Effects of detraining on breathing pattern and ventilatory efficiency in young soccer players.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of detraining on breathing pattern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a six-week detraining period on breathing patterns and ventilatory efficiency. METHODS: Fourteen young soccer players were evaluated at the end of a competitive season and after a six-week detraining period. Assessment of respiratory efficiency was based on VE/VCO2 slope changes below 70% of exercise intensity. All participants underwent twice an incremental graded exercise test up to exhaustion. RESULTS: No differences in breathing frequency and inspiratory time/total time ratio (Ti/Ttot) were found after detraining (P>0.05). Differences in tidal volume (VT), VT/Ti quotient and VE were significant (P<0.05) at between 40 to 100% of exercise intensity. The VE/VCO2 slope did not change (P>0.05) during a postdetraining maximal incremental test. CONCLUSIONS: A six-week detraining period causes changes in inspiratory flow but does not affect the inspiratory time/total respiratory cycle time ratio. The overall ventilatory efficiency of the respiratory system remains constant and is not affected by detraining.

Body composition changes after sport detraining period / Cambios de la composición corporal tras un periodo de desentrenamiento deportivo

Introduction: The infl uence of exercise in trained subjects has beneficial effects in the physical fi tness and body composition; however, detraining has an unfavorable effect in all of them. Objective: The current study was designed to ascertain the infl uence of a six week-detraining period on body composition in both well-trained young soccer players (GE, n = 43) and sedentary male adolescents (GC, n = 10). Methods: Forty-three well-trained soccer players and ten sedentary adolescents accepted to participate in the study. Body composition measurements included fat mass and skeletal muscle mass (SMM), which were estimated by anthropometry. In addition, total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW) were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at the end of training and after detraining periods. Results: After the six-week-detraining period, signifi cant increments were found in TBW (35.5 ± 5.2 vs.36.7 ± 4.9 kg; p < 0.001), ICW (14.2 ± 1.8 vs. 14.8 ± 1.6 kg; p < 0.001) and ECW (21.5 ± 3.6 vs. 22.0 ± 3.4 kg; p < 0.001) in soccer players. Conversely, no changes were observed in ECW/TBW (0.4 ± 0.02 vs. 0.4 ± 0.02; p > 0.05) and ICW/TBW (0.6 ± 0.02 vs. 0.597 ± 0.02; p > 0.05) ratios. Finally, fat mass was significantly increased (8.6 ± 3.2 vs. 8.95 ± 3.1 kg; p < 0.01) in the detrained group. No signifi cant changes were found in SMM (21.2 ± 2.5 vs. 22.22 ± 2.8 kg, p > 0.05). Conclusions: After a six-week detraining period, body composition changed signifi cantly in well-trained adolescents. The main fi nding of this study was that increments of TBW and water distribution were observed in the soccer group, which refl ects an increase of fat free mass compartment. The physiological importance of this miss-adaptation needs to be elucidated in future research. Further studies on this topic are still required to assess its impact on physical performance.

Cambios de la composición corporal tras un periodo de desentrenamiento deportivo / Body composition changes after sport detraining period

Introducción: la influencia del ejercicio físico en sujetos entrenados tiene efectos beneficiosos en la condición física y la composición corporal. Sin embargo, el desentrenamiento tiene un efecto desfavorable en todas ellas. Objetivo: el propósito del estudio fue analizar los cambios de la composición corporal después de un periodo de desentrenamiento de seis semanas de duración en dos grupos: uno de 43 jóvenes varones jugadores de fútbol (grupo experimental [GE], n = 43), y un grupo control de escolares no activos de la misma edad (grupo control [GC], n = 10). Métodos: las variables de composición corporal fueron evaluadas mediante antropometría, para estimar la masa grasa (MG) y la masa muscular esquelética (MME), y mediciones de bioimpedancia eléctrica, para estimar agua corporal total (ACT), agua extra (AEC) e intracelular (AIC). Las mediciones se realizaron tanto en situación de entrenamiento como de desentrenamiento. Resultados: tras el desentrenamiento, se encontraron diferencias significativas en el ACT (35,5 ± 5,2 vs. 36,7 ± 4,9 kg), el AIC (14,2 ± 1,8 vs. 14,8 ± 1,6 kg) y el AEC (21,5 ± 3,6 vs. 22,0 ± 3,4 kg, p < 0,001 para todas las variables), sin existir diferencias en los ratios AEC/ACT (0,4 ± 0,02 vs. 0,4 ± 0,02) y AIC/ACT (0,6 ± 0,02 vs. 0,597 ± 0,02, ambos p > 0,05). La MG aumentó significativamente (8,6 ± 3,2 vs. 8.95 ± 3,1 kg, p < 0,01); sin embargo, la MME no sufrió modificaciones (21,2 ± 2,5 vs. 22,22 ± 2,8 kg, p > 0,05) Conclusiones: el principal resultado de este estudio fue que en un periodo de desentrenamiento de seis semanas se observaron aumentos del ACT y de su distribución en el grupo de jóvenes futbolistas. La importancia fisiológica de esta desadaptación en el rendimiento deportivo tiene que ser analizada en futuros estudios (AU)

Introduction: The influence of exercise in trained subjects has beneficial effects in the physical fitness and body composition; however, detraining has an unfavorable effect in all of them. Objective: The current study was designed to ascertain the influence of a six week-detraining period on body composition in both well-trained young soccer players (GE, n = 43) and sedentary male adolescents (GC, n = 10). Methods: Forty-three well-trained soccer players and ten sedentary adolescents accepted to participate in the study. Body composition measurements included fat mass and skeletal muscle mass (SMM), which were estimated by anthropometry. In addition, total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW) were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at the end of training and after detraining periods. Results: After the six-week-detraining period, significant increments were found in TBW (35.5 ± 5.2 vs. 36.7 ± 4.9 kg; p < 0.001), ICW (14.2 ± 1.8 vs. 14.8 ± 1.6 kg; p < 0.001) and ECW (21.5 ± 3.6 vs. 22.0 ± 3.4 kg; p < 0.001) in soccer players. Conversely, no changes were observed in ECW/TBW (0.4 ± 0.02 vs. 0.4 ± 0.02; p > 0.05) and ICW/TBW (0.6 ± 0.02 vs. 0.597 ± 0.02; p > 0.05) ratios. Finally, fat mass was significantly increased (8.6 ± 3.2 vs. 8.95 ± 3.1 kg; p < 0.01) in the detrained group. No significant changes were found in SMM (21.2 ± 2.5 vs. 22.22 ± 2.8 kg, p > 0.05). Conclusions: After a six-week detraining period, body composition changed significantly in well-trained adolescents. The main finding of this study was that increments of TBW and water distribution were observed in the soccer group, which reflects an increase of fat free mass compartment. The physiological importance of this miss-adaptation needs to be elucidated in future research. Further studies on this topic are still required to assess its impact on physical performance (AU)

Respuesta de la frecuencia cardiaca y consumo de oxígeno de atletas varones en competiciones de duatlón sprint / Heart rate and oxygen uptake responses in male athletes in duathlon sprint competitions

El objetivo del estudio es describir los porcentajes de carga de la frecuencia cardiacay del consumo de oxígeno que alcanzan los atletas en competiciones de duatlón enmodalidad sprint (5km de carrera, 20km en bicicleta y 2,5km de carrera = C1-BK-C2). Parael estudio fueron recogidos datos fisiológicos en cinco competiciones de duatlón en modalidadsprint muy similares en altitud y terreno. Diez atletas varones, elegidos entre duatletas de altonivel nacional, participaron en el estudio. Durante las competiciones se obtuvieron registroscontinuos de la frecuencia cardiaca y sucesivamente, en el laboratorio, mediante dos valoracionesergoespirométricas de carácter máximo, una en banda rodante y otra en cicloergómetro,se comprobaron los valores fisiológicos de referencia de cada deportista. Los resultados evidencianque los atletas emplean un porcentaje de carga de frecuencia cardíaca muy similar en lostres tramos de competición, con C1: 94,63±3%; BK: 94,50±2,94% y C2: 92,71±3,54%(AU)

Los niveles de consumo de oxígeno fueron estimados mediante regresión lineal, a partir de losvalores de frecuencia cardiaca-consumo de oxígeno de la prueba de esfuerzo, evidenciándoseen los tres segmentos unos valores de C1: 89,70±6,11%; BK: 85,73±6,89%; C2: 87,30±8,67%)El menor valor del porcentaje de VO2 del tramo en BK con respecto a C1 y C2 (p < 0,01) podríaestar justificado por una menor utilización del total de masa muscular y, por tanto, un menorgasto energético. El estudio evidencia que en competiciones de duatlón en modalidad sprint elporcentaje de carga de la frecuencia cardiaca está entre el 92 y el 95% de la frecuencia cardiacamáxima, y el consumo de oxígeno, entre el 85 y el 89% del VO2max, confirmándose unos altosniveles de la potencia aeróbica máxima y de la frecuencia cardiaca y considerándolos comoparámetros de referencia para la utilización de cargas de entrenamiento deportivo tanto detipo continuo, continuo variable e interválico extensivo largo, en esta modalidad deportiva(AU)

The aim of this study is to describe the percentages loads of heart rate and oxygenconsumption achieved by athletes in duathlon sprint competitions (5km run, 20km bike and2.5km run = C1-BK-C2) For the study, the physiological data were collected from five duathlonsprint competitions very similar in altitude and terrain. Ten male athletes, chosen from highnational level duathletes, participated in the study. Continuous recordings of heart rate wereobtained during competitions and subsequently in the laboratory where they were tested bytwo maximal graded exercise tests, one on a treadmill and another on a cycle ergometer, toobtain physiological reference values for each athlete. The results show that athletes had avery similar percentage of heart rate in the three competition sectors, with C1: 94.63%±3%;BK: 94.50%±2.94% and C2: 92.71%±3.54%.The oxygen consumption levels were estimated as a dependent variable by linear regression,from heart rate and oxygen consumption values of the effort test, showing a similar values inthree segments (C1: 89.70%±6.11%; BK: 85.73%±6.89%, C2: 87.30%±8.67%). The lowest VO2%of BK with respect to C1 and C2 (p < .01) could be justified by lower use of total muscle mass andtherefore a lower energy expenditure. The study showed that in sprint duathlon competitionsthe per cent load of the heart rate range between 92% and 95% of maximal heart rate andoxygen consumption between 85% and 89% of VO2max, confirming high levels of maximal aerobicpower and heart rate. These data being considered as a reference for the use of sports trainingloads in continuous, variable continuous, and long interval extended types of sport(AU)

Cambios fisiológicos debidos al desentrenamiento / No disponible

En la literatura científica el desentrenamiento se definecomo una interrupción parcial o total del entrenamiento. Sediferencian dos tipos: el desentrenamiento de corta duración(DCD), inferior a 4 semanas, y el desentrenamiento delarga duración (DLD), superior a 4 semanas. El tipo de desentrenamientoy el nivel de rendimiento caracterizan loscambios cardiorrespiratorios, musculares y metabólicos. ElVO2máx disminuye de un porcentaje del 4 al 14% durante unDCD y entre el 6 y el 20% durante un DLD en atletas bienentrenados; en individuos con pocas semanas de entrenamientose observan reducciones del 3 al 6%. El DCD se caracterizapor la reducción del volumen de la sangre de hastael 12% en atletas bien entrenados y del 4,7% en individuospoco entrenados; la menor cantidad de sangre provoca unapérdida de hasta un 12% de la sangre expulsada por el ventrículoizquierdo (gasto cardíaco) y un aumento de la frecuenciacardíaca que llega hasta un 10% más en el DCD y aun 5% más en el DLD, en esfuerzo máximo y submáximo.También las funciones respiratorias experimentan un deterioro,con disminución del volumen respiratorio de hasta el10 al 12% en atletas muy entrenados, durante un DLD. Unperíodo de DCD no influye sobre la fuerza muscular y lasección del músculo, mientras que períodos de DLD producenhasta una disminución del 12 al 14% de la fuerza muscularen atletas bien entrenados. La edad y el nivel de rendimientotambién influyen sobre la disminución de la fuerza yla sección muscular durante un DLD. Las alteraciones de losvalores del cociente respiratorio (CR) en períodos de DCD,como queda demostrado en varios estudios, traducen unamás alta dependencia de los hidratos de carbono como fuentede energía utilizada en el metabolismo muscular. Las concentracionesde lactato en la sangre, en esfuerzo submáximo,aumentan con pocos días de desentrenamiento, y existetambién una disminución del umbral láctico en atletas, duranteun esfuerzo máximo y submáximo, en largos períodosde desentrenamiento

According to the scientific literature, detraining is definedas a partial or total interruption of training due to severalcauses. Two types of detraining are defined: short-term detraining(STD) when the period of detraining lasts less than4 weeks, and long-term detraining (LTD) marked by a periodof more than 4 weeks. The kind of detraining and thelevel of performance determine the cardiorespiratory,muscle and metabolic changes.VO2 max declines by a rateof 4%-14% in STD and by up to 6-20% in LTD in well-trainedathletes; a reduction of 3%-6% is evident in individualswith a few weeks of training. STD is characterized by a reductionin blood volume of up to 12% in well-trained athletesand by a reduction of 4.7% in recently trained individuals;the lower blood volume causes a loss of up to 12%in stroke volume and heart rate increases by up to 10% inSTD and by 5% in LTD during maximal and submaximal intensities.Ventilatory function also deteriorates with a reductionin ventilatory volume of up to 10%-12% in welltrainedathletes during LTD. A period of STD does notinfluence muscle strength or muscle section, while periodsof LTD reduce muscle strength by up to 12-14% in trainedathletes. Age and the level of pre-detraining performancealso influence the decrease in muscle section and musclestrength during LTD. Alterations in the values of the respiratoryexchange ratio (RER) during periods of STD, as demonstratedin several studies, show a higher dependenceon carbohydrate as a source of energy used in muscle metabolism.Blood lactate concentrations, at submaximal intensities,rise after a few days of detraining. A decrease inlactate threshold occurs in endurance athletes at maximaland submaximal intensities during LTD