The Therapeutic Potential of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Endometrial Regeneration.

Disruption of endometrial regeneration, fibrosis formation, and intrauterine adhesions underlie the development of "thin" endometrium and/or Asherman's syndrome (AS) and are a common cause of infertility and a high risk for adverse obstetric outcomes. The methods used (surgical adhesiolysis, anti-adhesive agents, and hormonal therapy) do not allow restoration of the regenerative properties of the endometrium. The experience gained today with cell therapy using multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) proves their high regenerative and proliferative properties in tissue damage. Their contribution to regenerative processes is still poorly understood. One of these mechanisms is based on the paracrine effects of MMSCs associated with the stimulation of cells of the microenvironment by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular space. EVs, whose source is MMSCs, are able to stimulate progenitor cells and stem cells in damaged tissues and exert cytoprotective, antiapoptotic, and angiogenic effects. This review described the regulatory mechanisms of endometrial regeneration, pathological conditions associated with a decrease in endometrial regeneration, and it presented the available data from studies on the effect of MMSCs and their EVs on endometrial repair processes, and the involvement of EVs in human reproductive processes at the level of implantation and embryogenesis.

Biomarkers of migraine: Part 1 - Genetic markers.

BACKGROUND: Migraine is a multifactorial socially significant disease affecting the peripheral and central nervous system. The diagnosis of "migraine" is still the only clinical, and additional methods of inspection are only required to avoid secondary headaches if certain "signs of danger". Accordingly, the search for biomarkers of migraine, confirming the diagnosis, rather than refuting others, is the leading vector in this scientific field. AIM: In this paper we have analyzed the literature data on the genetic markers associated with migraine. METHODS: List of genes was compiled using Pathway Studio 10® software and abstract database ResNet12 ® made by Elsevier. Addition search (last time on 15 March 2016) was performed by using PubMed or TargetInsights. Information about 185 polymorphic loci in 98 genes associated with migraine was extracted and described. RESULTS: The genes associated with migraine could be classified into 8 major groups: homeostasis of blood vessels - 26.5%, metabolism of neurotransmitters - 11.2%, transport and reception of neurotransmitters - 24.5%, neurogenesis - 5.1%, inflammation - 8.2%, sex hormones - 5.1%, ion channels and membrane potential - 11.2%, other - 8.2%. CONCLUSION: These findings parallel the range of mechanisms implicated in migraine pathogenesis.