put on the table, but also the shortcomings, limitations and needs that must be overcome for SBIRT implementation to be possible.

La alta prevalencia del consumo de sustancias entre los adolescentes, los preocupantes patrones de consumo y el descenso de las edades de inicio, junto al crecimiento de las adicciones sin sustancia, suponen uno de los grandes desafíos actuales en materia de Salud Pública. Ello sugiere la necesidad de un cambio de enfoque en la labor de los dispositivos de Atención Primaria (AP), que han de ser más proactivos en la detección e intervención precoz. Aunque en España existen algunas experiencias previas, no disponemos de una sistemática debidamente protocolizada, fundamentada clínicamente y validada en las consultas, que pueda ser utilizada de forma generalizada, sencilla y con garantías por los profesionales. El modelo SBIRT (Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment), desarrollado en Estados Unidos y concebido desde un enfoque de Salud Púbica, representa ese cambio de paradigma. El objetivo de este trabajo, además de dar a conocer los fundamentos teóricos, técnicos y potencialidades del SBIRT, fue poner a disposición de investigadores y profesionales una revisión de la evidencia disponible en diferentes países, de cara a su posible implantación en España, donde a pesar de la existencia de experiencias precedentes puntuales, constituye todavía una cuenta pendiente. Se ponen sobre la mesa no sólo los posibles beneficios y oportunidades, sino también las carencias, limitaciones y necesidades que han de superarse para que la implementación del SBIRT sea posible.

[Relationship between perceived health care quality and attitude toward substance abuse treatment]. / Relación entre la calidad asistencial percibida y la actitud frente al tratamiento en drogodependencias.

Despite the considerable investment made in recent years in Spain in substance abuse care, treatment adherence remains one of the aspects that determine the effectiveness of programs. Several authors have noted the importance of perceived service quality in this context. This paper is presented with dual purpose of highlighting the role that management of the quality of care for drug addicts has, both as a modulator of users' attitudes and perceptions about the treatment, and as a work philosophy, typical of an organization committed to continuous improvement. Conducting personal interviews with 670 users of drug abuse care services in Galicia and through the application of covariance structure analysis, the close relationship between two factors (perceived quality and attitude toward treatment) was revealed. This research also provides professionals and researchers with a new scale for service evaluation that is short, easy to use and with adequate psychometric properties.

[The botellón phenomenon. Descriptive analysis and possible implications from a sample of galician teenagers.] / El fenómeno del botellón. Análisis descriptivo y posibles implicaciones a partir de una muestra de adolescentes gallegos.

OBJECTIVE: Botellón has established itself as a recreational ritual of great importance in the leisure of young people and it has contributed to the expansion of a worrying pattern of alcohol and other substances consumption. However, there are few papers that take an integrated approach to this issue. The aim of this work was to have new data to characterize this practice, while providing evidence of its consequences and identifying relevant prognostic factors for prevention. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 4,867 Galician adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age (Mean=14.68; SD=1.67). Data were collected in schools through an ad hoc questionnaire and they were analyzed through of a bivariate tabulation, with the application of the opportune contrasts according to the nature of the variables. RESULTS: 27.3% of the teenagers in the sample went to botellón during the last year. 96.6% admitted to drinking alcohol when they went to a botellón, 53.4% alcohol and tobacco and 30.2% three or more substances. This practice was associated with significantly higher rates of Intensive Alcohol Consumption (28% vs. 0.9%), as well as of consumption of risk of alcohol, cannabis and drugs in general. The modulating role of variables such as risk perception and beliefs and expectations associated with consumption, money available or time of arrival at home was also found. CONCLUSIONS: At least 1 in 4 teenagers continue to go to botellones. This practice associated with risky consumption. The evidence found reinforces the multidimensional nature of the problem and suggests reorienting prevention policies.

OBJETIVO: El botellón se ha consolidado como un ritual recreativo de gran importancia en el ocio de los jóvenes y ha contribuido a la expansión de un patrón preocupante de consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias. Pese a ello, son escasos los trabajos que lo aborden de manera integral. Este trabajo se planteó con el objetivo disponer de nuevos datos que permitan caracterizar dicha práctica, al tiempo que aportar evidencias sobre sus consecuencias e identificar factores de pronóstico relevantes para la prevención. METODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal con una muestra de 4.867 adolescentes gallegos de entre 12 y 18 años (Media=14,68; DT=1,67). Los datos se recogieron en centros escolares mediante un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc y fueron analizados mediante una tabulación bivariada, con la aplicación de los contrastes oportunos en función de la naturaleza de las variables. RESULTADOS: El 27,3% de los adolescentes de la muestra hicieron botellón en el transcurso del último año. El 96,6% reconoció beber alcohol cuando acude a un botellón, el 53,4% alcohol y tabaco y un 30,2% tres o más sustancias. Esta práctica se asoció con tasas significativamente mayores de consumo intensivo de alcohol (28% vs. 0,9%), así como de consumo de riesgo de alcohol, cannabis y drogas en general. Se constató también el papel modulador de variables como la percepción de riesgo y las creencias y expectativas asociadas al consumo, el dinero disponible o la hora de llegada a casa. CONCLUSIONES: Al menos 1 de cada 4 adolescentes sigue haciendo botellón, asociándose este a un consumo de riesgo. Las evidencias encontradas refuerzan el carácter multidimensional del problema y sugieren reorientar las políticas de prevención.

[Early detection of the problematic Internet use in adolescents, in pediatrics of primary care.] / Detección precoz del uso problemático de Internet en adolescentes, en pediatría de atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: Use of the Internet has grown exponentially and adolescents are considered one of the most vulnerable groups in this new environment. Hence the problematic use of the Internet (PIU) at this stage has become a concern for a growing number of researchers. Taking into account the interest that this issue has generated at many levels, the aim of this paper is to find the prevalence of PIU among adolescents in the health area of Vigo (Spain). METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study. The PIU validated scale was applied to children between 10 and 16 years old, captured by systematic sampling with replacement in the primary care consultations of four health centers. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS: The questionnaire was applaid to 165 children, 51.2% men. Problematic Internet use was observed in 38.8% (95% CI: 31.7-46.4), higher in women (46.3%) than in men (31.8%), with no significant differences (p 0.07). By age groups, the positive rate on the scale reached 36.8% in the 13-14 year range and 48.6% in the 15-16 range. The item that reached the highest score was "When I am online, I feel that time flies and hours pass without me realizing it" (60.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of UPI in children / adolescents is similar to that observed in Asian adolescents. This study is the first to apply a scale validated and adapted to the Spanish cultural context in the daily practice of Primary Care consultations. Its use would allow to identify the PIU in this context and intervene if necessary.

OBJETIVO: El uso de Internet ha crecido exponencialmente y los adolescentes son considerados uno de los grupos más vulnerables en este nuevo contexto. De ahí que el uso problemático de Internet (UPI) en esta etapa se haya convertido en una preocupación para un número creciente de investigadores. Teniendo en cuenta el interés que este tema ha generado en muchos niveles, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la prevalencia del uso problemático de Internet entre los niños/adolescentes del área sanitaria de Vigo (España). METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se aplicó la escala validada EUPI-a a niños entre 10 y 16 años, captados por muestreo sistemático con reposición en las consultas de atención primaria de cuatro centros de salud. Se elaboró posteriormente un análisis descriptivo y bivariante. RESULTADOS: Se entregó el cuestionario a 165 niños, de los que el 51,2% eran varones. Se objetivó un uso problemático de Internet en el 38,8% (IC 95%: 31,7-46,4), mayor en mujeres (46,3%) que en varones (31,8%), aunque no se constataron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p=0,07). Por grupos de edad, la tasa de positivos en la escala alcanzó un 36,8% en la franja de 13-14 años y un 48,6% en la de 15-16 años. El ítem que alcanzó mayor puntuación fue "Cuando me conecto siento que el tiempo vuela y pasan las horas sin darme cuenta" (60,6%). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de UPI en niños/adolescentes es similar a la observada en adolescentes asiáticos. Este estudio es el primero en aplicar una escala validada y adaptada al contexto cultural español en la práctica diaria de una consulta de atención primaria. Su utilización en este entorno permitiría identificar el UPI e intervenir si fuera preciso.

[Assessing drug consumers' care from the user's viewpoint]. / La evaluación de la atención al drogodependiente desde el punto de vista de los propios usuarios.

In this study, we developed a tool that allows us to assess, on a regular basis, the perceived quality of the assistance currently provided in the centres of Attention for Drug-dependent People that integrate the network of the Galician Plan for Drugs. Our goal is to obtain a scale with acceptable psychometric properties, which reflects the relevant dimensions of the service and, at the same time, is short and easy to apply. From the analysis of 902 interviews from the 17 units of Attention for Drug-Dependent People in Galicia, we obtained a scale of only 13 items with highly satisfactory reliability and validity. This scale assesses 3 main dimensions (Personnel, Access, and Facilities) and it has high potential at management levels, as it allows both an objective diagnosis of the quality of the service from the users' perspective and the identification of key issues for constant improvement.

[Importance-Performance Analysis for services management]. / El análisis de importancia-valoración aplicado a la gestión de servicios.

Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) constitutes an indirect approximation to user's satisfaction measurement that allows to represent, in an easy and functional way, the main points and improvement areas of a specific product or service. Beginning from the importance and judgements concerning the performance that users grant to each prominent attributes of a service, it is possible to obtain a graphic divided into four quadrants in which recommendations for the organization economic resources management are included. Nevertheless, this tool has raised controversies since its origins, referred fundamentally to the placement of the axes that define the quadrants and the conception and measurement of the importance of attributes that compose the service. The primary goal of this article is to propose an alternative to the IPA representation that allows to overcome the limitations and contradictions derived from the original technique, without rejecting the classical graph. The analysis applies to data obtained in a survey about satisfaction with primary health care services of Galicia. Results will permit to advise to primary health care managers with a view toward the planning of future strategic actions.

[A new scale for the assessment of the quality of hospitality services]. / Una nueva escala para la evaluación de la calidad de los servicios de hostelería.

In the last 20 years the services sector has experienced a highly significant growth, being currently one of the most important economic sectors in our country. Inside the touristic sector, a strong competence has being experienced among the lodging and restoration establishments. In a scenario characterized by competitiveness, the bet for quality represents a difficult competitive advantage to surpass (García-Buedes, 2001). The objective of this study is to carry out an approach to the evaluation of the perceived quality of the restaurants. As a result of bibliographic revision, and also a first approach of a qualitative nature, we started from a scale of 31 items that included 5 dimensions: access, personal, service, product and installations. The results obtained applying the questionnaire to more than 2400 clients of 180 establishments of Santiago de Compostela and region, by means of structured interviews, confirmed that not all these dimensions had the same importance as predictors of customer satisfaction. Specifically, the product emerges as the most important dimension. Likewise, the elimination of the dimension service and a more exhaustive selection of the items, based on psychometric criteria, has permitted to define a brief scale, consisting of only 15 items, which makes it very attractive as a management tool. The final scale proposed to evaluate the perceived quality in the restaurant sector includes four fundamental and non-independent dimensions. These are, ordered by importance: product, personal, installations and access.

La edad de inicio en el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: implicaciones y variables asociadas / The age of onset for alcohol consumption among adolescents: Implications and related variables

La adolescencia constituye un período crítico en el desarrollo de conductas adictivas. En particular, la edad a la que los jóvenes se inician en el consumo de alcohol no es una cuestión banal, habida cuenta de las importantes repercusiones que posee a diferentes niveles. Sin embargo se sabe relativamente poco de por qué cada vez se empieza a consumir de manera más precoz. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido recabar nuevos datos empíricos sobre las implicaciones de una edad de inicio temprana e identificar, al mismo tiempo, posibles variables asociadas. Se han actualizado además las edades medias de inicio de consumo de distintas sustancias, ampliando el marco muestral habitual del ESTUDES (14-18 años), incorporando a los adolescentes de 12 y 13 años. Los resultados obtenidos con una muestra de 3419 adolescentes de la comunidad gallega (M = 14,57 y DT = 1,76) permiten constatar que la edad a la que los adolescentes suelen iniciarse en el consumo de alcohol es menor de lo que sugiere el ESTUDES 2016-2017, situándose en 13,4 años. Además quienes se inician antes en su consumo presentan una mayor probabilidad de consumir otras sustancias, tasas de consumo de riesgo 3 veces superiores y se implican más en prácticas potencialmente peligrosas. Por último, variables como la percepción de riesgo o las expectativas presentan una capacidad explicativa escasa, sobre todo si se compara con otras relacionadas con el consumo del entorno familiar o entre iguales. Los resultados refuerzan la necesidad de retrasar la edad de inicio del consumo de alcohol como uno de los objetivos estratégicos de las políticas de prevención

Adolescence is a critical period in the development of addictive behaviors. In particular, the age at which adolescents start drinking is not a trivial matter, given the important consequences that it has. However, relatively little is known about what it is that causes them to start drinking at an ever earlier age. The aim of this paper is to collect new empirical data about the implications of an early age of onset and, at the same time, to identify possible associated variables. Furthermore, the mean age of onset of the different substances is updated by expanding the sample frame of the ESTUDES (14-18 years) to incorporate adolescents aged 12 and 13. The results obtained with a sample of 3,419 adolescents from the Autonomous Community of Galicia (M = 14.57 and SD = 1.76) reveal that at 13.4 years of age, the age at which adolescents tend to start drinking is lower than suggested by ESTUDES 20162017. In addition, those who start drinking earlier are more likely to use other substances, their rates of high-risk consumption are 3 times higher and they are more involved in potentially dangerous practices. Finally, variables such as risk perception and expectations of use yield very limited explanatory capacity, especially if they are compared with those related to drinking within the family or peer group. The results reinforce the need to delay the age of alcohol onset as one of the strategic objectives of prevention policies

Evaluation and early detection of problematic Internet use in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Problematic Internet use in adolescents has become an issue of concern for a growing number of researchers and institutions over the past years. Behavioural problems, social isolation, school failure and family problems are some of the consequences of psychological and behavioural impact on teenagers. Taking into account the interest that this issue has generated at many levels, the aim of this paper is to develop a screening tool for early detection of problematic Internet use in teenagers. METHOD: A survey of Compulsory Secondary School students from Galicia involving a total of 2,339 individuals was carried out. RESULTS: The results obtained allow (1) gauging the magnitude of the problem, establishing the risk levels among the adolescents, and (2) presenting a new, simple and short screening instrument. CONCLUSIONS: The present scale has sufficient theoretical and empirical support, including good psychometric properties (a = .83; specificity = .81; sensitivity = .80; ROC curve = .90), making it an interesting applied tool.

Validación del "Test de identificación de trastorno por consumo de alcohol" (AUDIT) en población adolescente española / Validation of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) among Spanish adolescent population

El "Test de identificación de trastornos por consumo de alcohol" (AUDIT) es uno de los instrumentos de cribado de consumo de alcohol que más pruebas empíricas acumula, aunque en España no se ha informado todavía de sus propiedades psicométricas con adolescentes. Este ha sido el objetivo de este trabajo. Se utilizó una metodología correlacional, consistente en la realización de una entrevista individual a una muestra de 569 adolescentes de 12 a 18 años (M= 14,71; DT= 1,79), en la que se incluyó la subescala para el diagnóstico del trastorno por consumo de alcohol de la "Entrevista diagnóstica para adolescentes" (ADI), la subescala de Consumo y abuso de sustancias del "Instrumento de cribado orientado a problemas para adolescentes" (POSIT) y el "Test de cribado de abuso de sustancias" (CRAFFT). El AUDIT presentó una adecuada consistencia interna (alfa= 0,82) y mostró sensibilidad (86,4%) y especificidad (89,8%) utilizando como punto de corte "4". El análisis factorial ha confirmado dos factores como la solución más satisfactoria. Estos resultados permiten utilizar el AUDIT con adolescentes españoles con garantías psicométricas

One of the instruments for the screening of problematic alcohol consumption with more empirical evidence is the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). However there is no study in Spain that reports its psychometric properties among adolescents. This has been the aim of this paper. A correlational method was used by administering an individual interview to a sample of 569 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (M= 14.71, SD= 1.79). A subscale for the diagnosis of alcohol use disorder of the Adolescent Diagnostic Interview (ADI) was included as well as the subscale of Substance use and abuse of the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT) and the CRAFFT Substance Abuse Screening Test. The AUDIT presents an adequate psychometric behavior when it is applied to adolescents, both in terms of internal consistency (alfa = .82), as well as sensitivity (86.4%) and specificity (89.8%), using "4" as cut-off point. Factorial analysis has confirmed two factors as the most satisfactory solution. Henceforth, the AUDIT may be used in Spain with adolescents with psychometric guarantees

La práctica del botellón en adolescentes gallegos: prevalencia, implicaciones y variables asociadas / Binge drinking in Galician adolescents: Prevalence, implications and related variables

El fenómeno del botellón ha contribuido a la expansión y consolidación de un patrón de consumo de alcohol preocupante en forma de atracón. Pese a ello existen pocos estudios que lo analicen, siendo éste precisamente el objetivo del presente trabajo. Los resultados obtenidos con una muestra de 3.419 adolescentes de entre 12 y 18 años (M=14,94; DT= 1,89) sitúan la prevalencia del botellón en un 38,4%. Su práctica implica tasas de consumo de otras sustancias significativamente mayores, siendo hasta 16 veces superior en el caso del consumo intensivo (binge drinking), así como mayores tasas de consumo de riesgo. Asimismo, se asocia con numerosas prácticas de riesgo, como peleas, accidentes o sexo sin protección. Las expectativas, el consumo de los iguales, la hora de llegada a casa o el dinero disponible se han mostrado asociadas con esta práctica. Todo ello refuerza la conveniencia de desarrollar una labor preventiva integral que contemple tanto variables de naturaleza personal como aquellas más estrechamente relacionadas con el establecimiento de normas y límites por parte de los padres

The phenomenon of botellón (binge drinking) among adolescents has contributed to the expansion and consolidation of a worrying pattern of alcohol consumption. However, there are few studies that analyze it, being this the objective of the paper. The results obtained with a sample of 3,419 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (M= 14.94, SD= 1.89) put the prevalence of botellón at 38.4%. Its practice involves consumption rates of other substances significantly higher, being up to 16 times higher in the case of binge drinking, as well as higher risk consumption levels. Likewise, it is associated with several highrisk practices such as fights, accidents or unprotected sex. Variables such as expectations, peers consumption, curfew or spending money have been shown to be associated with this practice. All this reinforces the convenience of developing comprehensive preventive work that includes both variables of a personal nature and those more closely related to the establishment of norms and limits by the parents

[Dimensionality of the Coping Inventory for adolescents and college students]. / Dimensionalidad del Inventario de Afrontamiento para adolescentes y universitarios.

Assessing coping has been a controversial subject and to this day, there is no consensus about its dimensionality. A short version for adolescents and college students of Moos' Coping Responses Inventory-Youth Form is presented. Psychometric analyses performed with 1,160 Argentinean students included: a) descriptive statistics, b) confirmatory factor analysis, and c) internal consistency. Three models (1-factor, 2-factor and 4-factor) were compared in two randomized samples, and by a bootstrap procedure carried out in 500 different samples. Nested models with progressive restrictions were also established successively in samples split by sex and age. Results indicated a better fit of the 4-factor model as well as its stability across different groups.

Detección precoz del uso problemático de internet en adolescentes, en pediatría de atención primaria / Early detection of the problematic internet use in adolescents, in pediatrics of primary care

OBJETIVO: El uso de Internet ha crecido exponencialmente y los adolescentes son considerados uno de los grupos más vulnerables en este nuevo contexto. De ahí que el uso problemático de Internet (UPI) en esta etapa se haya convertido en una preocupación para un número creciente de investigadores. Teniendo en cuenta el interés que este tema ha generado en muchos niveles, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la prevalencia del uso problemático de Internet entre los niños/adolescentes del área sanitaria de Vigo (España). MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se aplicó la escala validada EUPI-a a niños entre 10 y 16 años, captados por muestreo sistemático con reposición en las consultas de atención primaria de cuatro centros de salud. Se elaboró posteriormente un análisis descriptivo y bivariante. RESULTADOS: Se entregó el cuestionario a 165 niños, de los que el 51,2% eran varones. Se objetivó un uso problemático de Internet en el 38,8% (IC 95%: 31,7-46,4), mayor en mujeres (46,3%) que en varones (31,8%), aunque no se constataron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,07). Por grupos de edad, la tasa de positivos en la escala alcanzó un 36,8% en la franja de 13-14 años y un 48,6% en la de 15-16 años. El ítem que alcanzó mayor puntuación fue "Cuando me conecto siento que el tiempo vuela y pasan las horas sin darme cuenta" (60,6%). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de UPI en niños/adolescentes es similar a la observada en adolescentes asiáticos. Este estudio es el primero en aplicar una escala validada y adaptada al contexto cultural español en la práctica diaria de una consulta de atención primaria. Su utilización en este entorno permitiría identificar el UPI e intervenir si fuera preciso

OBJECTIVE: Use of the Internet has grown exponentially and adolescents are considered one of the most vulnerable groups in this new environment. Hence the problematic use of the Internet (PIU) at this stage has become a concern for a growing number of researchers. Taking into account the interest that this issue has generated at many levels, the aim of this paper is to find the prevalence of PIU among adolescents in the health area of Vigo (Spain). METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study. The PIU validated scale was applied to children between 10 and 16 years old, captured by systematic sampling with replacement in the primary care consultations of four health centers. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS: The questionnaire was applaid to 165 children, 51.2% men. Problematic Internet use was observed in 38.8% (95% CI: 31.7-46.4), higher in women (46.3%) than in men (31.8%), with no significant differences (p 0.07). By age groups, the positive rate on the scale reached 36.8% in the 13-14 year range and 48.6% in the 15-16 range. The item that reached the highest score was "When I am online, I feel that time flies and hours pass without me realizing it" (60.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of UPI in children / adolescents is similar to that observed in Asian adolescents. This study is the first to apply a scale validated and adapted to the Spanish cultural context in the daily practice of Primary Care consultations. Its use would allow to identify the PIU in this context and intervene if necessary

EUPI-a: Escala de Uso Problemático de Internet en adolescentes. Desarrollo y validación psicométrica / PIUS-a: Problematic Internet Use Scale in adolescents. Development and psychometric validation

El uso que los adolescentes hacen de Internet viene suscitando una enorme preocupación en diferentes sectores de la sociedad. Las consecuencias a nivel psicológico y conductual que el uso problemático de la Red provoca entre los más jóvenes demandan una respuesta tan rápida como eficaz. Uno de los grandes retos en este contexto es el desarrollo de herramientas validadas empíricamente, que permitan hacer un cribado o detección precoz de posibles casos de riesgo. Ese es precisamente el objetivo de este trabajo. A partir de una muestra de 1709 escolares de Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria de la comunidad gallega, de edades comprendidas entre los 11 y los 17 años (M = 13,74; DT = 1,43), los análisis realizados permiten presentar una herramienta breve y sencilla (compuesta por solo 11 ítems), que goza de un importante aval teórico, ya que para su elaboración se tuvieron en cuenta tanto los antecedentes existentes en la literatura, como las opiniones de expertos del ámbito académico y profesional. Dicha escala, además de estar adaptada al contexto cultural español y al lenguaje de los adolescentes, presenta unas propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias, tanto en términos de fiabilidad de las puntuaciones (α = ,82) y evidencias de su estructura interna (probada a través de un Análisis Factorial Confimatorio), como de sensibilidad (81%) y especificidad (82,6%), permitiendo 'escalar' a los adolescentes en un continuum de riesgo o uso problemático de Internet. Todo ello le confiere, a nuestro modo de ver, un notable potencial a nivel aplicado, tanto en el contexto educativo como clínico

Adolescents' use of the Internet is becoming a matter of great concern for different sectors of society. The psychological and behavioural consequences of problematic Internet use in young people demands quick and effective answers. One of the major challenges in this context is the development of empirically validated tools, which would facilitate early detection and screening for potential risk cases. This is precisely the aim of this paper. Based on a sample of 1,709 secondaryschool students from Galicia (a region in northern Spain) aged 11 to 17 (M = 13.74, SD = 1.43), the analysis carried out permitted us to present a brief and simple tool (with just 11 items). It has substantial theoretical support, since both the existing background information and the views of experts from the academic and professional spheres were taken into account in the course of its development. The scale is adapted to the Spanish cultural context and to the language of young people. It has satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of reliability of the scores (α = .82), evidence of its internal structure (tested via a Confirmatory Factorial Analysis), sensitivity (81%), and specificity (82.6%). Moreover, its use enables the gradation of adolescents on a risk or problematic Internet use continuum. In our view, all of this lends it enormous applied potential in both the educational and clinical contexts

El fenómeno del botellón. Análisis descriptivo y posibles implicaciones a partir de una muestra de adolescentes gallegos / The botellón phenomenon. Descriptive analysis and possible implications from a sample of galician teenagers

OBJETIVO: El botellón se ha consolidado como un ritual recreativo de gran importancia en el ocio de los jóvenes y ha contribuido a la expansión de un patrón preocupante de consumo de alcohol y otras sustancias. Pese a ello, son escasos los trabajos que lo aborden de manera integral. Este trabajo se planteó con el objetivo disponer de nuevos datos que permitan caracterizar dicha práctica, al tiempo que aportar evidencias sobre sus consecuencias e identificar factores de pronóstico relevantes para la prevención. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal con una muestra de 4.867 adolescentes gallegos de entre 12 y 18 años (Media=14,68; DT=1,67). Los datos se recogieron en centros escolares mediante un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc y fueron analizados mediante una tabulación bivariada, con la aplicación de los contrastes oportunos en función de la naturaleza de las variables. RESULTADOS: El 27,3% de los adolescentes de la muestra hicieron botellón en el transcurso del último año. El 96,6% reconoció beber alcohol cuando acude a un botellón, el 53,4% alcohol y tabaco y un 30,2% tres o más sustancias. Esta práctica se asoció con tasas significativamente mayores de consumo intensivo de alcohol (28% vs. 0,9%), así como de consumo de riesgo de alcohol, cannabis y drogas en general. Se constató también el papel modulador de variables como la percepción de riesgo y las creencias y expectativas asociadas al consumo, el dinero disponible o la hora de llegada a casa. CONCLUSIONES: Al menos 1 de cada 4 adolescentes sigue haciendo botellón, asociándose este a un consumo de riesgo. Las evidencias encontradas refuerzan el carácter multidimensional del problema y sugieren reorientar las políticas de prevención

OBJECTIVE: Botellón has established itself as a recreational ritual of great importance in the leisure of young people and it has contributed to the expansion of a worrying pattern of alcohol and other substances consumption. However, there are few papers that take an integrated approach to this issue. The aim of this work was to have new data to characterize this practice, while providing evidence of its consequences and identifying relevant prognostic factors for prevention. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 4,867 Galician adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age (Mean=14.68; SD=1.67). Data were collected in schools through an ad hoc questionnaire and they were analyzed through of a bivariate tabulation, with the application of the opportune contrasts according to the nature of the variables. RESULTS: 27.3% of the teenagers in the sample went to botellón during the last year. 96.6% admitted to drinking alcohol when they went to a botellón, 53.4% alcohol and tobacco and 30.2% three or more substances. This practice was associated with significantly higher rates of Intensive Alcohol Consumption (28% vs. 0.9%), as well as of consumption of risk of alcohol, cannabis and drugs in general. The modulating role of variables such as risk perception and beliefs and expectations associated with consumption, money available or time of arrival at home was also found. CONCLUSIONS: At least 1 in 4 teenagers continue to go to botellones. This practice associated with risky consumption. The evidence found reinforces the multidimensional nature of the problem and suggests reorienting prevention policies