Stranger danger? The intersectional impacts of shared housing on young people's health & wellbeing.

Recent housing welfare reform in Britain has left many younger welfare claimants with no choice but to move into a shared rental property with strangers. In this paper we take an intersectional approach to analyzing the impact of housing welfare reform, by examining how certain protected equalities groups may be particularly at risk from the potential harms of shared living with strangers. Drawing upon in-depth biographical interview data, we outline how young people often spoke of their share houses as places that were detrimental to their health and wellbeing. Our analysis focuses on two key themes: physical safety and violence, followed by mental health and isolation. Ultimately the paper examines whether housing welfare reform in Britain has resulted in placing already vulnerable people into potentially dangerous and unhealthy housing situations.

The dog as an animal model for bladder and urethral urothelial carcinoma: Comparative epidemiology and histology.

Despite the recent approval of several novel agents for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC), survival in this setting remains poor. As such, continued investigation into novel therapeutic options remains warranted. Pre-clinical development of novel treatments requires an animal model that accurately simulates the disease in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dog as an animal model for human UC. A total of 260 cases of spontaneous, untreated canine primary urethral and urinary bladder UC, were epidemiologically and histologically assessed and classified based on the current 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) tumor classification system. Canine data was compared with human data available from scientific literature. The mean age of dogs diagnosed with UC was 10.22 years (range, 4-15 years), which is equivalent to 60-70 human years. The results revealed a high association between UC diagnosis with the female sex [odds ratio (OR) 3.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57-4.79; P<0.001], surgical neutering (OR 4.57; 95% CI 1.87-11.12; P<0.001) and breed (OR 15.11 for Scottish terriers; 95% CI 8.99-25.41; P<0.001). Based on the 2016 WHO tumor (T), node and metastasis staging system, the primary tumors were characterized as T1 (38%), T2a (28%), T2b (13%) and T3 (22%). Non-papillary, flat subgross tumor growth was strongly associated with muscle invasion (OR 31.00; P<0.001). Irrespective of subgross growth pattern, all assessable tumors were invading beyond the basement membrane compatible with infiltrating UC. Conventional, not further classifiable infiltrating UC was the most common type of tumor (90%), followed by UC with divergent, squamous and/or glandular differentiation (6%). Seven out of the 260 (2.8%) cases were classified as non-urothelial based on their histological morphology. These cases included 5 (2%) squamous cell carcinomas, 1 (0.4%) adenocarcinoma and 1 (0.4%) neuroendocrine tumor. The 2 most striking common features of canine and human UC included high sex predilection and histological tumor appearance. The results support the suitability of the dog as an animal model for UC and confirm that dogs also spontaneously develop rare UC subtypes and bladder tumors, including plasmacytoid UC and neuroendocrine tumor, which are herein described for the first time in a non-experimental animal species.