Two new anti-inflammatory trachylobane diterpenoids from Euphorbia atoto.

Two new rare trachylobane euphoratones A-B (1-2), together with five known diterpenoids (compounds 3-7), were isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia atoto. Their structures were unambiguously elucidated through HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis. Compounds 1, 3, 4 and 7 showed weak anti-inflammatory activities (IC50 77.49 ± 6.34, 41.61 ± 14.49, 16.00 ± 1.71 and 33.41 ± 4.52 µM, respectively), compared to the positive control quercetin (IC50 15.23 ± 0.65 µM).

First Report of Root Rot Caused by Pleiocarpon algeriense on peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) in China.

Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a perennial plant of Ranunculaceae. Its root bark (Danpi in Chinese) is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has the effects of clearing heat and cooling blood, promoting blood circulation to resolve blood stasis. Peony is mainly planted in the provinces of Anhui, Gansu, Henan and Shandong. Peony is also called Fengdan in the Fenghuang Mountain of Tongling, Anhui Province. In November 2021, a root rot-like disease was observed on the root of peony in several fields located in Tongling county, Anhui Province, China (118°0'51" N, 30°48'11" E). Approximately 20-40% of the peony plants were affected in the fields. The roots of the diseased plants were rotten and blackened, the bark of the roots was detached, and the leaves were withered, causing the whole plants to die. To isolate the pathogen, the symptomatic roots were sampled, and small pieces (5 × 5 mm) of diseased tissues were surface sterilized with 0.5% NaClO solution and 75% ethanol for 5 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water three times, and finally incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C in the dark for 7 days. A total of 16 isolates were obtained from the infected tissues. Among isolates, six isolates were morphologically similar to B4. Colonies were passaged multiple times on fresh PDA medium, and pure isolate B4 exhibiting cinnamon-to-honey coloration on PDA with pale yellow aerial hyphae, was then selected. Microscopic observations revealed that microconidia were straight to curved, ellipsoid or subcylindrical, and ranged from 7.14 to 14.29 × 2.85 to 5.00 µm (n = 20). The morphological characteristics were similar to the description of Pleiocarpon algeriense by Aigoun-Mouhous et al. (2019). To further identify the taxonomic status of B4 strain, three genes of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, beta-tubulin (TUB2), and the RNA polymerase II second subunit (RPB2) were respectively amplified and sequenced using primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), T1/Bt-2b (O'Donnell and Cigelnik 1997), and 5F2/7cR (O'Donnell et al. 2007). Sequences for the isolate B4 were deposited in GenBenk (OP810684, ITS; OP882301, TUB2; OP863337, RPB2). BLAST analysis showed the ITS, TUB2, RPB2 sequences of B4 were 99.80% (505/506), 99.51% (609/612) and 100.00% (854/854) homology with those of P. algeriense Di3A-AP52 (MT613337, ITS; MT597145, TUB2; MT635004, RPB2). A phylogenetic tree was built using MEGA11 based on sequences of three genes showing that B4 strain was closely clustered with reference strain of P. algeriense, which has not been reported in peony in China. The pathogenicity test of the isolates was performed by inoculating 50 mL of conidial suspension (1 × 108 conidia/mL) on the roots of ten healthy peonies, ten peonies inoculated with 50 mL of sterile water were used as a control group. After one-month, typical symptoms of root rot appeared on the inoculated plants and the control plants were asymptomatic. The fungus (P. algeriense) was reisolated from the diseased roots and identified by sequencing of ITS gene, conforming to Koch's postulates. Pleiocarpon algeriense has been reported to cause stem and crown rot in avocado (Aiello et al. 2020). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. algeriense causing root rot in peony. Control methods of P. algeriense on peony fields will be studied in-depth in the future.

Polysaccharides from steam-processed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua protect against d-galactose-induced oxidative damage in mice by activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

BACKGROUND: Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua is cultivated for its edible and medical value. The steam-processed rhizome of P. cyrtonema is the main form for daily consumption and it has been used traditionally in tonics for treating various age-related disorders. The aim of our study was to compare the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides respectively extracted from crude P. Cyrtonema (PCPC), and steam-processed P. cyrtonema (PCPS), and to explore a possible underlying antioxidant mechanism. RESULTS: The PCPC with a molecular weight of 4.35 × 103 Da mainly consisted of fructose and trace amounts of glucose, whereas PCPS with 4.24 × 104 Da was composed of fructose, arabinose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid. The PCPC had a triple-helical conformation whereas PCPS was a random coil. Both exhibited free radicals- scavenging activity in vitro. In a mouse model of oxidative damage, PCPC or PCPS treatment significantly reversed histopathological alterations, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and the reduction of antioxidant enzyme activity. They both also promoted Nrf2 nuclear transport by decreasing Keap-1 expression and increasing HO-1 expression. Both in vitro and in vivo, PCPS exhibited more potent antioxidant activity than PCPC. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that PCPS has a stronger effect on the prevention of oxidative damage by activating Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling. This study demonstrates the role of steam-processed P. cyrtonema rhizome and provides valuable perspective for PCPS as a functional agent. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Chemical constituents from ethyl acetate extraction of Prunus mume].

Eight compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extraction of Prunus mume by column chromatography. On the basis of physicochemical properties and spectrum analysis, these compounds were identified as isoquercitrin-6″-O-benzoate(1), pinoresinol(2), naringin(3), ethyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside(4), astragalin(5), quercetin(6), hypericin(7), and rutin(8). Among them, compound 1 was a new natural product, and compounds 2-5 were isolated from this plant for the first time. In vitro study, compounds 1, 3, 5-8 could significantly increase the cell survival ratio.

Synthesis and antitumor activity of biotinylated camptothecin derivatives as potent cytotoxic agents.

A series of biotinylated camptothecin derivatives were designed and synthesized. The key to the synthesis was achieved by employing an esterification reaction and click chemistry. All of the new derivatives were tested for cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines, including HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, and SW480 with IC50 values ranging from 0.13 to 21.53 µM. Most of the derivatives exhibited potent cytotoxicity, especially compound 17 (IC50 = 0.13-3.31 µM) and compound 18 (IC50 = 0.23-1.48 µM), which exhibited the highest potencies. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the biotinylated camptothecin derivatives were discussed for exploring novel anticancer agents.

Mimengosides J and K: two new neuroprotective triterpenoids from the fruits of Buddleja lindleyana.

Two new 11-methoxyl substituted triterpenoids, named as mimengosides J (1) and K (2), along with seven known compounds, were isolated from the fruits of Buddleja lindleyana. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. In addition, the new ones were evaluated for protective effects against damage of SH-SY5Y cells induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) and the results indicated that those may be one of the candidate compositions of Buddleja lindleyana for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.

[A new benzophenone isolated from fibrous roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides].

Five compounds were isolated from the fibrous roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and semi-HPLC column chromatography. On the basis of physic-chemical properties and spectroscopic data analysis, these compounds were identified as methyl 2-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-6-methoxyphenyl]acetate(1), 4-[formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl]butanoate(2), perlolyrine(3),syringaresinol-4'-O-ß-D-glucoside(4) and 4',6-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-2-O-(2″),3-C-(1″)-1″-desoxy-α-L-fructofuranoside(5). Among them, 1 was a new benzophenone. Compounds 2-5 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compound 1 was tested for neuroprotective effects against H_2O_2-induced damage in SH-SY5 Y cells.

Isomerism in Au-Ag Alloy Nanoclusters: Structure Determination and Enantioseparation of [Au9Ag12(SR)4(dppm)6X6]3.

Revealing structural isomerism in a nanocluster remains significant but challenging. Herein, we have obtained a pair of structural isomers, [Au9Ag12(SR)4(dppm)6X6]3+-C and [Au9Ag12(SR)4(dppm)6X6]3+-Ac [dppm = bis(diphenyphosphino)methane; HSR = 1-adamantanethiol/ tert-butylmercaptan; X = Br/Cl; C stands for one of the structural isomers being chiral; Ac stands for another being achiral], that show different structures as well as different chiralities. These structures are determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and further confirmed by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. On the basis of the isomeric structures, the most important finding is the different arrangements of the Au5Ag8@Au4 metal core, leading to changes in the overall shape of the cluster, which is responsible for structural isomerism. Meanwhile, the two enantiomers of [Au9Ag12(SR)4(dppm)6X6]3+-C are separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Our work will contribute to a deeper understanding of the structural isomerism in noble-metal nanoclusters and enrich the chiral nanocluster.

[Study on Flavonoids in Buddleja lindleyana Fruits].

OBJECTIVE: To study the flavonoids in the fruits of Buddleja lindleyana. METHODS: The compounds were separated by repeated silica gel, RP-18 and Sephadex LH-20. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical evidence and spectral data. RESULTS: Five flavonoids were isolated and identified as luteolin (1), tricin (2), acacetin (3), acacetin-7-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (4) and linarin(5). CONCLUSION: Compounds 3,4 and 5 are isolated from fruits of Buddleja lindleyana for the first time. Compound 2 is isolated from fruits of Buddleja lindleyana for the first time.

Cytotoxic bibenzyl dimers from the stems of Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook.

The bioassay-guided chemical investigation of the stems of Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook led to the isolation of seven first reported bibenzyl dimers with a linkage of a methylene moiety, fimbriadimerbibenzyls A-G (1-7), together with a new dihydrophenanthrene derivative (S)-2,4,5,9-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (8) and thirteen known compounds (9-21). The structure of the new compound was established by spectroscopic analysis. Biological evaluation of bibenzyl derivatives against five human cell lines indicated that seven of those compounds exhibited broad-spectrum and cytotoxic activities with IC50 values ranging from 2.2 to 21.2 µM. Those rare bibenzyl dimers exhibited cytotoxic activities in vitro and the cytotoxicity decreased as the number of oxygen-containing groups in the structure decreases.

Dark Tea Wine Protects Against Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease In Vivo Through Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Antioxidant Signaling Pathway.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a complex and multifactorial disease. Dark tea exhibits great potential for various bioactivities for metabolic health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate therapeutic effects and the underlying mechanisms of dark tea wine (DTW) on MASLD with obesity. A rat model of MASLD was established by high-fat diet and administered with different doses of DTW as an intervention. The biomarkers of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in rats were tested. The weight of organs and adipose tissues and the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were investigated based on the pathology and western blot analysis. We found that DTW enhanced antioxidant capacity via activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, further markedly triggering inhibition of weight gain, reduction of lipid dysfunction, and improvement of pathological characteristics to ameliorate MASLD induced by high-fat diet. These results suggest that DTW is a promising functional supplement for prevention and treatment of MASLD and obesity.

Two new glycosides from the root bark of Paeonia ostii.

Two new glycosides, ethyl-O-ß-D-furanosyl-(1→6)-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1) and (5-'')-galloyl-ethyl-O-ß-D-furanosyl-(1→6)-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), together with eight known compounds (3-10) were obtained from the n-BuOH extraction of Paeonia ostii. Their structures were identified via the extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1, 3-10 exhibited the anti-inflammation activities, which inhibited the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-1ß in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 6.00 to 86.78 µΜ.

Novel Carbon Dots Derived from Moutan Cortex Significantly Improve the Solubility and Bioavailability of Mangiferin.

Background: Mangiferin (MA), a bioactive C-glucosyl xanthone with a wide range of interesting therapeutic properties, has recently attracted considerable attention. However, its application in biomedicine is limited by poor solubility and bioavailability. Carbon dots (CDs), novel nanomaterials, have immense promise as carriers for improving the biopharmaceutical properties of active components because of their outstanding characteristics. Methods: In this study, a novel water-soluble carbon dot (MC-CDs) was prepared for the first time from an aqueous extract of Moutan Cortex Carbonisata, and characterized by various spectroscopies, zeta potential and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The toxicity effect was investigated using the CCK-8 assay in vitro. In addition, the potential of MC-CDs as carriers for improving the pharmacokinetic parameters was evaluated in vivo. Results: The results indicated that MC-CDs with a uniform spherical particle size of 1-5 nm were successfully prepared, which significantly increased the solubility of MA in water. The MC-CDs exhibited low toxicity in HT-22 cells. Most importantly, the MC-CDs effectively affected the pharmacokinetic parameters of MA in normal rats. UPLC-MS analysis indicated that the area under the maximum blood concentration of MA from mangiferin-MC-CDs (MA-MC-CDs) was 1.6-fold higher than that from the MA suspension liquid (MA control) after oral administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Conclusion: Moutan Cortex-derived novel CDs exhibited superior performance in improving the solubility and bioavailability of MA. This study not only opens new possibilities for the future clinical application of MA but also provides evidence for the development of green biological carbon dots as a drug delivery system to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of insoluble drugs.

Two new sesquiterpene glycosides from the stems of Dendrobium henanense and their anti-inflammatory activity.

Two new sesquiterpene glycosides, 8α,12,15ß-trihydroxycopacamphan-15-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1) and dendrobiumane C-11-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), along with three known terpenoids (3-5) were isolated from the aerial stems of Dendrobium henanense. Their structures were elucidated based on NMR-spectroscopic and HR-MS analyses. All compounds could reduce the levels of NO, TNF-α and IL-1ß in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 10.37 to 34.55 µΜ.

Three new isopimarane diterpenoids from Excoecaria acerifolia.

Three new isopimarane diterpenoids named excoecarins F-H (1-3) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the Chinese ethnodrug Gua-jing-ban (Excoecaria acerifolia Didr.). Their structures were elucidated by the analysis of spectroscopic data including 1D, 2D NMR and HR-MS. The anti-HIV-1 bioactivity test of 1 and 2 showed weak activity.

Inhibitory activities on nitric oxide production of stilbenoids from Pholidota yunnanensis.

Three new stilbenoids, 1-(4'-hydroxybenzyl)-imbricatin, (E)-4'-hydroxy-2',3,3',5-tetramethoxystilbene, and (E)-3,4'-dihydroxy-2,6-bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)-2',3',5-trimethoxystilbene, together with 15 known stilbene derivatives, were isolated from Pholidota yunnanensis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and by comparison of their NMR data with those of related compounds. Furthermore, the inhibitory activities on nitric oxide (NO) production of the isolated compounds were examined in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) activated by lipopolysaccharide. The cytotoxicity of 18 compounds was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay. Among the tested compounds, eight stilbenoids, including three dihydrophenanthrenes, three stilbenes, and one bibenzyl derivative showed inhibitory effects on NO production without cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging from 4.07 to 7.77 µM, as compared to MG-132, which was used as a positive control (IC50 of 0.10 µM). One dihydrophenanthrene, phoyunnanin C, showed cytotoxic effects at the test concentrations.

Synthesis and anticancer activity of glucosylated podophyllotoxin derivatives linked via 4ß-triazole rings.

A series of 4ß-triazole-linked glucose podophyllotoxin conjugates have been designed and synthesized by employing a click chemistry approach. All the compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against a panel of five human cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, SW480) using MTT assays. Most of these triazole derivatives have good anticancer activity. Among them, compound 35 showed the highest potency against all five cancer cell lines tested, with IC50 values ranging from 0.59 to 2.90 µM, which is significantly more active than the drug etoposide currently in clinical use. Structure-activity relationship analysis reveals that the acyl substitution on the glucose residue, the length of oligoethylene glycol linker, and the 4'-demethylation of podophyllotoxin scaffold can significantly affect the potency of the anticancer activity. Most notably, derivatives with a perbutyrylated glucose residue show much higher activity than their counterparts with either a free glucose or a peracetylated glucose residue.

Wuzi-Yanzong-Wan prevents oligoasthenospermia due to TAp73 suppression by affecting cellular junction remodeling in testicular tissue in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Wuzi-Yanzong-Wan (WZYZW) is a classic Chinese herbal preparation, which has a significant clinical efficacy in tonifying the kidney and benefiting the sperm, and is widely used in the treatment of oligoasthenospermia with a long history. TAp73 inhibition results in the decrease of sperm quality, but the therapeutic mechanism of WZYZW on oligoasthenospermia caused by TAp73 gene inhibition remains elusive. AIMS OF STUDY: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether TAp73 suppression leads to oligoasthenospermia and the application of WZYZW treatment in condition of TAp73 suppression. METHODOLOGY: C57BL/6 male mice were injected with Pifithrin-α (2.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 30 days to induce TAp73 suppression model, with WZYZW at 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/kg were administrated in parallel. The blood, testis and epididymis were collected, with organ coefficient calculated. Makler sperm counter was used to analyze the density, motility, survival and malformation rate of sperm. Apoptosis of sperm was analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum hormone levels were determined using ELISA. HE staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe histopathological changes of testis in blood-testis barrier (BTB), ectoplasmic specialization (ES) and other cell junctions. Expressions of cell adhesion factors including TAp73, Integrin-α6, N-cadherin, Nectin-2 and Occludin were determined by RT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS: Compared to control mice, TAp73 inhibition dramatically decreased the epididymal coefficient, sperm quality, and serum testosterone (T) level, while increasing apoptosis in sperm in mice. HE staining and TEM showed that the tight junction (TJ) and apical ES structure were seriously abnormal in the testis in mice with TAp73 inhibition. Additionally, the expression of Occludin protein was elevated, while that of TAp73, Integrin-α6, N-cadherin, and Nectin-2 reduced in model mice. WZYZW treatment ameliorated testicular spermatogenic dysfunctions in TAp73 suppressed mice, restoring the decreased sperm quality, serum T level and testicular histopathological changes of TJ and ES, as well as decreasing sperm malformation rate and apoptosis. Moreover, WZYZW reversed the expressions of Occludin, TAp73, Integrin-α6, N-cadherin and Nectin-2 in TAp73 suppressed mice. CONCLUSIONS: By impairing spermatogenesis and maturation, TAp73 inhibition led to oligoasthenospermia in mice. WZYZW could rescue the oligoasthenospermia associated with TAp73 inhibition via affecting the dynamic remodeling of cellular junctions in testicular tissues in mice.

Phytochemical and pharmacological review of diterpenoids from the genus Euphorbia Linn (2012-2021).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Euphorbia is one of the major genera in angiosperms, which is widely distributed all over the world, including Asia, Africa and Central and South America. The roots or tubers of Euphorbia are famous for medicinal purposes, especially in China. Many of them, such as Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr, Euphorbia fischeriana Steud and Euphorbia Kansui S.L.Liou ex S.B.Ho. . are used as Chinese herbal medicines. AIM OF THE STUDY: This paper reviews the diterpenoids isolated from the genus Euphorbia species and the pharmacological activities of these compounds to evaluate its traditional use and potential future development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information on the studies of the genus Euphorbia Linn was collected from scientific journals, books and reports via library and electronic data search (Scifinder, Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, Google Scholar, Springer, Science Direct, Wiley, ACS, CNKI and Kew Plants of the Word Online). Meanwhile, it was also obtained from published works of material medica, folk records, ethnophmacological literatures, Ph.D. and Masters dissertations. RESULTS: Known as the main constituents of the genus Euphorbia Linn, Diterpenoids possess many pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammation, antiviral activities and cytotoxicity. To date, various types of diterpenoids were identified from this genus, including isopimarane, rosane, abietane, ent-kaurane, ent-atisane. cembrane, casbane, lathyrane, myrsinane, jatropholane, tigliane, ingenane, jatrophane, paraliane, pepluane, and euphoractin. CONCLUSIONS: This review describes 14 types of diterpenoid isolated from 45 Euphorbia species from 2012 to 2021, a total of 615 compounds. Among them, mainly include jatrophane (171), lathyrane (92), myrsinane (62), abietane (70), ent-atisane (36), ent-kaurane (7), tigliane (26) and ingenane (19). The possible biological pathways of these compounds were presumed. At the same time, more than 10 biological activities of these compounds were summarized, such as anti-inflammation, antiviral activities and cytotoxicity.

Two new catechins from Zijuan green tea enhance the fitness and lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via insulin-like signaling pathways.

Green tea polyphenols show positive effects on human health and longevity. However, knowledge of the antiaging properties of green tea is limited to the major catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The search for new ingredients in tea with strong antiaging activity deserves further study. Here we isolated and identified two new catechins from Zijuan green tea, named zijuanin E (1) and zijuanin F (2). Their structures were identified by extensive high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultraviolet-vis (UV), infrared (IR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic analyses, and their 13C NMR and CD data were calculated. We used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to analyze the health benefits and longevity effects of 1 and 2. Compounds 1 and 2 (100 µM) remarkably prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans by 67.2% and 56.0%, respectively, delaying the age-related decline of phenotypes, enhancing stress resistance, and reducing ROS and lipid accumulation. Furthermore, 1 and 2 did not affect the lifespan of daf-16, daf-2, sir-2.1, and skn-1 mutant worms, suggesting that they might work via the insulin/IGF and SKN-1/Nrf2 signaling pathways. Meanwhile, 1 and 2 also exhibited strong antioxidant activity in vitro. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) evidence suggests that zijuanins E and F have strong human serum albumin (HSA) binding ability. Together, zijuanins E and F represent a new valuable class of tea components that promote healthspan and could be developed as potential dietary therapies against aging.