Thermal Balance of the Brain and Markers of Inflammatory Response in Patients with Schizophrenia.

In patients with schizophrenia, the thermal balance of the cerebral cortex was studied by means of microwave radiothermometry method and compared with the markers of systemic inflammation and clinical features of the disease course during therapy. Low temperature heterogeneity of the cerebral cortex was associated with an increase in the activity of inflammatory markers in the blood and, in most cases, with a positive response to therapy. High temperature heterogeneity of the cerebral cortex was typical of patients with insufficient activity of the inflammatory proteolytic system, high levels of antibodies to brain antigens, a more severe course of the disease and, in most cases, with resistance to therapy. A conclusion was made about the diagnostic value of the study of the thermal balance of the brain in patients with schizophrenia.

A Method of Microwave Radiothermometry in Studies of Circadian Rhythms of Brain Temperature.

We studied the possibility of using microwave radiothermometry of the brain in biorhythmology. It was found that the temperature variability of the frontal lobes of the right and left hemispheres strictly corresponded to the 24-h cycle was characterized by the oscillation amplitude of 1.2-1.4°C, which significantly exceeded the amplitude of the basal temperature. A conclusion was made about the informative value of the method of noninvasive registration of the 24-h dynamics of the brain temperature.

[Diagnostic opportunities of noninvasive brain thermomonitoring].

Development of new means and methods of cerebral temperature monitoring is an actual problem due to the fact that severity and outcomes of diseases in patients with brain damages (strokes, a head trauma) in big degree depend on development of neurogenetic fever and a local cerebral hyperthermia. The temperature monitoring, which is carried out by the implanted sensors, is applied in neurosurgical patients and is practically not used in patients with disorders of cerebral bloodflow. In this regard, noninvasive techniques of brain temperature registration are developing: proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and registration of own electromagnetic radiation (EMR) at the high range of frequencies (microwave). The main objective of the study was to define of diagnostic opportunities of noninvasive temperature measurement of brain by means of microwave radiothermometry.

[Craniocerebral hypothermia in the acute period of ischemic stroke]. / Kraniotserebral'naya gipotermiya v ostreishem periode ishemicheskogo insul'ta.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of craniocerebral hypothermia (CCH) on neurological deficit regression, hemodynamics, fever and functional outcome of therapy in patients with moderate ischemic stroke (IS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study included 60 patients with IS (the first day). The main group consisted of 30 patients who underwent CCH, and the comparison (control) group consisted of 30 patients without CCH. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), the modified Rankin Scale (mRs) were used. Recorded parameters were mortality, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), axial temperature, cerebral temperature of the frontal cortex. Cerebral temperature was obtained noninvasively by using a RTM-01-RES radiothermometer (Russia). CCH (for 24 hours) in the main group was implemented by ATG-01 device (Russia). Results were recorded on the day of admission, after 24 hours and at discharge. In both groups, basic neuroprotective, hypotensive, antiplatelet and antiedemic therapy was administered. RESULTS: No fatal outcomes were reported in both groups. Side-effects and complications of CCH were not recorded. In the main group, neurological deficit assessed by NIHSS decreased by 75% after the CCH procedure and by 93.75% at the time of discharge from the hospital. In patients of the comparison group, regression of neurological deficit was 35% on the second day and 55% at the day of discharge. The use of CCH suppressed systemic and cerebral hyperthermia. Functional outcome of therapy in the main group was higher compared to the comparison one. The dynamics in blood pressure and heart rate didn't differ in both groups. CONCLUSION: A pronounced positive effect of CCH on the course of the acute period and therapy results in patients with IS was demonstrated.

[The functional interrelationships of the components of the gastroduodenal complex and its afferent reactions]. / Funktsional'nye vzaimootnosheniia komponentov gastroduodenal'nogo kompleksa i ego afferentnye reaktsii.

The study was undertaken to study the functional relations between the overall electric activities of smooth muscles in 3 gastric portions (cardial and pyloric antrums, and the body of the stomach) and that of duodenal muscles during their direct electric stimulation, followed by the recording of potentials evoked in the feline cerebral cortex. There was an ambiguous correlation of the amplitudes of the electric activity of 4 portions of the gastroduodenal complex during opiate receptor activation and after vagotomy. The central and intraorgan components were found to play a combined role in displaying responses of gastroduodenal smooth muscles to opiate receptor stimulation and block.

[Characteristics of hemodynamics during correction of cardiac arrhythmia]. / Osobennosti gemodinamiki v usloviiakh korrektsii narushenii serdechnogo ritma.

In acute experiments on 25 dogs, the automatic system with computerized processing which had been developed by the authors was used to make complex studies of the central hemodynamics, pumping and contractile functions of the myocardium in the presence of complete transverse block during cardiac pacing. With increased hetero- and homeometric regulation during cardiac pacing, normotopic rhythm desynchronization and stimulation rates were found to produce a substantial effect on cardiac performance. Improved hemodynamics in pacing was attended by overload of the left chambers (by 20-60% above the normal values). It was stressed that the choice of the optimal frequency of cardiac pacing should be associated with a conservative performance regimen for the myocardium to meet the body's demands for adequate blood supply.

[Effect of alcohol on conduction of afferent impulsation from the area of the sinus node of the heart to structures of the central nervous system]. / Vliianie alkogolia na provedenie afferentnoi impul'satsii ot zony sinusovogo uzla serdtsa k strukturam tsentral'noi nervnoi sistemy.

Acute experiments in cats, using the induced potentials technique, showed intraperitoneal 30% alcohol administration (1.5-2 ml per 1 kg body weight) as well as direct application of 2 or 3 ml of similarly concentrated alcohol solution to the sinus node area (SNA) to block afferent impulse conduction from the SNA to central nervous structures, such as cerebral cortex, reticular formation of the midbrain, peri-aqueduct gray matter. The fact that the induced potentials generated within the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures in response to SNA stimulation showed a pattern of change that was similar to the one associated with alcohol administered intraperitoneally or applied directly to SNA has suggested that alcohol may block the cardiac afferent flow directly at the level of SNA structures.

[Characteristics of afferent innervation of the ischemic heart and the development of the pain syndrome]. / Osobennosti afferentatsii ishemizirovannogo serdtsa i razvitie bolevogo sindroma.

Pain excitation during myocardial ischemia and its electrostimulation were investigated by recording evoked potential and iris movement in cats. It has been demonstrated that pain perception of the heart declines at an early stage of ischemia, but increases noticeably after prolonged and repeated ischemia.

[The adrenergic regulation of afferent cardiac reactions]. / Adrenergicheskaia reguliatsiia afferentnykh reaktsii serdtsa.

Adrenoreactive structures of the cat heart were studied with the EP technique in normal conditions and in acute damage of the myocardium. The intracardiac adrenergic systems were shown to be able to decrease the myocardium sensory thresholds and thus to aid to an increase in the heart nociceptive sensitivity as well as to take part in the development of intraorganic antinociceptive responses.

[Comprehensive investigation of hemodynamics in normalcy and in complete transverse blockade]. / Kompleksnoe issledovanie sostoianiia gemodinamiki v norme i pri polnoi poperechnoi blokade.

Acute experiments were conducted on 75 dogs for complex study of central hemodynamics and the pumping and contractile activity of an intact and altered myocardium by means of an automated system of computer treatment of the data of synchronous monitoring suggested by the authors. It is shown that the development of cardiac insufficiency in complete atrioventricular block is determined by deep desynchronism of performance of the parts of the heart, which is characterized by essential changes of the parameters of myocardial working capacity and hemodynamics and by radical shifts in normal correlative relations. The growing deficit of blood supply is compensated for by myocardial hyperfunction: a relatively small (up to 20%) increase of the capacity of the left parts is attended by a more than double increase of the capacity of the right parts.

[Hypothalamo-bulbar regulation of afferent reactions of intact and altered heart]. / Osobennosti gipotalamo-bul'barnoi reguliatsii afferentnykh reaktsii intaktnogo i al'terirovannogo serdtsa.

Afferent reactions of the heart were studied by registration of evoked potentials (EP) in acute experiments on cats. It was established that the hypothalamo-bulbar structures take part in regulation of heart afferentation through depressive effects descending along the system of the vagus nerves. In this case increase of the activity of the posterior hypothalamus in the period of acute myocardial ischemia due to activation of neurons of the motor nucleus of the vagus nerves leads to depression of excitation processes on the neurons of the intracardiac nervous system, while the zones of the anterior hypothalamus exert a relieving effect on heart afferentation.

[The characteristics of the modulation of afferent reactions by adrenergic and cholinergic preparations and by the electrostimulation of the skin under conditions of changing atmospheric pressure]. / Osobennosti moduliatsii afferentnykh reaktsii adren- i kholinergicheskimi preparatami i élektrostimuliatsiei kozhi v usloviiakh meniaiushchegosia atmosfernogo davleniia.

The authors studied the organism's afferent reactions in changing conditions of atmospheric pressure in electrostimulation of skin zones during application of adren- and cholinergic agents. All of the studied adren- and cholinolytic agents facilitated the inhibition of afferent reactions, in contrast to mediation intensifying agents. The results of the experiments suggest that the nociceptive thresholds at atmospheric pressure of 550 mm Hg reduce, which may be linked with intensification of the catecholamine reactions of the organism of untrained animals. This is confirmed by the results of experiments with inderal injection, in which the effect of inhibition of the induced afferentation is most marked at pressure of 550 and 360 mm Hg. Besides, the analgesic activity of benactyzine diminished under similar conditions. Inderal and benactyzine potentiate the analgesic effect of percutaneous electroneurostimulation.

[Features of the modulation of afferent reactions by agonists and antagonists of opiate receptors and competitive stimulation of the skin under conditions of changing barometric pressure]. / Osobennosti moduliatsii afferentnykh reaktsii agonistami i antagonistami opiatnykh retseptorov i konkurentnoi stimuliatsiei kozhi v usloviiakh izmeniaiushchegosia barometricheskogo davleniia.

Afferent body reactions were studied under conditions of changes of atmospheric pressure in electrostimulation of skin zones and use of various agonists and antagonists of opiate receptors. The results suggest maintenance of a sufficiently high therapeutic efficacy of transcutaneous electrostimulation at levels of up to 5.5 km above sea level and emphasize the leading role of endogenous ligands of opiate receptors in realization of the analgesic effects of competitive skin stimulation. The results of the study also provide evidence of a high analgesic activity of dalargin, a synthetic analogue of leu-enkephalin, which persisted at a height of up to 7.5 km above sea level. Increasing the resistance of the experimental animals to acute high-altitude hypoxia, this agent facilitates the development of analgesic reactions in electrostimulation of the skin.

[Effect of an acute lesion on afferent reactions of the stomach and duodenum]. / Vliianie ostrogo povrezhdeniia na afferentnye reaktsii zheludka i dvenadtsatiperstnoi kishki.

By recording the evoked potentials in the cortex and thalamic nuclei, afferent reactions of gastroduodenal components were studied early after acute gastroduodenal lesion in acute feline experiments. A model of acute ulcer in various gastric portions and the duodenal bulb gave rise to inhibition of their afferentation. This phenomenon was most pronounced in pyloric ulcer. It is concluded that the inhibition of the afferent reactions of gastroduodenal components in early periods after their acute lesion is a specific protective reaction of the viscera and appears mainly at the intraorgan level.

[Effect of electric stimulation of the cerebral cortex on cardiac nociceptive signal conduction]. / Vliianie élektricheskoi stimuliatsii kory bol'shogo mozga na provedenie kardial'nykh notsitseptivnykh signalov.

In acute experiments on cats we studied the influence of the cortex cerebri electric stimulation on potentials in the subcortical structures such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, striatum griseum superficiale. The potentials were provoked by electric irritation of the nodus synuatrialis zone of the heart conducting system. A cortex cerebri depressing effect (mainly the 1st and 2nd zones of somatovisceral sensitivity) on cardiac afferent signals with nociceptive component was determined.

Functional heterogeneity of damaged gastroduodenal complex.

Peculiarities of myoelectric activity in the gastric corpus, pylorus, and duodenum during acute damage to the stomach and simulated partial intestinal obstruction were studied on cats. During adaptation, the functional systems of digestion organs are characterized by disruption of the relationships between their elements. Disturbances of adaptive processes were accompanied by strengthening of these relationships, which made the whole system more vulnerable.