Effects of acupuncture and acupressure of the acupoint compared to the tendon on the blood circulation of human tendon in vivo.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of acupuncture and acupressure of acupoints on tendon blood circulation with those of both types of stimulation of tendon itself. METHODS: Before, during (except for acupressure), and after acupuncture and acupressure of the tendon and acupoint, blood circulation of the Achilles tendon was measured using red laser lights. RESULTS: The blood volume of the treated and non-treated tendons increased after acupuncture of the tendon (effect of time p = 0.030), whereas that tended to increase after acupuncture of the acupoint (effect of time p = 0.063). In addition, no significant difference in the increases in blood volume was found among the four conditions, i.e., after acupuncture stimulation of the tendon and acupoint for the treated and non-treated tendons (p = 0.492). The blood volume of the treated tendon significantly increased after acupressure of the tendon (effect of time p < 0.001), but not of the acupoint (effect of time p = 0.260), whereas that of the non-treated tendon did not change after acupressure of both the tendon and acupoint. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that acupuncture of the tendon and acupoint acted centrally to enhance blood circulation of both the treated and non-treated tendons during the recovery period, whereas acupressure of the tendon locally increased blood circulation of the treated tendon only, but not the non-treated tendon and both the treated and non-treated tendons after acupressure of acupoint.

Effect of relaxation time on hysteresis of human tendon in vivo.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of relaxation time on tendon hysteresis. METHODS: Subjects exerted isometric plantar flexion torque from rest to maximal voluntary isometric contractions within around 0.5 s, followed by relaxation with six different times (0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 3, and 5 s). During each trial, tendon elongation in the medial gastrocnemius muscle was measured by ultrasonography. The area within the exerted torque-tendon elongation loop, as a percentage of the area beneath the curve during ascending phase, was calculated as tendon hysteresis. RESULTS: Between the 0.3 and 1 s relaxation time conditions, the hysteresis values were significantly greater for the shorter relaxation time conditions (except between the 0.5 and 0.7 s conditions). In contrast, no significant differences in tendon hysteresis were found between 1 and 5 s of relaxation time conditions. Furthermore, the relationship between relaxation time and tendon hysteresis showed a significantly negative correlation under 1 s or less of relaxation time, but no significant correlation was observed under conditions of 1 s or more. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that relaxation time greatly affects tendon hysteresis under condition that relaxation time was less than 1 s.

Effects of tendon elastic energy and electromyographic activity pattern on jumping height and pre-stretch augmentation during jumps with different pre-stretch intensity.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of tendon elastic energy and electromyographic activity patterns (ratio of pre-landing to concentric: mEMG PLA/CON; ratio of eccentric to concentric; mEMG ECC/CON) on jump performance. Twenty-nine males performed five kinds of unilateral jumps using only ankle joint (no-countermovement jump: noCMJ; countermovement jump: CMJ; drop jumps at 10, 20 and 30 cm drop height: DJ10, DJ20 and DJ30). Jumping height, pre-stretch augmentation and electromyographic activity of the plantar flexor muscles were measured. The elastic energy of the Achilles tendon was measured during isometric contractions. Relative tendon elastic energy (to body mass) was highly correlated with jumping heights of CMJ, DJ10 and DJ20 but not with noCMJ and DJ30, whereas that was significantly correlated with pre-stretch augmentation in CMJ, but not with three DJs. The mEMG PLA/CON was significantly correlated with the pre-stretch augmentation of DJ20 and DJ30, but not with DJ10, whereas the mEMG ECC/CON was significantly correlated with the pre-stretch augmentation of DJ20 and DJ30, but not with CMJ and DJ10. These results suggested that jumping exercises with low pre-stretch intensity benefited from tendon elastic energy, but those with high pre-stretch intensity benefited from electromyographic activity patterns.

Fucoxanthin Prevents Pancreatic Tumorigenesis in C57BL/6J Mice That Received Allogenic and Orthotopic Transplants of Cancer Cells.

Fucoxanthin (Fx) is a marine carotenoid with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties in various animal models of carcinogenesis. However, there is currently no information on the effects of Fx in animal models of pancreatic cancer. We investigated the chemopreventive effects of Fx in C57BL/6J mice that received allogenic and orthotopic transplantations of cancer cells (KMPC44) derived from a pancreatic cancer murine model (Ptf1aCre/+; LSL-krasG12D/+). Using microarray, immunofluorescence, western blot, and siRNA analyses, alterations in cancer-related genes and protein expression were evaluated in pancreatic tumors of Fx-administered mice. Fx administration prevented the adenocarcinoma (ADC) development of pancreatic and parietal peritoneum tissues in a pancreatic cancer murine model, but not the incidence of ADC. Gene and protein expressions showed that the suppression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21)/chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) axis, its downstream of Rho A, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), N-cadherin, αSMA, pFAK(Tyr397), and pPaxillin(Tyr31) were significantly suppressed in the pancreatic tumors of mice treated with Fx. In addition, Ccr7 knockdown significantly attenuated the growth of KMPC44 cells. These results suggest that Fx is a promising candidate for pancreatic cancer chemoprevention that mediates the suppression of the CCL21/CCR7 axis, BTLA, tumor microenvironment, epithelial mesenchymal transition, and adhesion.

Effects of Static Stretching on the Blood Circulation of Human Tendon In Vivo.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of 2- and 5 min of static stretching protocols on the changes in blood circulation of tendon (as well as muscle) and heart rate. Twelve healthy males (age: 26.2 ± 9.1 yrs) volunteered for this study. Before, during stretching, during the recovery period (30 min), blood circulation (oxyhemoglobin; oxy, deoxyhemoglobin; deoxy, blood volume; THb, oxygen saturation; StO2) of the Achilles tendon and medial gastrocnemius muscle were measured using red laser lights and near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, heart rate was measured during the experimental period. For 2- and 5 min of static stretching, oxy, deoxy, THb, and StO2 of the tendon did not change during or after stretching. Regarding muscle blood circulation, oxy and StO2 decreased, and deoxy and THb increased during 2- and 5 min of static stretching but returned immediately upon completion. In addition, heart rate significantly reduced during and after stretching, whereas the changes in blood volume of tendon and muscle during stretching were not associated with those in heart rate (except for the relationship between tendon THb and heart rate in 2 min of static stretching). These results suggest that static stretching showed no change in tendon blood circulation, although muscle blood circulation during stretching was altered. In addition, significant heart rate reduction with static stretching was not associated with changes in tendon and muscle blood circulation.

Determinants of joint stiffness and jumping height during drop jump.

The present study aimed to examine the effects of muscle-tendon mechanical properties and electromyographic activity on joint stiffness and jumping height and to explore the determinants of joint stiffness and jumping height. Twenty-nine males performed unilateral drop jumps at three drop heights (10, 20, and 30 cm) using only the ankle joint on the sledge apparatus. Ankle joint stiffness, jumping height, and electromyographic activity of the plantar flexor muscles were measured during drop jumps. Active muscle stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was calculated according to changes in the estimated muscle force and fascicle length during fast stretching at five different angular velocities (100, 200, 300, 500, and 600 deg s-1 ) after submaximal isometric contractions. Tendon stiffness and elastic energy were measured during ramp and ballistic contractions. Active muscle stiffness was significantly correlated with joint stiffness, except for a few conditions. Tendon stiffness measured during ramp and ballistic contractions was not significantly correlated with joint stiffness. The ratios of electromyographic activity before landing and during the eccentric phase to that during the concentric phase were significantly correlated with joint stiffness. In addition, jumping heights at 10 and 20 cm (except for 30 cm) drop heights were strongly associated with the tendon elastic energy, whereas no other measured variables showed significant correlations with jumping heights. These results suggested that (1) joint stiffness is determined by active muscle stiffness and electromyographic activity patterns during jumping, and (2) jumping height is determined by tendon elastic energy.

Changes in tendon blood circulation and heart rate variability after intermittent compression to patellar and Achilles tendons.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare changes in tendon blood circulation and heart rate variability after intermittent compression to the patellar and Achilles tendons. METHODS: Before the intermittent compression to tendons (3 min) and the recovery period (40 min), the blood volume and oxygen saturation of the patellar and Achilles tendons were measured using red laser lights. In addition, heart rate and ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency components of heart rate variability were measured. FINDINGS: Blood volume and oxygen saturation of patellar and Achilles tendons significantly increased after intermittent compression stimulation (both p ≤ 0.001). There were no differences in increases of blood volume (p = 0.575) and oxygen saturation (p = 0.055) between patellar and Achilles tendons. For both tendons treatments, heart rate (p = 0.698) and ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency components of heart rate variability (p = 0.518) did not change during the experimental period. In addition, the change in blood volume for Achilles tendon was significantly correlated with that in heart rate but not ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency components of heart rate variability, whereas the change in blood volume for patellar tendon was not significantly correlated with that in the heart rate or ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency components of heart rate variability,. INTERPRETATION: These results suggest that intermittent compression-induced changes in blood circulation were similar between patellar and Achilles tendons. In addition, the increase in blood volume after intermittent compression stimulation in the Achilles tendon would be related to the increased metabolism of the tendon.