Effect and Mechanism of LIN28 on Ferroptosis in Mg2+-free Rat Hippocampal Neuron Model of Epilepsy.

Studies have demonstrated that LIN28 is expressed in the CNS and may exert protective effects on neurons. However, it remains unknown whether LIN28 regulates ferroptosis in the context of epilepsy. In this study, we established an epilepsy model by culturing hippocampal neurons from rats in a magnesium-free (Mg2+-free) medium. In Mg2+-depleted conditions, hippocampal neurons exhibited reduced LIN28 expression, heightened miR-142-5p expression, decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and expression, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), resulting in a significant decline in cell viability and an increase in ferroptosis. Conversely, overexpression of LIN28 reversed these trends in the mentioned indices. Altogether, this study reveals that LIN28 may exert neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the miR-142-5p expression and suppressing ferroptosis in hippocampal neurons induced by Mg2+-free via increasing GPX4 expression.

Acupuncture and Doxylamine-Pyridoxine for Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy : A Randomized, Controlled, 2 × 2 Factorial Trial.

BACKGROUND: An effective and safe treatment for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of acupuncture, doxylamine-pyridoxine, and a combination of both in women with moderate to severe NVP. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04401384). SETTING: 13 tertiary hospitals in mainland China from 21 June 2020 to 2 February 2022. PARTICIPANTS: 352 women in early pregnancy with moderate to severe NVP. INTERVENTION: Participants received daily active or sham acupuncture for 30 minutes and doxylamine-pyridoxine or placebo for 14 days. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was the reduction in Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) score at the end of the intervention at day 15 relative to baseline. Secondary outcomes included quality of life, adverse events, and maternal and perinatal complications. RESULTS: No significant interaction was detected between the interventions (P = 0.69). Participants receiving acupuncture (mean difference [MD], -0.7 [95% CI, -1.3 to -0.1]), doxylamine-pyridoxine (MD, -1.0 [CI, -1.6 to -0.4]), and the combination of both (MD, -1.6 [CI, -2.2 to -0.9]) had a larger reduction in PUQE score over the treatment course than their respective control groups (sham acupuncture, placebo, and sham acupuncture plus placebo). Compared with placebo, a higher risk for births with children who were small for gestational age was observed with doxylamine-pyridoxine (odds ratio, 3.8 [CI, 1.0 to 14.1]). LIMITATION: The placebo effects of the interventions and natural regression of the disease were not evaluated. CONCLUSION: Both acupuncture and doxylamine-pyridoxine alone are efficacious for moderate and severe NVP. However, the clinical importance of this effect is uncertain because of its modest magnitude. The combination of acupuncture and doxylamine-pyridoxine may yield a potentially larger benefit than each treatment alone. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: The National Key R&D Program of China and the Project of Heilongjiang Province "TouYan" Innovation Team.

Is elevated baseline SHBG associated with increased ovulation?

Sexual hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is associated with the endocrine and reproductive systems. We aimed to investigate the role of SHBG in the reproductive process. Therefore, we conducted a secondary analysis of the PCOSAct (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Acupuncture Clinical Trial) study, which involved 21 sites in China and a total of 1000 women with PCOS. Out of these, 954 women with SHBG were included in the analysis. Through multivariate analysis of ovulation predictors, we found that age, BMI, estradiol, testosterone, and SHBG all showed a positive predictive value for ovulation (p = 0.0211, 0.0011, 0.0211, 0.0029, 0.0434, respectively). However, the LH to FSH ratio had a negative predictive value (p = 0.0539). Higher quartiles of SHBG were associated with a higher rate of ovulation, and per quartile increased was statistically significant (HR = 1.138, 95%CI [1.054,1.229]). The association remained significant even after adjusting for testosterone (HR = 1.263, 95%CI [1.059, 1.507]). On the other hand, quartiles of testosterone and estradiol did not exhibit any significant tendency toward ovulation. SHBG demonstrated predictive ability for ovulation, conception, pregnancy, and live birth (p < 0.05), and this correlation remained significant after adjusting intervention. Kaplan-Meier curves illustrated that increased levels of SHBG were a factor in high rates of ovulation, conception, and pregnancy. In comparison to other sexual hormones, a higher baseline level of SHBG was related to increased ovulation.

Association between preconception serum lipid concentrations and treatment outcomes in women with PCOS who underwent ovulation induction.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the association between preconception serum lipid concentrations and reproductive outcomes after ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? DESIGN: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial with 1000 PCOS women undergoing ovulation induction with clomiphene with or without acupuncture. Preconception serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured. Outcomes were ovulation, conception, pregnancy, live birth and miscarriage. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: In total, 780 women ovulated; 320 women achieved conception, 218 had a clinical pregnancy, 205 had a live birth and 115 had a miscarriage. Serum lipid concentrations per one unit increment were independently associated with reproductive outcomes after controlling for confounders. Increasing LDL-C (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63-0.99) was independently associated with a lower chance of ovulation. Increasing total cholesterol (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62-0.92), LDL-C (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.57-0.93), triglycerides (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.95) and ApoB (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.16-0.74) were independently associated with a lower chance of clinical pregnancy. Increased total cholesterol (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.64-0.96), LDL-C (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60-0.99), triglycerides (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.59-0.96) and ApoB (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.18-0.86) were independently associated with a lower chance of live birth. Furthermore, increased total cholesterol (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.06-1.93), LDL-C (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.04-2.19) and ApoB (OR 3.82, 95% CI 1.17-12.41) were independently associated with a higher chance of miscarriage. CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum lipids were negatively associated with the reproductive outcomes of PCOS women undergoing ovulation induction with clomiphene with or without acupuncture.

Distribution of risk factors of ischemic stroke in Chinese young adults and its correlation with prognosis.

BACKGROUND: The risk factors for ischemic stroke in young people are complex, varied and closely related to prognosis. This study aims to analyze the risk factors for ischemic stroke in Chinese young people and to explore the main factors influencing the prognosis. METHOD: A total of 444 patients aged 16 to 45 years with ischemic stroke admitted to Suzhou tertiary hospital from 2011 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Risk factors were identified according to the IPSS definition of pediatric stroke and the TOAST classification. All patients were followed up, and the modified Rankin score was used to evaluate the prognosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of poor prognosis. RESULTS: Among the patients, 12 risk factors were found according to the IPSS definition of pediatric stroke, and 5 types of stroke were found according to the TOAST classification. A total of 299 patients had a good prognosis. Anemia, venous sinus thrombosis, isolated large-vessel occlusion, and high baseline NIHSS score were significant risk factors. CONCLUSION: The IPSS definition enables patients to be classified on the basis of more risk factors than other classification methods. The prognosis of ischemic stroke in young people is generally good in the 5 years following the event. Anemia, venous sinus thrombosis, isolated large-vessel occlusion and high baseline NIHSS score were associated with poor prognosis.

Effect of Low-Frequency Electro-Acupuncture in Unmarried Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the effect of low-frequency electro-acupuncture (EA) in unmarried women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: A total of 54 women with PCOS were randomly assigned to either the acupuncture group (n=27) or the sham acupuncture group (control, n=27) for a total of 32 treatments over 16 weeks. In the acupuncture group 26 patients and in the control group 20 patients completed the trial. Outcome Measures: Main measures were androgen levels including 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-α-OHP), androstenedione (A2), testosterone (T) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) at 0, 24 and 48 hours after stimulation with a dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Other measures included body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, sex hormone levels, etc. Results: After treatment, there was no significant difference in the main measures between the 2 groups (P > .05), except for the DHEA level at 0 h of HCG stimulation (P = .024) and acne score (P < .05). Comparison within the acupuncture group found that 17-α-OHP and A2 levels at 0 h and DHEA levels at 24 h of HCG stimulation after treatment were significantly decreased (P < .05), whereas T levels at 24 h were significantly increased (P < .05). Comparison within the control group showed 17-α-OHP level at 0 h and 17-α-OHP and A2 and DHEA levels at 24 h after treatment were significantly lower (P < .05). In addition, weight, BMI, HCG and Ferriman-Gallwey score in the acupuncture group and LH/FSH ratio was significantly reduced in the control group. Conclusion: Traditional EA is slightly more effective than sham acupuncture in reducing DHEA secretion and the acne score. Meanwhile, sham acupuncture is not completely ineffective. The specific mechanism of the two may be different.

Circ3823 contributes to growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of colorectal cancer: involvement of miR-30c-5p/TCF7 axis.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumours. The recurrence and metastasis of CRC seriously affect the survival rate of patients. Angiogenesis is an extremely important cause of tumour growth and metastasis. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been emerged as vital regulators for tumour progression. However, the regulatory role, clinical significance and underlying mechanisms still remain largely unknown. METHODS: High-throughput sequencing was used to analyse differential circRNAs expression in tumour and non-tumour tissues of CRC. In situ hybridization (ISH) and qRT-PCR were used to determine the level of circ3823 in CRC tissues and serum samples. Then, functional experiments in vitro and in vivo were performed to investigate the effects of circ3823 on tumour growth, metastasis and angiogenesis in CRC. Sanger sequencing, RNase R and Actinomycin D assay were used to verify the ring structure of circ3823. Mechanistically, dual luciferase reporter assay, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull-down experiments were performed to confirm the underlying mechanisms of circ3823. RESULTS: Circ3823 was evidently highly expressed in CRC and high circ3823 expression predicted a worse prognosis of CRC patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) indicated that the expression of circ3823 in serum showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting CRC which means circ3823 have the potential to be used as diagnostic biomarkers. Functional experiments in vitro and in vivo indicated that circ3823 promote CRC cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis. Mechanism analysis showed that circ3823 act as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-30c-5p to relieve the repressive effect of miR-30c-5p on its target TCF7 which upregulates MYC and CCND1, and finally facilitates CRC progression. In addition, we found that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification exists on circ3823. And the m6A modification is involved in regulating the degradation of circ3823. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that circ3823 promotes CRC growth, metastasis and angiogenesis through circ3823/miR-30c-5p/TCF7 axis and it may serve as a new diagnostic marker or target for treatment of CRC patients. In addition, m6A modification is involved in regulating the degradation of circ3823.

Suppression of uterine and placental ferroptosis by N-acetylcysteine in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome.

The mechanisms that link hyperandrogenism and insulin (INS) resistance (HAIR) to the increased miscarriage rate in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remain elusive. Previous studies demonstrate that increased uterine and placental ferroptosis is associated with oxidative stress-induced fetal loss in a pre-clinical PCOS-like rat model. Here, we investigated the efficacy and molecular mechanism of action of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in reversing gravid uterine and placental ferroptosis in pregnant rats exposed to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and INS. Molecular and histological analyses showed that NAC attenuated DHT and INS-induced uterine ferroptosis, including dose-dependent increases in anti-ferroptosis gene content. Changes in other molecular factors after NAC treatment were also observed in the placenta exposed to DHT and INS, such as increased glutathione peroxidase 4 protein level. Furthermore, increased apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria-associated 2 mRNA expression was seen in the placenta but not in the uterus. Additionally, NAC was not sufficient to rescue DHT + INS-induced mitochondria-morphological abnormalities in the uterus, whereas the same treatment partially reversed such abnormalities in the placenta. Finally, we demonstrated that NAC selectively normalized uterine leukemia inhibitory factor, osteopontin/secreted phosphoprotein 1, progesterone receptor, homeobox A11 mRNA expression and placental estrogen-related receptor beta and trophoblast-specific protein alpha mRNA expression. Collectively, our data provide insight into how NAC exerts beneficial effects on differentially attenuating gravid uterine and placental ferroptosis in a PCOS-like rat model with fetal loss. These results indicate that exogenous administration of NAC represents a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of HAIR-induced uterine and placental dysfunction.

[Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation for the treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenospermia: A meta-analysis].

Objective: To evaluate the effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on the pregnancy outcome and sperm parameters in patients with idiopathic oligoasthenospermia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang from inception till January 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCT) with the keywords male infertility, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation, etc. Using the Cochrane risk bias tool, we evaluated the quality of the identified RCTs, and analyzed the primary outcomes, including pregnancy and live birth, and secondary outcomes, such as sperm concentration, motility and morphology. RESULTS: Four RCTs with 321 subjects were included, of which none reported live birth and only one reported a pregnancy rate of 15% after treatment of 2 Hz TEAS. Neither 2 Hz (WMD: －3.01, 95% CI: －22.28 to 16.26) nor 100 Hz TEAS (WMD: －0.02, 95% CI: －5.29 to 5.56) had any significant effect on sperm concentration, while 100 Hz TEAS markedly improved the percentage of grade a sperm (WMD: 6.83, 95% CI: 2.10 to 11.57) compared with 2Hz TEAS (WMD: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.01 to 3.61). In comparison with the blank control, neither 2 Hz (WMD: 4.07, 95% CI: －5.15 to 13.29) nor 100 Hz TEAS (WMD: 6.59, 95% CI: －5.36 to 18.55) significantly affected the percentage of grade a + b sperm or total sperm motility. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of TEAS on the pregnancy outcome is not yet clear. 100 Hz TEAS significantly improved the percentage of grade a sperm in idiopathic oligoasthenospermia patients, which, however, is to be further verified with more high-quality clinical studies.

Phenotypic features and fertility outcomes of women with polycystic ovary syndrome: The effect of quality of life.

AIM: This work sought to evaluate the correlation between the five domains of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Questionnaire (PCOSQ) and anxiety and depression scales and the clinical phenotype and fertility outcomes in infertile polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients and to determine the effect of quality of life (QOL) on the clinical, biochemical and fertility disorders in these patients. METHODS: The data in this study came from a large-scale hospital-based cohort survey of infertile PCOS patients across mainland China. A total of 1000 infertile PCOS subjects diagnosed according to the modified Rotterdam criteria ranging in age from 20 to 40 years in 21 sub-centers (27 hospitals) were enrolled. Baseline anthropometric parameters, endocrine indexes, metabolic panel, QOL questionnaires and the fertility outcomes of ovulation, conception, pregnancy, pregnancy loss and live birth were collected. RESULTS: PCOSQ scores were significantly correlated with most of the baseline parameters. PCOSQ-weight domain scores of National Institute of Health-PCOS group were significantly lower compared with non-National Institute of Health-PCOS group. The five domains scores of PCOSQ were significantly negatively correlated with the body mass index levels of PCOS patients. The serum testosterone levels (total testosterone, free testosterone and free androgen index) were significantly negatively correlated to the scores for the weight, body hair, infertility and emotion domains of PCOSQ. Scores on the anxiety and depression scales were significantly and positively correlated with luteinizing hormone, luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone levels. In the low-score group of infertility domain, the rates of conception, pregnancy and live birth decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: QOL appears to have an impact on the physical symptoms of PCOS, and the emotional stress of infertility affects fertility outcomes.

Hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance-induced fetal loss: evidence for placental mitochondrial abnormalities and elevated reactive oxygen species production in pregnant rats that mimic the clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome.

KEY POINTS: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) commonly suffer from miscarriage, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, pregnant rats chronically treated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and insulin exhibited hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, as well as increased fetal loss, and these features are strikingly similar to those observed in pregnant PCOS patients. Fetal loss in our DHT+insulin-treated pregnant rats was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbed superoxide dismutase 1 and Keap1/Nrf2 antioxidant responses, over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired formation of the placenta. Chronic treatment of pregnant rats with DHT or insulin alone indicated that DHT triggered many of the molecular pathways leading to placental abnormalities and fetal loss, whereas insulin often exerted distinct effects on placental gene expression compared to co-treatment with DHT and insulin. Treatment of DHT+insulin-treated pregnant rats with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine improved fetal survival but was deleterious in normal pregnant rats. Our results provide insight into the fetal loss associated with hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in women and suggest that physiological levels of ROS are required for normal placental formation and fetal survival during pregnancy. ABSTRACT: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) commonly suffer from miscarriage, but the underlying mechanism of PCOS-induced fetal loss during pregnancy remains obscure and specific therapies are lacking. We used pregnant rats treated with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and insulin to investigate the impact of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance on fetal survival and to determine the molecular link between PCOS conditions and placental dysfunction during pregnancy. Our study shows that pregnant rats chronically treated with a combination of DHT and insulin exhibited endocrine aberrations such as hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance that are strikingly similar to those in pregnant PCOS patients. Of pathophysiological significance, DHT+insulin-treated pregnant rats had greater fetal loss and subsequently decreased litter sizes compared to normal pregnant rats. This negative effect was accompanied by impaired trophoblast differentiation, increased glycogen accumulation, and decreased angiogenesis in the placenta. Mechanistically, we report that over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the placenta, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disturbed superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and Keap1/Nrf2 antioxidant responses constitute important contributors to fetal loss in DHT+insulin-treated pregnant rats. Many of the molecular pathways leading to placental abnormalities and fetal loss in DHT+insulin treatment were also seen in pregnant rats treated with DHT alone, whereas pregnant rats treated with insulin alone often exerted distinct effects on placental gene expression compared to insulin treatment in combination with DHT. We also found that treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) improved fetal survival in DHT+insulin-treated pregnant rats, an effect related to changes in Keap1/Nrf2 and nuclear factor-κB signalling. However, NAC administration resulted in fetal loss in normal pregnant rats, most likely due to PCOS-like endocrine abnormality induced by the treatment. Our results suggest that the deleterious effects of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance on fetal survival are related to a constellation of mitochondria-ROS-SOD1/Nrf2 changes in the placenta. Our findings also suggest that physiological levels of ROS are required for normal placental formation and fetal survival during pregnancy.

Hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance induce gravid uterine defects in association with mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant reactive oxygen species production.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk of miscarriage, which often accompanies the hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance seen in these patients. However, neither the combinatorial interaction between these two PCOS-related etiological factors nor the mechanisms of their actions in the uterus during pregnancy are well understood. We hypothesized that hyperandrogensim and insulin resistance exert a causative role in miscarriage by inducing defects in uterine function that are accompanied by mitochondrial-mediated oxidative stress, inflammation, and perturbed gene expression. Here, we tested this hypothesis by studying the metabolic, endocrine, and uterine abnormalities in pregnant rats after exposure to daily injection of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 1.66 mg·kg body wt-1·day-1) and/or insulin (6.0 IU/day) from gestational day 7.5 to 13.5. We showed that whereas DHT-exposed and insulin-exposed pregnant rats presented impaired insulin sensitivity, DHT + insulin-exposed pregnant rats exhibited hyperandrogenism and peripheral insulin resistance, which mirrors pregnant PCOS patients. Compared with controls, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in the dam were associated with alterations in uterine morphology and aberrant expression of genes responsible for decidualization (Prl8a2, Fxyd2, and Mt1g), placentation (Fcgr3 and Tpbpa), angiogenesis (Flt1, Angpt1, Angpt2, Ho1, Ccl2, Ccl5, Cxcl9, and Cxcl10) and insulin signaling (Akt, Gsk3, and Gluts). Moreover, we observed changes in uterine mitochondrial function and homeostasis (i.e., mitochondrial DNA copy number and the expression of genes responsible for mitochondrial fusion, fission, biogenesis, and mitophagy) and suppression of both oxidative and antioxidative defenses (i.e., reactive oxygen species, Nrf2 signaling, and interactive networks of antioxidative stress responses) in response to the hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. These findings demonstrate that hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance induce mitochondria-mediated damage and a resulting imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative stress responses in the gravid uterus.

Effect of hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance on endocrine, metabolic and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing ovulation induction.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance (IR) on reproductive and metabolic disorders and fertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: This was a multicenter, randomized controlled trial involving a total of 1000 women diagnosed with PCOS according to the modified Rotterdam criteria at 21 sites (27 hospitals). We evaluated the effects of serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR on parameters and outcomes. The main outcome measures were anthropometric, biometric and ultrasound parameters at baseline and the clinical outcomes of ovulation, conception, pregnancy, live birth and pregnancy loss. RESULTS: The relevant analysis between hyperinsulinaemia and IR and clinical characteristics showed that weight, waist and hip circumference, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, acanthosis nigricans score and menstrual period were significantly correlated with fasting insulin (FIN) and HOMA-IR. There was no significant correlation between the hirsutism score or acne score with FIN or HOMA-IR. The relevant analysis between hyperinsulinaemia and IR and circulating sex steroids and gonadotrophins showed that FAI was significantly correlated with FIN and HOMA-IR (r = 0.240, P < 0.001 and r = 0.191, P < 0.001, respectively). Free testosterone was significantly correlated with FIN after adjusting for the influence of age. LH and LH/FSH were not related to FIN or HOMA-IR after statistical correction for differences in BMI. The relevant analysis between hyperinsulinaemia and IR and metabolic profile showed that FIN and HOMA-IR were positively associated with fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, Apo B, and the incidence of metabolic syndrome and were negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein. The predictive analysis between hyperinsulinaemia and IR with fertility showed that the levels of FIN and HOMA-IR were related to the fertility outcome (ovulation, pregnancy, conception or live birth) in patients with PCOS. After adjustments for age, total testosterone and free testosterone, increasing serum insulin levels and HOMA-IR were significantly associated with decreased cycle ovulation, conception, pregnancy and live birth rates. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperinsulinaemia and IR are associated with reproductive and metabolic disorders and can predict the fertility outcomes in PCOS patients.

Endocrine characteristics, body mass index and metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

RESEARCH QUESTION: The study aimed to evaluate the associations of endocrine and ultrasound characteristics with metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and whether these associations were modified by body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: The study was a secondary analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial of induction of ovulation in women with PCOS. RESULTS: Among 947 Chinese women with PCOS, 153 (16.2%) were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women with normal (<24 kg/m2) and high (≥24 kg/m2) BMI was 3.6% and 30.5%, respectively. In all women, a high free androgen index (FAI ≥5%) was positively associated with metabolic syndrome (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-3.82). High FAI was positively associated with metabolic syndrome among women with high BMI (adjusted OR 3.37, 95% CI 1.78-6.37), but the association was not significant in women with normal BMI (adjusted OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.34-4.70). The presence of polycystic ovary morphology was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome (adjusted OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.26-1.03) in all women (normal BMI adjusted OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.11-1.67; high BMI adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.23-1.28). LH, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) were negatively associated with metabolic syndrome. The associations of FAI, SHBG and AMH in relation to metabolic syndrome were significantly modified by BMI. CONCLUSION(S): The associations of endocrine characteristic with metabolic syndrome were modified by BMI in women with PCOS. Women with PCOS and normal BMI did not have an increased risk of metabolic syndrome.

Effects of hyperhomocysteinaemia and metabolic syndrome on reproduction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a secondary analysis.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the association between hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHCY), metabolic syndrome, and reproductive outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: A secondary analysis of PCOSAct with 21 sites in China. A total of 1000 women with PCOS were enrolled; 936 women with baseline homocysteine (HCY) were analysed. RESULTS: Higher HCY was associated with higher body mass index, free testosterone and lower FSH, fasting glucose (P < 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.005; P < 0.001) and ovulation rate among all participants (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.86; OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.83 tertiles 2 and 3 versus tertile 1, respectively). The HHCY group had lower oestradiol and higher free testosterone (P = 0.04; P < 0.001) than the controls. In the metabolic syndrome group, LH, LH-FSH ratio and sex hormone-binding globulin were lowest in the metabolic syndrome group (all P < 0.001). In the HHCY group, ovulation rate decreased and the second or third trimester pregnancy loss rate increased compared with controls (OR 1.678, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.70; OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.42) with treatment adjustment. Compared with the controls, ovulation, conception, pregnancy, second or third trimester pregnancy loss and live birth rates were statistically lower in the metabolic syndrome group after adjusting treatment (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.70; OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.65; OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.44; OR 0.02, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.33; OR 2.42 95% CI 1.42 to 4.10), and pregnancy, pregnancy loss and live birth rates remained significantly different after adjusting for treatment and sex-hormone factors (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.99; OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.82; OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.50). CONCLUSIONS: In women with PCOS, HHCY contributes to increased pregnancy loss and reduced ovulation, and metabolic syndrome was related to defects in ovulation, conception, pregnancy, pregnancy loss and live birth, indicating that the two conditions lead to defects at various reproductive stages.

Effect of exposure to second-hand smoke from husbands on biochemical hyperandrogenism, metabolic syndrome and conception rates in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing ovulation induction.

STUDY QUESTION: Does second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure from husbands have adverse effects on sex hormones, metabolic profiles, clinical phenotypes and fertility outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction? SUMMARY ANSWER: SHS exposure is associated with worsened biochemical hyperandrogenism, higher incidence of metabolic syndrome and reduced conception rates in women with PCOS. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Smoking in women impairs fecundity at some stages of the reproductive process including folliculogenesis, embryo transport, endometrial angiogenesis and uterine blood flow. Yet little is known about the hazard of SHS exposure in women with PCOS. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This study was a secondary analysis of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Acupuncture and Clomiphene Trial (PCOSAct), a large randomized controlled trial conducted at 27 hospitals from 2012 to 2015 in mainland China. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Out of 1000 women with PCOS, SHS exposure status were available in 500 women, of whom 271 women were non-exposed and 229 exposed to cigarette smoke (170 women ≤10 cigarettes per day as low-SHS exposed and 59 women >10 cigarettes per day as high-SHS exposed). We compared circulating sex steroids, glucose and lipid metabolism, metabolic syndrome and phenotypes, fertility and obstetric outcomes between non-exposed and exposed women. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Women exposed to SHS, compared to non-exposed women, had a higher serum total testosterone (1.7 vs 1.5 nmol/L, P = 0.01), free androgen index (5.7 vs 4.0, P = 0.001) and lower sex hormone binding globulin (30.1 vs 35.6 nmol/L, P = 0.03). Metabolic syndrome, but not other phenotypes, was more frequent in exposed women as compared to non-exposed women (21.8 vs 13.3%, adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.66; 95% CI, 1.02-2.71, P = 0.04). Ovulation rates between exposed and non-exposed groups were not significantly different (76.9 vs 82.9%, adjusted OR=0.72; 95% CI, 0.45-1.15, P = 0.17). Conception rates were significant lower in the exposed group (26.6 vs 36.9%; adjusted OR=0.61; 95% CI, 0.41-0.91; P = 0.01), while clinical pregnancy and live birth rates showed a similar trend that was not statistically significant. Gestational age, birth weight and other obstetric outcomes were not affected by SHS exposure. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Data on SHS exposure were missing in 50% of the women. We did not assay serum nicotine or cotinine levels to quantify the SHS exposure status. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: These data suggest that smoking partners of infertile women with PCOS who seek treatment should be advised to quit smoking. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): Funding was provided by the National Public Welfare Projects for Chinese Medicine (201107005 and 200807002) and the National Clinical Trial Base in Chinese Medicine Special Projects (JDZX2012036 and 2015B009). There are no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrial.gov number: NCT01573858 and chictr.org.cn number: ChiCTR-TRC-12002081.

Maternal testosterone exposure increases anxiety-like behavior and impacts the limbic system in the offspring.

During pregnancy, women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) display high circulating androgen levels that may affect the fetus and increase the risk of mood disorders in offspring. This study investigated whether maternal androgen excess causes anxiety-like behavior in offspring mimicking anxiety disorders in PCOS. The PCOS phenotype was induced in rats following prenatal androgen (PNA) exposure. PNA offspring displayed anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, which was reversed by flutamide [androgen receptor (AR) blocker] and tamoxifen [selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator]. Circulating sex steroids did not differ between groups at adult age. The expression of serotonergic and GABAergic genes associated with emotional regulation in the amygdala was consistent with anxiety-like behavior in female, and partly in male PNA offspring. Furthermore, AR expression in amygdala was reduced in female PNA offspring and also in females exposed to testosterone in adult age. To determine whether AR activation in amygdala affects anxiety-like behavior, female rats were given testosterone microinjections into amygdala, which resulted in anxiety-like behavior. Together, these data describe the anxiety-like behavior in PNA offspring and adult females with androgen excess, an impact that seems to occur during fetal life, and is mediated via AR in amygdala, together with changes in ERα, serotonergic, and GABAergic genes in amygdala and hippocampus. The anxiety-like behavior following testosterone microinjections into amygdala demonstrates a key role for AR activation in this brain area. These results suggest that maternal androgen excess may underpin the risk of developing anxiety disorders in daughters and sons of PCOS mothers.

[Acupuncture treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia].

Studies show that acupuncture can significantly elevate the level of serum testosterone (T), reduce the concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2), initiate spermatogenesis, enhance testicular blood flow, maintain a relative low temperature in the testis, increase the concentration, motility and antioxidative injury capability of spermatozoa by raising the levels of seminal α-glucosidase, fructose and super oxide dismutase, and eventually improve semen quality and the rate of conception in the treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia. Currently, the quality of the clinical studies of acupuncture treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia is relatively poor, the existing evidence remains at a low level, its clinical application is limited, and its therapeutic effect has to be further verified. The present paper summarizes the literature from domestic and international databases about acupuncture treatment of oligoasthenozoospermia, and offers an overview of the effects of acupuncture on the reproductive endocrine system, testicular blood flow, semen quality, and rate of conception in the treatment of the patient.

Effect of Acupuncture and Clomiphene in Chinese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Acupuncture is used to induce ovulation in some women with polycystic ovary syndrome, without supporting clinical evidence. Objective: To assess whether active acupuncture, either alone or combined with clomiphene, increases the likelihood of live births among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Design, Setting, and Participants: A double-blind (clomiphene vs placebo), single-blind (active vs control acupuncture) factorial trial was conducted at 21 sites (27 hospitals) in mainland China between July 6, 2012, and November 18, 2014, with 10 months of pregnancy follow-up until October 7, 2015. Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome were randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to 4 groups. Interventions: Active or control acupuncture administered twice a week for 30 minutes per treatment and clomiphene or placebo administered for 5 days per cycle, for up to 4 cycles. The active acupuncture group received deep needle insertion with combined manual and low-frequency electrical stimulation; the control acupuncture group received superficial needle insertion, no manual stimulation, and mock electricity. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was live birth. Secondary outcomes included adverse events. Results: Among the 1000 randomized women (mean [SD] age, 27.9 [3.3] years; mean [SD] body mass index, 24.2 [4.3]), 250 were randomized to each group; a total of 926 women (92.6%) completed the trial. Live births occurred in 69 of 235 women (29.4%) in the active acupuncture plus clomiphene group, 66 of 236 (28.0%) in the control acupuncture plus clomiphene group, 31 of 223 (13.9%) in the active acupuncture plus placebo group, and 39 of 232 (16.8%) in the control acupuncture plus placebo group. There was no significant interaction between active acupuncture and clomiphene (P = .39), so main effects were evaluated. The live birth rate was significantly higher in the women treated with clomiphene than with placebo (135 of 471 [28.7%] vs 70 of 455 [15.4%], respectively; difference, 13.3%; 95% CI, 8.0% to 18.5%) and not significantly different between women treated with active vs control acupuncture (100 of 458 [21.8%] vs 105 of 468 [22.4%], respectively; difference, -0.6%; 95% CI, -5.9% to 4.7%). Diarrhea and bruising were more common in patients receiving active acupuncture than control acupuncture (diarrhea: 25 of 500 [5.0%] vs 8 of 500 [1.6%], respectively; difference, 3.4%; 95% CI, 1.2% to 5.6%; bruising: 37 of 500 [7.4%] vs 9 of 500 [1.8%], respectively; difference, 5.6%; 95% CI, 3.0% to 8.2%). Conclusions and Relevance: Among Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, the use of acupuncture with or without clomiphene, compared with control acupuncture and placebo, did not increase live births. This finding does not support acupuncture as an infertility treatment in such women. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01573858.