[Etiological structure and sensitivity to antibiotics of the infection process pathogens in general surgical hospital].

The studying of the species and their sensitivity to antibiotics of mostly spread infection factors constitute one of the main trends in intrastationary infection prophylaxis. In 307 patients, suffering the infection processes of various localization, such as purulent wounds, cholecystitis, cholangitis, peritonitis etc., there were studied up the species and sensitivity to antibiotics of the microorganisms determined. Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli were determined most frequently, somewhat rarely--P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., E. faecalis, S. pyogenes, C. albicans and Citrobacter spp. The factors determined were most sensitive to imipenem (72,09% of sensitive clones), carbenicilline (61.9%), meropenem (60.49%) and ceftriaxone (58.33%).

[Using cluster analysis for evaluation of sensitivity to antibiotics of pathogens isolated from women with genital inflammatory diseases].

The study was conducted to evaluate sensitivity to 44 antibiotics of pathogens isolated from 183 women with genital inflammatory diseases and to offer schemes of antibacterial treatment. The pathogens (66.8%) were in associations. The probability of isolation of main bacteria and sexually transmitted microorganisms in different associations was estimated in the work. Using the methods of clustering analysis all the tested antibiotics were divided into 3 groups, depending on their antimicrobial activity toward bacteria isolated both in monoculture and in associations. Furagin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, cefoperazon, ceftriaxon, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, as well as, cefazolin, zoxan, ofloxacin, and lomefloxacin were shown to be the most effective antibiotics in vitro. The least activity was diplayed by ectericid, chlorophillipt, and ampiox. These data should be considered when choosing the antibacterial treatment of genital inflammatory diseases.

[Dynamics of the contamination of mice during the treatment of burn sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa using tobramycin alone or combined with active and passive immunization]. / Dinamika obsemenennosti myshei pri lechenii ozhogovogo sepsisa, obuslovlennogo Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tol'ko tobramitsinom ili v sochetanii s aktivnoi i passivnoi immunizatsiei.

An experimental study was made with a view to finding out the possible bacteriological advantages of the combined use of tobramycin (Tb) and P. aeruginosa corpuscular polyvalent vaccine (PaCPV) or P. aeruginosa hyperimmune plasma (PaHIP) in burn sepsis caused by P. aeruginosa. The use of the median therapeutic dose of Tb (2.5 mg/kg body weight per day), alone or in combination with immunopreparations, ensured the survival rate of the animals equal to 100%. The contamination of the body with P. aeruginosa after treatment with Tb and PaHIP or PaCPV was lower than after the administration of Tb alone, this phenomenon becoming manifest starting from day 5 of observation in the first case and from day 10 in the second case. The combined use of Tb and immunopreparations (PaCPV or PaHIP) in acute P. aeruginosa infection proved to be more effective than treatment with Tb alone.

[Protective properties of Proteus ribosomal vaccine]. / Protektivnye svoistva ribosomal'noi proteinoi vaktsiny.

The results of the study of the protective properties of Proteus ribosomal vaccine prepared from P. vulgaris museum strain F-30 are presented. The vaccine showed protective effect even in a dose of 0.0001 microgram of protein per mouse; when used in immunization doses of 1 and 10 micrograms of protein per mouse, the vaccine completely protected the animals, ensuring their survival. Experiments aimed at the determination of the maximum protective effect of the vaccine were carried out. The ribosomal vaccine injected in a dose of 1 microgram of protein per mouse protected 50% of mice challenged with 10 LD50; in a dose of 10 micrograms of protein per mouse the vaccine protected 100% of the animals challenged with 3.7 and 10 LD50. Proteus ribosomal vaccine prepared from P. vulgaris museum strain was shown to render protective effect with respect to P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis clinical strains.

[The etiology of suppurative-inflammatory diseases caused by opportunistic microorganisms at the noninfectious disease clinic]. / Etiologiia gnoino-vospalitel'nykh zabolevanii, vyzvannykh uslovno-patogennymi mikroorganizmami v neinfektsionnoi klinike.

5,853 strains of opportunistic microorganisms have been isolated from hospitalized patients at a polyclinic. The following microorganisms have been found to cause purulent inflammatory diseases most frequently: Escherichia coli (21.6%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15.93%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.54%), microorganisms of the genus Klebsiella (11.86%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.91%) and microorganisms of the genus Proteus (7.5%). In cases of mixed infections Gram-negative bacteria prevail. The analysis of microbial species contained in the pathological excreta of patients in different departments has shown the prevalence of staphylococci in general surgery patients, E. coli in peritonitis and gynecological diseases, P. aeruginosa in patients with burns, Klebsiella, Proteus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa in patients with multiple traumatic lesions.

[The protective properties of the lysosomal form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa anatoxin in a test of its active protection of experimental animals]. / Izuchenie protektivnykh svoistv liposomal'noi formy anatoksina Pseudomonas aeruginosa v teste aktivnoi zashchity éksperimental'nykh zhivotnykh.

The protective activity of the liposomal form of P. aeruginosa toxoid and intact phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes has been evaluated in mice with experimental P. aeruginosa infection. It has been revealed that the liposomal form of P. aeruginosa toxoid, introduced in a single injection, ensures the formation of more intense and prolonged immunity in comparison with that induced by the toxoid adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. This investigation has revealed that intact phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes also possess protective properties, protecting 10-36.7% of the animals from infection with P. aeruginosa toxigenic strain.

[Separate and combined action of antibiotics and vitamins on monoamine oxidase activity of the rabbit liver in staphylococcal infection]. / Razdel'noe i sochetannoe deistvie antibiotikov i vitaminov na aktivnost' monoaminoksidazy pecheni krolikov pri stafilokokkovoi infektsii.

Staphylococcal necrotic infection decreases activity of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase from rabbit liver. The animals treated with tetracycline exhibited a further inhibition of staphylotoxin-repressed MAO activity. Administration of penicillin as well as of vitamins B2 and B12 resulted in the same level of the enzyme activity as in non-treated animals. Treatment of animals with tetracycline in combination with vitamins B2 and B12 ensured a restoration of MAO activity, repressed by antibiotics, to the level of non-treated animals. Combined administration of penicillin and methycillin with vitamins B2, as well as methycycline and morphocycline with vitamin B12 resulted in a higher enzyme activity compared with respective values in non-treated animals. The best stimulatory action was exerted by a combination of penicillin with vitamin B2 and methycillin with vitamin B12. In these cases, MAO activity was higher in rabbits receiving antibiotics only and was restored to the level of enzyme activity in intact animals. Combined administration of penicillin with vitamin B12 and morphocycline with vitamin B2 exerted no action on MAO activity inhibited by staphylococcal exotoxin.

[Phagocytosis of chloramine B sensitive and resistant staphylococci isolated from healthy persons and patients]. / Fagotsitoz v otnoshenii chuvstvitelnykh i ustoichivykh k antibiotikam i khloraminu B stafilokokkov, vydelennykh ot zdorovykh i bo'lnykh liudei.

Phagocytic reaction with respect to antibiotic and chloramine B sensitive and resistant staphylococci isolated from healthy persons and patients, air and stock of medical institutions was studied on albino mice. It was shown that the staphylococcal isolates included strains simultaneously sensitive to antibiotics and chloramine, sensitive to antibiotics and resistant to chloramine, resistant to antibiotics and sensitive to chloramine and simultaneously resistant to antibiotics and chloramine. Activity, intensity and completeness of phagocytosis by leucocytes from mouse abdominal cavity exudates with respect to the staphylococcal strains sensitive to antibiotics and resistant to chloramine, resistant to antibiotics and sensitive to chloramine and simultaneously resistant to antibiotics and chloramine were lower than the values of the phagocytic reaction with respect to the isolates simultaneously sensitive to antibiotics and chloramine. This suggested that not only antibiotic resistance of microbes but also their resistance to disinfectants could be referred to complicating factors of hospital infections.

[Biochemical activity of opportunistic antibiotic and chloramine-sensitive and resistant microorganisms isolated from healthy and sick people]. / Biokhimicheskaia aktivnost' uslovno-patogennykh mikroorganizmov, chuvstvitel'nykh i ustoichivykh k antibiotikam i khloraminu, vydelennykh ot zdorovykh i bol'nykh liudei.

Activity of oxidation-reduction enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase was studied in staphylococci isolated from healthy persons and patients as well as from the air and implements of medical institutions. The isolates were resistant either to antibiotics or to chloramine B or to the both. The results showed that development of resistance to antibiotics and chloramine B in the staphylococci was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase. In the strains resistant only to chloramine B the activity of the enzymes was practically at the same level as in the strains resistant only to antibiotics. In the strains resistant to both antibiotics and chloramine B, the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and catalase did not practically differ from that in the strains resistant either to antibiotics or to chloramine B.

[Effectiveness of tobramycin and immunologic preparations in experimental Pseudomonas infection]. / Effektivnost' tobramitsina i immunopreparatov pri eksperimental'noi sinegnoinoi infektsii.

Certain indices of immunity were studied in mice with burn sepsis due to P. aeruginosa during their treatment with tobramycin (Tb) alone or in combination with immunological drugs. The most significant stimulation of the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages was observed when Tb was used in combination with polyvalent corpuscular vaccine of P. aeruginosa. When Tb was used alone or in combination with hyperimmune plasma of P. aeruginosa there was observed close correlation between the phagocytic index and the levels of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate in them. Therapy of P. aeruginosa infection with the antibiotic and immunological drugs resulted in much higher levels of agglutinine antibodies in blood serum of the mice than the therapy with Tb alone.

[Effect of lincomycin and staphylococcal vaccine on the course of experimental staphylococcal sepsis]. / Vliianie linkomitsina i stafilokokkovoi vaktsiny na techenie éksperimental'nogo stafilokokkovogo sepsisa.

Therapeutic efficacy of lincomycin used alone and in combination with inactivated staphylococcal vaccine and the effect of these agents on synthesis of antibodies and their content in blood serum were investigated. Lincomycin was shown to inhibit septic processes in the host. After its administration the number of the pathogens in the blood and organs markedly decreased. At the same time, lincomycin lowered antibody synthesis in the lymphoid organs and the content of alpha-antitoxins in blood serum. The use of lincomycin in combination with inactivated staphylococcal vaccine promoted an increase in the number of the antibody forming cells in the spleen and lymph nodes and the content of the antibodies to the staphylococcal alpha-toxin in blood serum of the animals with staphylococcal sepsis.

[Sensitivity to antibiotics and the disinfectant chloramine of Staphylococci isolated from healthy and sick persons]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' k antibiotikam i dezinfitsiruiushchemu veshchestvu khloraminu stafilokokkov, vedelennykh ot zdorovykh i bol'nykh liudei.

Five hundred and twenty seven strains of Staphylococcus aureus with massive contamination of at least 10(3) when estimated quantitatively were tested for their sensitivity to antibiotics and chloramine B. The staphylococcal strains were isolated from patients, air and stock of rooms in medical institutions, from medical personnel and healthy persons having no long-term contacts with hospital media i. e. from pregnant women and workers of confectionery plants. Among the isolates there were strains simultaneously sensitive to antibiotics and chloramine B (16.6 per cent), sensitive to antibiotics but resistant to chloramine B (5.5 per cent), resistant to antibiotics but sensitive to chloramine B (63.1 per cent) and resistant to antibiotics and chloramine B (15.3 per cent). Staphylococci resistant simultaneously to antibiotics and chloramine B were isolated from the persons of all the groups and from the air and stock of the rooms in the medical institutions. This showed the necessity of controlling sensitivity or staphylococci circulating in hospital media not only to antibiotics but also to disinfectants for providing more efficient prophylaxis of intrahospital infections.

[Antibiotic sensitivity of the main opportunistic pathogenic aerobic bacteria]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' k antibiotikam osnovnykh uslovno-patogennykh aérofilov.

Antibiotic sensitivity of 1421 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. was studied. Gentamicin, levomycetin (chloramphenicol) and ristomycin proved to be the antibiotics of choice in treatment of purulent inflammatory diseases caused by S. epidermidis and S. aureus. For antibiotic therapy of infections caused by gram-negative organisms gentamicin and polymixin might be recommended.

[Evaluation of liposomal forms of rifampicin and prodigiozan in the treatment of experimental chronic tonsillitis]. / Otsenka liposomal'nykh form rifampitsina i prodigiozana pri lechenii éksperimental'nogo khronicheskogo tonzillita.

Therapeutic effect of liposomal dosages of rifampicin and prodigiozan was studied on rabbits with simulated chronic tonsillitis in comparison to that of commercial ones of the drugs. The treatment schemes included daily intra-tonsillar++ injections of the dosage forms for 5 days. A high efficacy of their liposomal dosage forms in treatment of experimental chronic tonsillitis was confirmed microbiologically and immunologically. Approval of the liposomal dosage forms used in the therapy of patients with chronic tonsillitis requires clinical trials.

[Experimental and clinical study of nitazol as an antibacterial drug in the complex treatment of peritonitis]. / Eksperimental'no-klinicheskoe izuchenie nitazola kak antibakterial'nogopreparata v kompleksnom lechenii peritonitov.

Antibacterial properties of the Soviet drug nitazol which is a derivative of imidazole were studied. It was shown that nitazol in a dose of 4-8 micrograms/ml was highly active against gram-negative nonsporulating anaerobes, gram-positive anaerobic cocci and spore-forming Clostridia spp. Unlike metronidazole, it was efficient against both standard and clinical strains of facultative anaerobes such as E. coli, S. aureus and Klebsiella spp. isolated from patients with peritonitis and being poly-resistant to antibiotics. It was found in vitro that the antibacterial effect of nitazol was higher when it was used in combination with some antibiotics. It was demonstrated on experimental models of peritonitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli in mice that nitazol used alone or in combination with gentamicin had a favourable effect on the animal survival and lifespan. The combination of nitazol with gentamicin was applied in the combined treatment of appendicular peritonitis in 80 children and its high therapeutic efficacy was stated. Nitazol is useful as an antibacterial drug in the combined treatment of children with purulent peritonitis.

[An experimental validation of the use of levomycetin preparations for the treatment of burns infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. / Eksperimental'noe obosnovanie primeneniia preparatov s levomitsetinom dlia lecheniia ozhogov, infitsirovannykh Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Application of 1% of chloramphenicol (gel and cream) for local treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn infection has been studied in experiment. In vivo, both medical forms show pronounced therapeutic effect, they promote elimination of P. aeruginosa from wounds and decrease inflammation. In noninfected thermal trauma in laboratory animals application of gel and cream of chloramphenicol reduces transition from the phase of inflammation to the phase of reparation by 3-8 days and prevents infection of the burn wound by conditionally pathogenic microflora.

[The sensitivity to antibiotics and disinfecting substances of opportunistic microorganisms isolated from the oral cavity of patients with orthodontic pathology]. / Chuvstvitel'nost' k antibiotikam i dezinfitsiruiushchim veshchestvam uslovno-patogennykh mikroorganizmov, vydelennykh iz polosti rta bol'nykh so ortopedicheskoi patologiei.

Antibiotic and disinfectant sensitivities of opportunistic bacteria, isolated from the oral cavity of normal subjects and orthodontic patients, were under study. The findings evidence that oral microflora of patients with orthodontic conditions is more rich in microorganisms that can induce pyoinflammatory diseases than that in health. Among the isolated opportunistic bacteria strains were found that were resistant to both: antibiotics and disinfectants. Antibiotic sensitivities of the microorganisms isolated from normal subjects and patients were found virtually the same, whereas the strains isolated from the patients have shown a higher sensitivity to disinfectants. The authors emphasize that effective prevention of pyoseptic complications in the maxillofacial area involves not only bacteriologic monitoring and studies of the microorganism sensitivity to antibiotics, but analysis of the bacterial sensitivity to disinfectants as well.