[Problematic Internet use, time spent online and personality traits]. / Utilisation problématique d'Internet, temps passé en ligne et traits de personnalité.

BACKGROUND: Internet addiction or problematic Internet use is a recent and increasingly recognized disorder which has been consistently associated with many psychiatric disorders, adding to the documented negative consequences of problematic Internet use. However, very few studies have examined the relationship between problematic Internet use and personality traits and none in a French sample. Moreover, those which have evaluated this relationship have mainly been conducted on small samples. OBJECTIVE: The main goal of our study was to explore the relationship between problematic Internet use, time spent online and personality traits in a French sample, taking into account the presence of depressive symptoms, and gender. METHODS: A sample of 276 participants aged from 18 to 50 (M=28; SD=8.9) completed a questionnaire assessing problematic Internet use, time spent online, the presence of ten personality traits and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Our results revealed significant differences between genders. Among men, problematic Internet use was associated with personality clusters A and B while in women no cluster or personality traits were associated. Time spent online was predicted by schizoid personality traits among men and avoidant personality traits among women. DISCUSSION: Our results indicate that cluster A (schizoid and schizotypal) and cluster B traits (borderline and antisocial) play a more important role in problematic Internet use than cluster C traits among men. Differences between men and women regarding the relationships between personality traits, time online and problematic Internet use may be related to differences in the activities engaged in by men and women online. We observed that communication websites use was more prevalent among women while erotic, gambling and shopping websites use was more prevalent among men suggesting that the characteristics of problematic Internet use may vary according to gender. CONCLUSION: Few studies have examined the relationship between problematic Internet use, time spent online and personality traits, and none among a French sample. These results suggest the importance of assessing the impact of personality traits on Internet use, particularly on time spent online, by differentiating results in terms of gender and online activities.

Experiences of Users with an Online Self-Guided Mental Health Training Program Using Gamification.

Young adulthood is a period of high risk for the development of mental health concerns. Increasing well-being among young adults is important to prevent mental health concerns and their consequences. Self-compassion has been identified as a modifiable trait with the potential to protect against mental health concerns. An online self-guided mental health training program using gamification was developed and the user experience was evaluated in a 6-week experimental design. During this period, 294 participants were allocated to use the online training program via a website. User experience was assessed via self-report questionnaires, and interaction data for the training program were also collected. Results showed that those who completed the intervention (n= 47) visited the website on average 3.2 days a week, with a mean of 45.8 interactions during the 6 weeks. Participants report positive user experiences of the online training, on average a System Usability Scale Brooke (1) score of 79.1 (out of 100) at the end-point. Participants showed positive engagement with story elements of the training, based on an average score of 4.1 (out of 5) in the evaluation of the story at the end-point. This study found the online self-compassion intervention for youth to be acceptable, although some features seem preferred by users as compared to others. Gamification in the form of a guiding story and a reward structure seemed to be a promising element for successfully motivating participants and serving as a guiding metaphor for self-compassion.

[Therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy: the contribution of empirical research]. / L'alliance thérapeutique en psychothérapie: apports de la recherche empirique.

INTRODUCTION: The therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy refers to the quality of the relationship between therapist and patient, as well as their agreement upon the aims and tasks of the treatment. This concept is widely used in clinical settings and, since the validation of a number of instruments, has become the focus of much research. However, the quantity of experimental evidence now available impedes the dissemination of these findings among clinicians in a concise manner. LITERATURE FINDINGS: The present paper aimed to provide a review of the literature reporting experimental evidence focusing on the therapeutic alliance. In order to do this, findings were organized around four main issues: the relationship between the therapeutic alliance and clinical outcome; the evolution of the therapeutic alliance over time; the mechanism of action by which the therapeutic alliance encourages change, and finally the factors that have been shown to influence the creation and evolution of the alliance. DISCUSSION: This review reveals that the therapeutic alliance is to this day one of the most investigated factors of psychotherapy. The therapeutic alliance enables change to take place during psychotherapy and, along with a number of specific factors, appears to be important for clinical outcome. Over time, the therapeutic alliance has been seen to evolve and several patterns have been identified. A number of characteristics inherent to the patient, the therapist, and even their interaction have been reported to influence the development and strength of the therapeutic alliance. Several hypotheses have been put forward to account for the mechanism by which the therapeutic alliance encourages change. CONCLUSION: The area of research regarding the therapeutic alliance remains dynamic. Despite the present body of knowledge surrounding this concept, a number of research questions await further investigation.

Characterizing a body positive online forum: Resistance and pursuit of appearance-ideals.

The body positive movement emerged in response to pressure to pursue the unattainable thin ideal, and promotes a more accepting stance towards the body. To date, however, little is known regarding the nature of online body positive content. Using publicly available data from a large online discussion platform (Reddit), all the forums to which commenters on a body acceptance forum (N = 1262) had also contributed were identified. For each pairing of 50 representative forums (i.e., a large number and proportion of body acceptance commenters), the commenter-overlap between the two forums was used to compute a network model, to detect communities of body acceptance commenters. By manually reviewing the topics of each community's forums, the shared interests of these commenters were identified. The majority of commenters (86 %) contributed to forums relating to women, feminism, relationships and support, and mental health. Large proportions of the commenters also revealed an interest in topics including body weight/shape, eating, exercise, and cosmetics. These findings confirm that original feminist tenets of body positivity remain present. However, our findings also suggest the existence of a sizeable subgroup interacting with topics related to the thin ideal, perhaps illustrating a gradual absorption of the body positive movement into mainstream culture.

The outcome of patients with pleural effusion of indeterminate cause at thoracotomy.

In 51 patients, the cause for pleural effusion remained indeterminate immediately after thoracotomy. Thirty-one (60.8%) had no recurrence of the effusion, and no cause became apparent during a follow-up period of from 1 1/2 to 15 years. Two patients (3.9%) died relatively soon after thoracotomy, but death was not clearly related to the pleural effusion. In 18 patients (35.3%), the cause of the effusion became apparent from 12 days to 6 years after thoracotomy. In 13 of these 18 patients, malignancy (6 patients with lymphoma, 4 with malignant pleural mesothelioma, and 3 with other malignancy) was ultimately diagnosed. In 3 of the 18 patients, the ultimate diagnosis was a collagen-vascular disease, and 1 patient each had the yellow-nail syndrome and mitral stenosis.

Esophageal compression in association with silicosis and Mycobacterium intracellulare.

An enameler with dysphagia was found to have extrinsic compression of the esophagus by enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Scalene lymph node biopsy revealed silicosis, and tissue cultures grew Mycobacterium intracellulare. We believe our patient is the first reported to have dysphagia due to silicotic adenopathy complicated by an atypical mycobacteriosis.

Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid heart disease and granulomatous aortitis.

Aortic insufficiency and aortitis are frequent complications of ankylosing spondylitis but are considered rare in rheumatoid arthritis. A 49-year-old woman with severe rheumatoid arthritis had the cardiovascular changes common to both diseases. At autopsy, the heart and aorta showed granulomatous ane fibrinous pericarditis and epicarditis, "core" granulomas in the aortic valve cusps and mitral valve leaflets, and coronary arteritis. These are considered to be classical changes of rheumatoid carditis. In addition, there were mesoaortitis with obliterative endarteritis of the vasa vasorum and fibrosis of the aortic cusps with separation of the commissures. These are considered to be changes of ankylosing spondylitis. This case, therefore, represents a mixed form of cardiovascular involvement within the spectrum of the rheumatoid diseases.