Playing position and match location affect the number of high-intensity efforts more than the quality of the opposition in elite football players.

This study aimed to examine the impact of playing position (PP), match location (ML), and opposition standard (OS) on team and individual acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DEC) efforts. Fifty professional football players were monitored across 24 English Premier Development League matches during the 2020/21 season. High-intensity ACC and DEC thresholds were set at > +3 m · s-2 and < -3 m · s-2, respectively. Players were divided into five PPs: centre backs (CB; n = 68), full-backs (FB; n = 24), centre midfielders (CM; n = 54), wide midfielders (WM; n = 15), centre forwards (CF; n = 27). Opposition standard was categorised as Top (1st-4th), Middle (5th-9th), and Bottom (9th-13th) based on final league ranking of the study season. Each match location was classified as Home or Away. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multivariate ANOVA analysed the independent effect of PP, ML and OS on ACC and DEC efforts, and the interaction of all contextual factors, respectively. Acceleration efforts were affected by PP and ML. FB performed 22% more ACC than WM. All players performed 6% more ACC actions during home matches compared to away fixtures. DEC efforts were only affected by PP, with FB and CM executing 26% and 32% greater DEC efforts than CB, respectively. When playing against top or middle teams at home, CB, CM, and CF tended to perform more high-intensity actions than when playing away. In contrast, when playing against top teams at home, FB and WM performed fewer high-intensity actions than when playing away. Playing position and ML affected ACC and DEC actions but not OS.

Framework for handling asbestos after a tidal surge.

The tidal surge associated with Tropical Cyclone Yasi--a category 5 system--on February 3, 2011, culminated in asbestos-containing material (ACM) becoming comingled with soil, sand, vegetation, and other debris in the communities of Tully Heads and Hull Heads in Queensland, Australia. The situation was a major concern and the area was deemed by the Queensland Government a priority due to the potential public health risk. The immediate challenge was that no agreed-upon operational framework existed between key response organizations for handling ACM after a tidal surge. This resulted in the development of strategies for addressing this situation during the response. An expansion of "declared disaster officers" under Queensland's Disaster Management Act 2003 was required to allow licensed asbestos contractors to enter and clean up public and private land at Tully Heads and Hull Heads. This declaration was the first time a group of people other than enforcement officers had been given such powers in Queensland. The situation was handled effectively; however, lessons have been learned and improvements can be made to enhance efficiency, planning, and reporting.

The effect of Panax ginseng supplementation on markers of resistance exercise-induced muscle damage: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: According to the PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review of randomized controlled trials examined whether Panax ginseng supplementation reduces resistance to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Medline databases were searched from the 16th of December 2021 to the 18th of February 2022. Inclusion criteria were studies in humans consuming Panax ginseng that employed resistance training as the damaging muscle protocol and measured markers implicated in the etiology of EIMD (muscle damage, muscle function and muscle soreness). The PEDro risk of bias assessment tool was used to appraise the studies critically. RESULTS: Conflicting evidence was evident in markers of muscle damage, muscle function and muscle soreness. The quality assessment suggested that all studies had some level of bias. CONCLUSIONS: From 180, six studies were included in the systematic review. The main findings suggest that Panax ginseng does not attenuate markers of EIMD following resistance training. However, research is still preliminary. Adequately powered sample sizes and well-controlled studies are warranted to clarify Panax ginseng's efficacy.

Pharmacist and patient experiences of primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic: An interview study.

Introduction: A number of significant changes designed to reduce the spread of COVID-19 were introduced in primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Ireland, these included fundamental legislative and practice changes such as permitting electronic transfer of prescriptions, extending duration of prescription validity, and encouraging virtual consultations. Although such interventions served an important role in preventing the spread of infection, their impact on practice and patient care is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to investigate patient and healthcare professional (pharmacist and general practitioner) experiences to understand the impact of COVID-19 on primary care and medication safety during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was undertaken between October 2021 and January 2022. Participants included twelve patients, ten community pharmacists, and one general practitioner. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. Only patient and pharmacist interviews were included. Findings: Themes from the interviews included: 1) Access to care, 2) Technological changes, 3) Experiences of care, and 4) Patient safety. Particular challenges identified included the difficulty faced by patients when accessing care, impacts on experiences of patient care, and extensive changes to pharmacy practice during the pandemic. Conclusions: This study found that COVID-19 countermeasures considerably impacted patient and pharmacist experiences of primary care in terms of care and medication safety. While many changes were welcomed, others such as virtual consultations were received more cautiously likely due to the rapid and unplanned nature of their introduction. Further research is needed to identify how to optimise these changes to improve pharmacist and patient experience, and to understand the impact on patient safety.

Widening Participation in Medicine: The Impact of Medical Student-Led Conferences for Year 12 Pupils.

PURPOSE: Individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds are under-represented in the medical profession: confidence is a barrier to them successfully applying to medical school. This study examined the impact of two student-led conferences for Year 12 pupils, at which they had the opportunity to present their work. It looked at the ability of the conferences to improve participant confidence, and the feasibility of its replication by other student-led groups. METHODS: The first, Conference A, had more time and finances invested into it than the second, Conference B. The latter relied solely on university society funding, but utilised WP criteria for selection of participants. Participants identified their confidence in six areas on a ten-point scale, immediately before and after the intervention. RESULTS: A paired t-test showed a significant improvement (p < 0.01) in all areas of confidence for both conferences. Cohen's d showed Conference A had larger effect sizes in five out of six areas than Conference B. CONCLUSION: This intervention has demonstrated a significant positive impact on participant confidence: a key factor to improve their chance of successful admission to medical school. Supporting participants with their presentations prior to the conference was found to further enhance their confidence. The authors feel that this work could be replicated successfully by other student groups.

Remodelling by early-life stress of NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in a gene-environment rat model of depression.

An animal model of depression combining genetic vulnerability and early-life stress (ELS) was prepared by submitting the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats to a standard paradigm of maternal separation. We analysed hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity in vivo and ionotropic receptors for glutamate in FSL rats, in their controls Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats, and in both lines subjected to ELS. A strong inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP) and lower synaptic expression of NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor were found in FSL rats. Remarkably, ELS induced a remodelling of synaptic plasticity only in FSL rats, reducing inhibition of LTP; this was accompanied by marked increase of synaptic NR1 subunit and GluR2/3 subunits of AMPA receptors. Chronic treatment with escitalopram inhibited LTP in FRL rats, but this effect was attenuated by prior ELS. The present results suggest that early gene-environment interactions cause lifelong synaptic changes affecting functional and molecular aspects of plasticity, partly reversed by antidepressant treatments.

Widening participation to medicine: a student-led workshop for medical school applicants.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Context Widening participation to medicine aims to remove barriers to medical education for under-represented groups. This study examined the impact of a widening participation workshop for medical school applicants. The intervention was delivered by a team of medical student volunteers operating in the North West of England: Manchester Outreach Medics. Methods 39 pupils, typically aged 16-17, attended the workshop at Royal Blackburn Hospital, Lancashire. Activities included a variety of lectures and interactive group sessions. Using questionnaires, participants highlighted their understanding in areas relating to the medical school application process on a scale of zero to ten. This was performed before and after the intervention to allow for comparison. The results were evaluated using a one-tailed paired t-test and Cohen's d effect size. Results There was a significant improvement ( p <0.001, Cohen's d >0.8) in the understanding of all topics assessed. The largest improvements were seen in topics that the participants had little understanding in prior to attending the workshop. Conclusions This student-led activity improved participant understanding in areas pertaining to the medical school application process. The study also showed the effectiveness of pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, which could be used by all post-16 medical widening participation activities in the UK.

Formulation strategies to improve oral peptide delivery.

Delivery of peptides by the oral route greatly appeals due to commercial, patient convenience and scientific arguments. While there are over 60 injectable peptides marketed worldwide, and many more in development, most delivery strategies do not yet adequately overcome the barriers to oral delivery. Peptides are sensitive to chemical and enzymatic degradation in the intestine, and are poorly permeable across the intestinal epithelium due to sub-optimal physicochemical properties. A successful oral peptide delivery technology should protect potent peptides from presystemic degradation and improve epithelial permeation to achieve a target oral bioavailability with acceptable intra-subject variability. This review provides a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the current status of oral peptide delivery with an emphasis on patented formulations that are yielding promising clinical data.