Cystoscopic-guided Robotic Resection of Bladder Trigone Endometriosis Nodule with Ureteral Preservation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate tips and tricks for the successful execution of robotic-assisted resection of a large bladder trigone endometriosis nodule while preserving the ureters. DESIGN: Stepwise demonstration with narrated video footage. SETTING: An academic tertiary care hospital. Our patient is a 36-year-old G0P0 with a symptomatic full-thickness ill-defined nodule located in the posterior wall and trigone of the urinary bladder with anterior cul-de-sac endometriosis. INTERVENTIONS: Urinary tract endometriosis is a rare entity occurring in 1% of women with endometriosis and may involve the bladder and/or the ureters [1]. Bladder endometriosis (BE) frequently coexists with endometriosis in other locations such as the ovaries or peritoneum. Frequently seen lower urinary tract symptoms of BE include hematuria, frequency, and dysuria [2]. Previous literature has demonstrated the feasibility of a laparoscopic approach to BE in the trigone. However, there has yet to be any publications investigating the feasibility of robotic resection of bladder trigone endometriosis [3]. Cystoscopy was first performed, and the large mid-trigonal endometriosis nodule was noted to be extending within millimeters of the ureteral orifices. Bilateral ureteral orifices were identified, and double-J ureteral stents were sequentially guided up to the kidneys. The peritoneum lateral to the bladder bilaterally was incised to better define the edges of the bladder. Next, bilateral distal ureters were dissected out circumferentially, and the dissection was carried distally to the posterior bladder wall. Flexible cystoscopy with Firefly technology was then utilized to define the precise location and extent of the trigonal nodule to minimize removal of uninvolved bladder tissue and preserve the ureters. Using cystoscopic guidance, the dissection was first carried through the serosal and muscular layers, and once the circumference of the nodule had been clearly defined, we proceeded with the mucosal layer. The bladder lumen was entered, and the nodule was meticulously excised to avoid injury to the intramural ureters as the dissection was carried distally. We were able to preserve bilateral ureters despite the close proximity to ureteral orifices and also maintain enough bladder tissue for bladder closure. Once the resection of the trigonal nodule was completed, running 3-0 V-loc sutures were utilized in a 2-layer closure. The patient was discharged in 1 day with a Foley catheter and ureteral stents with reports of minimal pain. A cystogram at 10 days after the surgery was negative for leak, and the Foley catheter was removed. The ureteral stents were subsequently removed at 6 weeks after the surgery, and follow-up renal ultrasound demonstrated no hydronephrosis. Tips and tricks: (1) Utilizing robotic assistance in conjunction with cystoscopy aids the surgeon in precisely defining the boundaries of an endometriosis nodule and ureteral identification. (2) The precise dissection permitted by robotic-assisted surgery leads to greater tissue preservation of the bladder with complete endometriosis resection [4-6]. (3) Three-dimensional visualization provides depth of tissue analysis, which allows the surgeon to delicately dissect several centimeters of intramural ureter in the bladder wall and trigone. (4) Cystoscopy with Firefly technology guidance permits more precise localization compared with white light during dissection of the bladder nodule [7,8]. (5) The articulating instrumentation in the robotic surgical platform enables fine suturing technique [9,10]. CONCLUSION: Robotic-assisted resection of bladder trigone endometriosis with cystoscopic guidance may offer a precise and delicate dissection of large bladder trigone endometriomas, thus possibly providing optimal bladder trigone and ureteral preservation.

To Dust or Not To Dust: a Systematic Review of Ureteroscopic Laser Lithotripsy Techniques.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review discusses factors affecting outcomes during ureteroscopy (URS) with laser lithotripsy (LL), explores specific clinical challenges to the efficacy of URS LL, and reviews the available literature comparing the dusting and basketing approaches to URS LL. RECENT FINDINGS: Data show high stone-free rates with URS LL in all locations of the urinary tract and with all stone types and sizes. Recent data comparing LL with dusting versus basketing suggest higher rates of residual fragments with dusting but less utilization of ureteral access sheaths and potentially shorter operative times. Differences in postoperative complications, re-intervention rates, and other outcome parameters are not yet clear. Interpretation of published data is problematic due to variability in laser settings, follow-up intervals, and definitions for what constitutes stone-free status. URS has overtaken shock wave lithotripsy in the last decade as the most commonly utilized surgical approach for treating urolithiasis. Two primary strategies have emerged as the most common techniques for performing LL: dusting and basketing. There is a relative paucity of data examining the difference in these techniques as it pertains to peri-operative outcomes and overall success. We attempt to synthesize this data into evidence-based and experience-based recommendations.

Nitric oxide-releasing polymeric microspheres improve diabetes-related erectile dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: We have used a long-acting nitric oxide (NO)-releasing polymer to develop injectable biodegradable microspheres capable of localized NO release over prolonged periods of time. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of these microspheres for diabetes-related erectile dysfunction (ED) in the rat model. METHODS: NO-releasing microspheres were incubated in physiologic buffer, and in vitro NO release was measured using a Griess assay. To ensure no migration, microspheres were fluorescently tagged and injected into the corpus cavernosum of adult rats, and fluorescent imaging was performed weekly for 4 weeks, at which point rats were sacrificed. To assess physiologic efficacy, diabetes was induced in 40 rats using streptozotocin (STZ), whereas 10 rats were kept as age-matched controls. Diabetic rats were divided into four groups: no treatment, sildenafil, NO-releasing microspheres, and combination therapy. For each rat, the cavernosal nerve (CN) was stimulated at various voltages, and intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured via corpus cavernosum and carotid artery catheterization, respectively. Long-term efficacy was determined by injecting diabetic rats with microspheres and measuring erectile response at predetermined intervals for up to 5 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Erectile response was determined via calculation of mean peak ICP/MAP and area under curve (AUC) for each experimental group. RESULTS: Under physiologic conditions in vitro, microspheres continued NO release for up to 4 weeks. Fluorescent imaging revealed no detectable signal in tissues besides cavernosal tissue at 4 weeks postinjection. Upon CN stimulation, peak ICP/MAP ratio and AUC of diabetic rats improved significantly (P < 0.05) in microsphere and combination therapy groups compared with no treatment and sildenafil groups. In long-term efficacy studies, microspheres augmented the effect of sildenafil for 3 weeks following injection (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: NO-releasing microspheres significantly improved erectile response in diabetic rats for 3 weeks and hence offer a promising approach to ED therapy, either as monotherapy or combination therapy.

Post-chemotherapy robotic bilateral retroperitoneal lymph node dissection using a novel single-dock technique.

There have been no previous reports of post-chemotherapy robotic bilateral retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) using a single-dock technique. One deterrent of robotic RPLND is that accessing bilateral retroperitoneal spaces requires patient reposition and surgical robot redocking, therefore increasing operative time. Herein we provide the first step-by-step description of a single-dock technique for robotic bilateral RPLND in the post-chemotherapy setting. We describe port placement and technique for robot positioning to optimize access to bilateral retroperitoneal spaces with a single dock. We also demonstrate the feasibility of sparing the inferior mesenteric artery when utilizing this approach. This single-dock approach was used on two patients at our institution who had residual paracaval masses following chemotherapy for metastatic testicular cancer. Mean operative time was 6 h, and neither patient had significant blood loss or suffered from any peri-operative complications.

Laparoscopic Nephron-sparing Treatment of Upper Pole Infundibular Obstruction due to Fraley's Syndrome.

Fraley's syndrome results from a rare anatomic variant of the renal vasculature leading to compression of the upper pole infundibulum, caliectasis, hematuria, and flank pain. To date there have been few reported cases in which this condition was treated using a minimally invasive approach. Here, we report a case in which a patient with Fraley's syndrome was successfully treated by performing a laparoscopic YV-infundibulo-pyeloplasty with vasculopexy of a posterior segmental renal artery. Minimally invasive collecting system reconstruction without vascular clamping is feasible, potentially less destructive and offers significant advantages in terms of intraoperative visualization and perioperative patient morbidity.