A mathematical model of biofilm growth and spread within plant xylem: Case study of Xylella fastidiosa in olive trees.

Xylem-limited bacterial pathogens cause some of the most destructive plant diseases. Though imposed measures to control these pathogens are generally ineffective, even among susceptible taxa, some hosts can limit bacterial loads and symptom expression. Mechanisms by which this resistance is achieved are poorly understood. In particular, it is still unknown how differences in vascular structure may influence biofilm growth and spread within a host. To address this, we developed a novel theoretical framework to describe biofilm behaviour within xylem vessels, adopting a polymer-based modelling approach. We then parameterised the model to investigate the relevance of xylem vessel diameters on Xylella fastidiosa resistance among olive cultivars. The functionality of all vessels was severely reduced under infection, with hydraulic flow reductions of 2-3 orders of magnitude. However, results suggest wider vessels act as biofilm incubators; allowing biofilms to develop over a long time while still transporting them through the vasculature. By contrast, thinner vessels become blocked much earlier, limiting biofilm spread. Using experimental data on vessel diameter distributions, we were able to determine that a mechanism of resistance in the olive cultivar Leccino is a relatively low abundance of the widest vessels, limiting X. fastidiosa spread.

Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells express the functional purinergic halo (CD39/CD73).

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a specialized DC subset mainly associated with sensing viral pathogens and high-type I interferon (IFN-I) release in response to toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and TLR-9 signaling. Currently, pDC contribution to inflammatory responses is extensively described; nevertheless, their regulatory mechanisms require further investigation. CD39 and CD73 are ectoenzymes driving a shift from an ATP-proinflammatory milieu to an anti-inflammatory environment by converting ATP to adenosine. Although the regulatory function of the purinergic halo CD39/CD73 has been reported in some immune cells like regulatory T cells and conventional DCs, its presence in pDCs has not been examined. In this study, we uncover for the first time the expression and functionality of the purinergic halo in human blood pDCs. In healthy donors, CD39 was expressed in the cell surface of 14.0 ± 12.5% pDCs under steady-state conditions, while CD73 showed an intracellular location and was only expressed in 8.0 ± 2.2% of pDCs. Nevertheless, pDCs stimulation with a TLR-7 agonist (R848) induced increased surface expression of both molecules (43.3 ± 23.7% and 18.6 ± 9.3%, respectively), as well as high IFN-α secretion. Furthermore, exogenous ATP addition to R848-activated pDCs significantly increased adenosine generation. This effect was attributable to the superior CD73 expression and activity because blocking CD73 reduced adenosine production and improved pDC allostimulatory capabilities on CD4 + T cells. The functional expression of the purinergic halo in human pDCs described in this work opens new areas to investigate its participation in the regulatory pDC mechanisms in health and disease.

Diagnosis of Onychomycosis: Utility of an Immunochromatography Strip Test Compared with Conventional Culture. / Diagnóstico de onicomicosis. La utilidad del test rápido de detección antigénica en comparación con el cultivo.

BACKGROUND: Ringworm is highly prevalent in our setting and is frequently observed in our routine clinical practice. Diagnostic confirmation depends on techniques that are not always accessible (PCR), with highly variable sensitivity depending on the observer (direct microscopy) or delayed results (culture, histopathology). Recently, an immunochromatography-based rapid test (Diafactory®) for the antigenic detection of dermatophytes has been developed. This diagnostic tool can help diagnose ringworm, allowing early initiation of treatment and fewer consultation visits. OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the rapid antigen detection test compared to conventional culture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For a full year, 333 nail samples were collected from patients with suspected onychomycosis. The rapid test and the conventional culture were simultaneously performed on each sample. Those with a positive antigenic test result began treatment early. The remaining patients had appointments for serial cultures and subsequent medical consultation to evaluate the results. RESULTS: Compared to conventional culture, the sensitivity and specificity rates of the rapid antigen detection test are 97.2% and 80.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of the rapid antigen detection test is similar to that of conventional culture for the detection of dermatophytes in nail samples. It is a quick and simple diagnostic technique that reduces the number of patient visits to the hospital, and allows early treatment start.

Diagnóstico de onicomicosis. La utilidad del test rápido de detección antigénica en comparación con el cultivo.

BACKGROUND: Ringworm is very prevalent in our environment and is frequently observed in daily practice. Diagnostic confirmation depends on techniques that are not always accessible (PCR), with highly variable sensitivity depending on the observer (direct microscopy) or that offer a delayed result (culture, histopathology). Recently, a rapid test for the antigenic detection of dermatophytes has been developed, based on immunochromatography, called Diafactory®. This diagnostic tool could be useful in the diagnosis of ringworm, allowing early initiation of treatment and a reduction in consultation visits. OBJECTIVE: Determine sensitivity and specificity of the rapid antigen detection test in comparison with culture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During a period of a year, 333 nail samples were collected from patients with suspected onychomycosis. The rapid test and culture are performed simultaneously on each sample. Those with a positive antigenic test result begin treatment early. The rest of the patients receive appointments for serial cultures and subsequent medical consultation to evaluate the results. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the rapid antigen detection test compared to culture is 97.2% and 80.7% respectively. CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of the rapid antigen detection test is comparable to culture for the detection of dermatophytes in nail samples. It is a quick and simple diagnostic technique that allows a reduction in the number of patient visits to the hospital, as well as an early start of treatment.

Effect of the buccal fat pad in the prevention of zygomatic implant surgery postoperative complications: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Zygomatic implants have been used to treat severe atrophy maxilla. Since its description, the technique has been improved in order to reduce patient morbidity as well as prosthesis rehabilitation time. Despite the improvements in the procedure, zygomatic implant treatments still have complications related to the peri-implant soft-tissue; a probing depth greater than 6 millimeter (mm) and a prevalence of bleeding on probing of 45% have been described. The mobilization of the buccal fat has been used to manage different oral and maxillofacial soft-tissue pathologies. The aim of this study was to assess whether the buccal fat pad might prevent mucosal dehiscence and avoid potential postoperative complications when is placed covering the body part of the zygomatic implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this pilot study, 7 patients were enrolled and a total of 28 zygomatic implants were placed and evaluated during a 12-month follow-up period. Surgical sites were randomly divided into two groups before implant placement: control group (A; in which no buccal fat pad was applied) and experimental group (B). Peri-implant soft tissue thickness difference, pain using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), swelling, hematoma, buccal soft tissue healing and sinusitis, were evaluated. The implant survival rate was determined according the Aparicio success criteria and compared between the control and experimental procedure. RESULTS: A nonstatistical difference was found between groups regarding to pain. The experimental group showed higher soft-tissues thickness (p= 0.03) and the implant survival rate was 100% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The mobilization of the buccal fat pad to cover the body of the zygomatic implants increases peri-implant soft-tissue thickness, without increasing the postoperative pain.

Toward the democratization of knowledge: Using photovoice, social biography, and the "five whys" in YPAR with children.

Objectives: We assessed if using a biographical method, social biography, alongside photovoice, and the Five Whys could facilitate critical dialogue in a youth participatory action research (YPAR) context. Method: In a YPAR program, we added social biography to photovoice and the Five Whys during the problem definition phase. We coded ethnographic fieldnotes to examine the quality of critical discourse. Participants were six 10-11 year old Latinx children, some from mixed-status families. Results: Social biography enlivened critical dialogue when children defined the problem for their project: the accountability of la migra, or Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). Conclusions: Social biography is a valuable tool for democratizing knowledge production with children through a liberatory framework. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

"Being a team of five strong women we had to make an impression:" The College Math Academy as an intervention into mathematics education.

This paper, a first-person account, describes a community psychology-aligned intervention into a precalculus mathematics class at an Hispanic Serving Research Institution. The intervention was designed because the standard precalculus mathematics class had a high failure rate, especially for Latinx students, which was serving as a barrier for declaration of a Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics major. The high failure rate indicates a structural problem that requires a structural intervention. The paper is coauthored with the teaching team, undergraduates who had taken the course, a graduate student who evaluated the class, and a community psychologist. We describe the ways that the new course, the College Math Academy, transformed the social environment through capacity building, providing access to valued resources for historically marginalized groups, facilitating opportunities to critique dominant power structures, prioritizing perspectives and experiences of people of color, and promoting understanding of how various social forces shape culture and values. The course also decentered white educational norms via adapting decoloniality and liberatory practices. In turn, each person describes their experience of the course. We draw on the first-person accounts to show how they illustrate a transformative, decolonial, and liberatory social environment. We end with implications for how community psychologists can work in their universities to support structural change.

Significance of root hairs for plant performance under contrasting field conditions and water deficit.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous laboratory studies have suggested selection for root hair traits in future crop breeding to improve resource use efficiency and stress tolerance. However, data on the interplay between root hairs and open-field systems, under contrasting soils and climate conditions, are limited. As such, this study aims to experimentally elucidate some of the impacts that root hairs have on plant performance on a field scale. METHODS: A field experiment was set up in Scotland for two consecutive years, under contrasting climate conditions and different soil textures (i.e. clay loam vs. sandy loam). Five barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes exhibiting variation in root hair length and density were used in the study. Root hair length, density and rhizosheath weight were measured at several growth stages, as well as shoot biomass, plant water status, shoot phosphorus (P) accumulation and grain yield. KEY RESULTS: Measurements of root hair density, length and its correlation with rhizosheath weight highlighted trait robustness in the field under variable environmental conditions, although significant variations were found between soil textures as the growing season progressed. Root hairs did not confer a notable advantage to barley under optimal conditions, but under soil water deficit root hairs enhanced plant water status and stress tolerance resulting in a less negative leaf water potential and lower leaf abscisic acid concentration, while promoting shoot P accumulation. Furthermore, the presence of root hairs did not decrease yield under optimal conditions, while root hairs enhanced yield stability under drought. CONCLUSIONS: Selecting for beneficial root hair traits can enhance yield stability without diminishing yield potential, overcoming the breeder's dilemma of trying to simultaneously enhance both productivity and resilience. Therefore, the maintenance or enhancement of root hairs can represent a key trait for breeding the next generation of crops for improved drought tolerance in relation to climate change.

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes profiles of Arcobacter butzleri strains isolated from back yard chickens and retail poultry meat in Chile.

This research aims to investigate the presence and pathogenic potential of Arcobacter in poultry meat samples purchased in the retail market of Valdivia (South of Chile) as well as in faecal samples from backyard chickens from rural areas around this city. The isolates obtained were identified by molecular methods. Furthermore, putative virulence genes were assessed by PCR and the antimicrobial resistance was tested by phenotypic methods. Arcobacter was present in 41·6% of the samples, with the highest value in retail poultry meat (55·7%) followed by backyard production (28·0%). Arcobacter butzleri was the most prevalent species (75·6%) followed by Arcobacter skirrowii (14·8%) and Arcobacter cryaerophilus (9·6%). An 8·5% of A. butzleri strains from meat were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and tetracycline and 6·1% were resistant to erythromycin, while none was resistant to gentamycin, unlike strains from domestic chickens, which showed no resistance. Furthermore, A. butzleri strains from chicken meat presented a higher prevalence of virulence genes than strains from domestic chickens. In fact, in this last group, some genes (hecA, hecB and irgA) were completely absent. Therefore, this study provides insight on the epidemiology of Arcobacter in Chilean poultry and suggests that under traditional breeding conditions strains are, apparently, less pathogenic and drug resistant.

Teaching and Learning During A Pandemic: How one Graduate Community Psychology Class Quickly Incorporated Healing Justice Into Our Practices.

In this first-person account, we describe the changes we made to align our graduate student-level community psychology class with a healing justice model. We undertook this intervention because the class started in March, at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic stay-at-home directive in our region. We describe the facets of a healing justice model, which promotes radical healing and collective action in a trauma-informed environment. We then discuss the changes we made to the class to better align with healing justice, including how enrolled students (i.e., co-authors) experienced the process of the course (e.g., reworking the syllabus, starting class with check-ins and an exercise to engage our parasympathetic nervous systems), as well as the content of the course (e.g., service projects to support people who are undocumented, unhoused, or minoritized in other ways; photovoice). We end with implications for teaching community psychology, including the importance of universal design, and for scholar-activist PhD programs.

"Did I see what I really saw?" Violence, percepticide, and dangerous seeing after an Immigration and Customs Enforcement raid.

We use a violence framework to describe an Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raid, and the subsequent cultural and structural violence that played out in one community after the raid. First, we focus on testimonies given about the ICE raids at two city council meetings, compared with how the raids were characterized in the local paper. We document cultural and structural violence in the newspaper reporting, through ideology and narratives (as forms of cultural violence) and percepticide (as a form of structural violence). We then analyze the process undertaken by 9-12-year-old youth researchers to construct a problem definition, and the script they wrote to explain the problem. We describe the "dangerous seeing" they engaged in to decode fictions about violence and create a rupture for solidarity and social action. Finally, we examine how elementary school leadership responded to these youth. Through fieldnotes, we document the cultural violence (via the control of public space) and structural violence (via percepticide and the obscuring of the social origins of social problems) perpetrated by school leadership.

Steno type 1 risk engine and preclinical atherosclerosis in Mediterranean individuals with type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Tools to detect type 1 diabetes (T1D) individuals at overt cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are scarce. We aimed to assess the usefulness of the score 'Steno Type 1 Risk Engine' (Steno-Risk) to identify T1D patients with advanced carotid atherosclerosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: T1D patients without CVD with at least one of the following were included: ≥40 years, diabetic nephropathy, or diabetes duration ≥10 years with ≥1 CVD risk factor. Intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque presence (IMT ≥1.5 mm) were assessed by standardized B-mode ultrasonography. Steno-Risk was used to estimate 10-year risk (<10% low; 10%-20% moderate; ≥20% high risk). Associations between Steno-Risk and preclinical atherosclerosis were assessed after adjusting for other CVD risk factors. RESULTS: We evaluated 302 patients (55% men, age 47.8 ± 9.8 years, T1D duration 26.3 ± 9.3 years). The prevalence of carotid plaque and ≥2 plaques were 36.4% and 19.2%, respectively; without sex differences. Age (57.4 ± 7.4 vs 37.1 ± 6.2 years), T1D duration (31.3 ± 10.4 vs 21.5 ± 7.1 years), hypertension (52.3% vs 6.3%), nephropathy (25.6% vs 5.1%) and retinopathy (53.5% vs 32.9%) were higher in high-risk (n = 86) vs low-risk participants (n = 79; P < .001 for all). Preclinical atherosclerosis (IMT and plaque) increased in parallel with Steno-Risk (P < .001). In logistic regression analysis, both age ≥40 years and Steno-Risk ≥20% were associated with the presence of plaque (OR 4.22 [1.57-11.36] and 3.79 [1.61-6.80]; respectively), but only high Steno-Risk remained independently associated with ≥2 plaques (OR 3.31 [1.61-6.80]). CONCLUSION: Steno-Risk is independently associated with preclinical atherosclerosis. Further studies are needed to ascertain its usefulness in this high-risk population.

Determinants of the current and future distribution of the West Nile virus mosquito vector Culex pipiens in Spain.

Changes in environmental conditions, whether related or not to human activities, are continuously modifying the geographic distribution of vectors, which in turn affects the dynamics and distribution of vector-borne infectious diseases. Determining the main ecological drivers of vector distribution and how predicted changes in these drivers may alter their future distributions is therefore of major importance. However, the drivers of vector populations are largely specific to each vector species and region. Here, we identify the most important human-activity-related and bioclimatic predictors affecting the current distribution and habitat suitability of the mosquito Culex pipiens and potential future changes in its distribution in Spain. We determined the niche of occurrence (NOO) of the species, which considers only those areas lying within the range of suitable environmental conditions using presence data. Although almost ubiquitous, the distribution of Cx. pipiens is mostly explained by elevation and the degree of urbanization but also, to a lesser extent, by mean temperatures during the wettest season and temperature seasonality. The combination of these predictors highlights the existence of a heterogeneous pattern of habitat suitability, with most suitable areas located in the southern and northeastern coastal areas of Spain, and unsuitable areas located at higher altitude and in colder regions. Future climatic predictions indicate a net decrease in distribution of up to 29.55%, probably due to warming and greater temperature oscillations. Despite these predicted changes in vector distribution, their effects on the incidence of infectious diseases are, however, difficult to forecast since different processes such as local adaptation to temperature, vector-pathogen interactions, and human-derived changes in landscape may play important roles in shaping the future dynamics of pathogen transmission.

Laparoscopic Liver Resection: A South American Experience with 2887 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic liver resections (LLR) have been increasingly performed in recent years. Most of the available evidence, however, comes from specialized centers in Asia, Europe and USA. Data from South America are limited and based on single-center experiences. To date, no multicenter studies evaluated the results of LLR in South America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the experience and results with LLR in South American centers. METHODS: From February to November 2019, a survey about LLR was conducted in 61 hepatobiliary centers in South America, composed by 20 questions concerning demographic characteristics, surgical data, and perioperative results. RESULTS: Fifty-one (83.6%) centers from seven different countries answered the survey. A total of 2887 LLR were performed, as follows: Argentina (928), Brazil (1326), Chile (322), Colombia (210), Paraguay (9), Peru (75), and Uruguay (8). The first program began in 1997; however, the majority (60.7%) started after 2010. The percentage of LLR over open resections was 28.4% (4.4-84%). Of the total, 76.5% were minor hepatectomies and 23.5% major, including 266 right hepatectomies and 343 left hepatectomies. The conversion rate was 9.7%, overall morbidity 13%, and mortality 0.7%. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study assessing the dissemination and results of LLR in South America. It showed an increasing number of centers performing LLR with the promising perioperative results, aligned with other worldwide excellence centers.

[Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Mexico: from the 27th of February to the 30th of April 2020]. / Epidemiología de COVID-19 en México: del 27 de febrero al 30 de abril de 2020.

BACKGROUND: The first case of COVID-19 detected in Mexico was on the 27th of February 2020. On the 30th of April, 64 days after this first diagnosis, the number of patients had increased exponentially, reaching 19 224 confirmed cases and 1859 (9.67%) deaths. In response to this global outbreak, we summarize the current state of our understanding regarding COVID-19 in Mexico. METHODS: We obtained the data from the official website of the Ministry of Health in Mexico. The study period was between the 27th of February and the 30th of April 2020. The cases were confirmed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and we analysed epidemiological, demographic and clinical data. RESULTS: In Mexico, most cases of COVID-19 were located in Mexico City. The mean age of the patients was 46 years. Of the 12 656 confirmed cases, most infected individuals were between the ages of 30 and 59 years (65.85%), and there was a higher incidence rate in men (58.18%) than in women (41.82%). The patients who died had one or more comorbidities, mainly hypertension (45.53%), diabetes (39.39%) and obesity (30.4%). In the first 64 days of the epidemic, China had reported 80 304 cases with a mortality rate of 3.66%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate an early transmission of COVID-19 in Mexico. The descriptive epidemiology shows similarities between the cases of COVID-19 in Mexico and those in China. In the same period of the epidemic curve, we observed a reduction in the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Mexico and a higher mortality rate compared with that of China.

Genome-wide significant risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: role in progression to dementia due to Alzheimer's disease among subjects with mild cognitive impairment.

Few data are available concerning the role of risk markers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in progression to AD dementia among subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We therefore investigated the role of well-known AD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the progression from MCI to AD dementia. Four independent MCI data sets were included in the analysis: (a) the German study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in primary care patients (n=853); (b) the German Dementia Competence Network (n=812); (c) the Fundació ACE from Barcelona, Spain (n=1245); and (d) the MCI data set of the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (n=306). The effects of single markers and combined polygenic scores were measured using Cox proportional hazards models and meta-analyses. The clusterin (CLU) locus was an independent genetic risk factor for MCI to AD progression (CLU rs9331888: hazard ratio (HR)=1.187 (1.054-1.32); P=0.0035). A polygenic score (PGS1) comprising nine established genome-wide AD risk loci predicted a small effect on the risk of MCI to AD progression in APOE-ɛ4 (apolipoprotein E-ɛ4) carriers (HR=1.746 (1.029-2.965); P=0.038). The novel AD loci reported by the International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project were not implicated in MCI to AD dementia progression. SNP-based polygenic risk scores comprising currently available AD genetic markers did not predict MCI to AD progression. We conclude that SNPs in CLU are potential markers for MCI to AD progression.

Toxoplasma gondii in sympatric domestic and wild ungulates in the Mediterranean ecosystem.

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan of worldwide distribution. The present study provides information on risk factors affecting T. gondii infection in domestic and free-ranging wild ungulates sharing habitats in Mediterranean ecosystems in Spain. Serum samples from 482 extensively reared domestic ruminants and 2351 wild ungulates were tested for T. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT, cut-off 1:25). Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence was 41.2% of 194 sheep, 18.6% of 199 cattle and 5.6% of 89 goats. The main risk factors associated with infection in livestock were the presence of cats, feeding on the ground and at stubble fields. In wild ungulates, T. gondii antibodies were detected in 10.5% of 1063 red deer, 15.6% of 294 fallow deer, 5.6% of 216 European mouflon, 5.6% of 90 Spanish ibex, 13.6% of 22 roe deer and 18.6% of 666 wild boars. The risk factors affecting T. gondii infection in wildlife were species, age and hunting season. Significantly higher seroprevalence was found in domestic ruminants, particularly in sheep, compared to the wild species tested. The present study indicates widespread exposure to T. gondii among domestic and wild ungulates in Southern Spain, with significant differences among species sharing the same ecosystem. The high seroprevalence observed in domestic ruminants, particularly in sheep, reinforces the need for farm management practices to control the risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in extensively reared livestock. Consumption of raw and undercooked food products from domestic and wildlife species may have important implications for public health.

Ru-Catalysed synthesis of fused heterocycle-pyridinones and -pyrones.

The synthesis of fused heterocycle-pyridinones has been achieved by oxidative coupling of N-unprotected primary heterocycle-amides with internal alkynes. The reaction, which is catalysed by Ru(ii) and assisted by Cu(ii), takes place through C-H and N-H bond activation of the heterocyclic unit. The scope of the reaction includes a variety of alkynes, electron-rich thiophenes, furans and pyrroles, and even electron-poor pyridines. The reaction is fully regioselective with respect to the position of the C-H bond activation due to the directing effect of the amide group. In the same way, the synthesis of fused heterocycle-pyrones (isocoumarins) has been developed by Ru-catalysed oxidative coupling of heterocyclic carboxylic acids and internal alkynes. The reaction involves C-H and O-H bond activation. This reaction also has a broad scope, from electron-rich thiophenes, furans and pyrroles to electron-deficient pyridines and quinolines.